Distribuição de óbitos devido ao câncer do colo do útero nos municípios de extrema pobreza, Brasil, 2000 a 2018 / Distribution of deaths due to cervical cancer in extreme poverty municipalities, Brazil, from 2000 to 2018

Resumo Introdução: O câncer do colo uterino (CCU) permanece uma importante causa de morte nas regiões mais pobres do mundo. Objetivo: Analisar tendências da distribuição relativa de óbitos por CCU ocorridos nos municípios de extrema pobreza (EP) do Brasil, de 2000 a 2018. Método: A distribuição relativa de óbitos por CCU nos municípios de EP foi avaliada em relação ao total de óbitos observados em cada Unidade Federativa (UF). Uma modelagem autorregressiva foi usada para avaliar as tendências temporais da distribuição relativa de óbitos de 2000 a 2018. Resultados: De 2000 a 2018, houve 94.065 óbitos por CCU no Brasil, e 10,7% deles ocorreram nos municípios de EP. Seis estados (Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, Amapá, Tocantins e Mato Grosso do Sul) tiveram 100% dos seus municípios de EP reportando a ocorrência desses óbitos. As tendências na distribuição de óbitos nos municípios de EP em relação ao total de óbitos de cada UF seguiram em elevação em onze estados brasileiros. Conclusões: O CCU é doença prioritária das políticas públicas do Brasil, e as tendências desses óbitos observadas nos municípios mais pobres apontam que mais atenção deve ser dada a estas unidades de análise, a fim de melhorar a saúde das pessoas mais pobres.

Abstract Background: Cervical cancer (CC) remains a major cause of death in the poorest regions of the world. Objective: To analyze trends in relative distribution of CC deaths occurred in extreme poverty municipalities, Brazil, from 2000 to 2018. Method: The relative distribution of CC deaths occurred in extreme poverty municipalities was evaluated in relation to total number of CC deaths observed in each Federative Unit (FU). An autoregressive modeling was used to assess the temporal trends in the death distribution, 2000-2018. Results: From 2000 to 2018, there were 94,065 CC deaths, and 10.7% of them were recorded in extreme poverty municipalities. There were six states (Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, Amapá, Tocantins, and Mato Grosso do Sul) with 100.0% of extreme poverty municipalities reporting the occurrence of these deaths. The trends of death distribution in extreme poverty municipalities in relation to the total of deaths in each FU followed in increasing trends in eleven Brazilian FU. Conclusions: CC is a disease prioritized by public policies in Brazil, and the trends of these deaths observed in the poorest municipalities point out that more attention should be given to these units of analysis, in order to improve the health of the poorest people.

Acesso físico às feiras de orgânicos municipais em favelas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais / Physical access to municipal organic food fairs in favelas in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

Introdução: Favelas são regiões que não foram priorizadas pelas políticas públicas, e isso se reflete no ambiente alimentar e, consequentemente, na dificuldade de acesso aos alimentos, sobretudo aqueles produzidos de forma sustentável. Objetivo: Caracterizar o acesso físico às feiras de orgânicos municipais em favelas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, identificando desertos e pântanos alimentares e realizando uma comparação com a disponibilidade, distância e tempo de deslocamento de estabelecimentos que ofertam alimentos convencionais nessas áreas. Métodos: Foi analisada a distribuição das feiras de orgânicos municipais, dos equipamentos públicos de segurança alimentar e nutricional e dos estabelecimentos que ofertam alimentos cadastrados na Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de Minas Gerais para o ano de 2019, nos 192 setores censitários localizados em favelas de Belo Horizonte. Para as análises closestfacility e distância de deslocamento, foi utilizado o buffer network de 500 metros. Também foi realizada a análise do tempo de deslocamento utilizando transporte público. Resultados: As feiras de orgânicos municipais estão em menor número e mais distantes dos centroides das favelas. E, além da maior distância para acessar as feiras caminhando, acessá-las por meio de transporte público leva, em geral, um tempo maior de deslocamento. Conclusões: São necessários programas e políticas públicas que incentivem a abertura de feiras de orgânicos e outros tipos de estabelecimentos que ofertam alimentos in natura e minimamente processados que adotem modelos de produção sustentáveis em áreas de favelas, a fim de reduzir as iniquidades de acesso aos alimentos saudáveis e sustentáveis nesse território.Introdução: Favelas são regiões que não foram priorizadas pelas políticas públicas, e isso se reflete no ambiente alimentar e, consequentemente, na dificuldade de acesso aos alimentos, sobretudo aqueles produzidos de forma sustentável. Objetivo: Caracterizar o acesso físico às feiras de orgânicos municipais em favelas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, identificando desertos e pântanos alimentares e realizando uma comparação com a disponibilidade, distância e tempo de deslocamento de estabelecimentos que ofertam alimentos convencionais nessas áreas. Métodos: Foi analisada a distribuição das feiras de orgânicos municipais, dos equipamentos públicos de segurança alimentar e nutricional e dos estabelecimentos que ofertam alimentos cadastrados na Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de Minas Gerais para o ano de 2019, nos 192 setores censitários localizados em favelas de Belo Horizonte. Para as análises closestfacility e distância de deslocamento, foi utilizado o buffer network de 500 metros. Também foi realizada a análise do tempo de deslocamento utilizando transporte público. Resultados: As feiras de orgânicos municipais estão em menor número e mais distantes dos centroides das favelas. E, além da maior distância para acessar as feiras caminhando, acessá-las por meio de transporte público leva, em geral, um tempo maior de deslocamento. Conclusões: São necessários programas e políticas públicas que incentivem a abertura de feiras de orgânicos e outros tipos de estabelecimentos que ofertam alimentos in natura e minimamente processados que adotem modelos de produção sustentáveis em áreas de favelas, a fim de reduzir as iniquidades de acesso aos alimentos saudáveis e sustentáveis nesse território.

Introduction: Favelas are usually in regions forgotten by public policies, and it reflects on their residents' food environment, as well as on their tough time accessing food, mainly produced through sustainable ways. Objective: Featuring the physical access to municipal organic-food fairs in Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais State, based on identifying food deserts and swamps and comparing food availability to distance and displacement time from shops that sell conventional food in these places. Methods: The distribution of organic food municipal fairs, as well as of both food security and nutrition public equipment, and shops selling food that was registered at Minas Gerais State Treasure Secretariat in 2019, located in the 192 census sectors set in Belo Horizonte favelas. The closest facility and displacement distance analyses were based on the 500m buffer network. Displacement time linked to public transportation usage was also analyzed. Results: The number of organic food municipal fairs in favelas is smaller, and favelas are located farther from fairs' centroids. The distance to be crossed to get to fairs on foot in favelas is also longer, and getting to them by public transportation often demands longer displacements. Conclusions: Public programs and policies are needed to encourage new organic fairs and other establishment types capable of providing fresh and minimally processed food in favela areas based on sustainable production models. It must be done to reduce inequities in access to healthy and sustainable food in these territories.

Screening and correction of myopia in children and adolescents from the Gannan region / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To understand the screening and correction of myopia in children and adolescents from the Gannan region of Gansu Province, and to provide guidance for the prevention and control of myopia.METHODS: A cross-sectional stratified cluster sampling study was conducted to select 2 kindergartens and 12 primary and secondary schools in Hezuo City and Zhouqu County, Gannan region of Gansu Province, two classes were randomly selected from each grade, and the whole class was used as a unit for screening. The screening and correction of myopia in children and adolescents were collected for statistical analysis.RESULTS: A total of 5 072 children and adolescents were selected, and 4 806 valid data were finally included after excluding unqualified records. The overall prevalence of myopia was 45.55%, and the prevalence of myopia showed an increasing trend with the increase of grade(P<0.001). The prevalence of myopia in girls(48.66%)was higher than that in boys(42.18%; P<0.001). The prevalence of myopia increased with age(P<0.001), and the age group of 10-12 years old was the fastest growing for myopia, increasing from 25.62% to 60.57%. Furthermore, moderate myopia and high myopia showed an increasing tread with the increase of the grade(all P<0.001). The overall glasses wearing rate of the Gannan region was 28.55%, with a full correction rate of 50.72%, and the glasses wearing rate showed an increasing trend with the increase of grades(P<0.001). The glasses wearing rate of female students(30.84%)was higher than that of male students(26.69%; P=0.008). The full correction rates of low, moderate and high myopia in junior high were the lowest among the 3 phases of studying. The full correction rate of high myopia was the lowest in all phases of studying.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of myopia in children and adolescents from the Gannan region is lower than the national average, but the myopia of children and adolescents is still a trend of young age and high incidence, and the glasses wearing rate of myopia and full correction rate are low.

Redes sociales de apoyo formales e informales para la reducción de pobreza del adulto mayor y su familia

Introducción: El aumento en la esperanza de vida se ha convertido en una realidad, en una problemática y en un reto para los países en desarrollo como Colombia, marcado por determinantes sociales dentro de los cuales la población adulta mayor se ve ampliamente afectada. Objetivo: Describir la percepción del adulto mayor y su familia acerca de las redes sociales de apoyo formales e informales, que contribuyen en la reducción de la pobreza. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. Participaron 22 adultos mayores, 3 hombres y 19 mujeres entre los 60 y 89 años, dos cuidadores y un empleado administrativo de la institución en Neiva (Huila). Resultados: Los hallazgos se enmarcaron bajo tres cuatro categorías instauradas previa revisión teórica: precepción de envejecimiento, estructura de las redes sociales de apoyo, dinámica familiar y percepción de redes sociales de apoyo; además, se obtuvieron durante el estudio emergieron tres categorías emergentes: la pobreza más allá del concepto económico, entre lo espiritual y emocional como red de apoyo y la resignificación del trabajo en el adulto mayor como una opción. Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores perciben las redes sociales de apoyo formales e informales como necesarias para su bienestar físico, espiritual y emocional, además, identifican la resignificación del trabajo como una opción de vida desde sus capacidades instrumentales, junto con la espiritualidad, la cual se fortalece a lo largo de sus vidas y al interior de sus familias.

Introduction: The increase in life expectancy has become a reality, a problem, and a challenge for developing countries such as Colombia, marked by social determinants in which the elderly population is largely affected. Objective: Describe the perception of older adults and their families regarding formal and informal social support networks that contribute to poverty reduction. Materials and methods: A qualitative study using a phenomenological approach was conducted. Twenty-two older adults, three men and 19 women, between 60 and 89 years old; two caregivers, and an administrative employee at the institution in Neiva (Huila) participated. Results: The findings were framed under four categories established after a theoretical review: perception of aging, structure of social support networks, family dynamics, and perception of social support networks. Three categories emerged during the study: Poverty beyond the economic concept, between the spiritual and emotional as a support network, and the resignification of work in the elderly as an option. Conclusions: Older adults perceive formal and informal social support networks as something necessary for their physical, spiritual, and emotional well-being. In addition, they identify the resignification of work as a life option based on their instrumental capabilities, along with spirituality, which is strengthened throughout their lives and within their families.

Attitudes towards childcare practices in rural and urban caregivers with high rates of multidimensional poverty

Objective: To analyse the relationship between poverty and attitudes towards childcare practices in rural and urban areas of Colombia. Method: This article presents a cross-sectional correlational study conducted in the department of Atlántico, northern Colombia. Attitudes towards childcare and living conditions were assessed among 1189 caregivers of preschool children. The multidimensional poverty index and the participants' area of origin (urban or rural) were considered. Results: No direct relationship was found between attitudes towards childcare and the multidimensional poverty index. However, it was observed that urban participants from deprived areas had a higher poverty index and less positive attitudes towards childcare, especially regarding cognitive, sleep and health care. There was a moderating effect of area on attitudes towards childcare. Conclusions: The study highlights the influence of poverty and social vulnerability on attitudes towards childcare, particularly in urban areas. These findings underline the importance of considering socio-economic and geographical conditions when addressing childcare practices. It also highlights the need to implement specific strategies to promote positive childcare practices in more vulnerable contexts to improve early childhood development in Colombia.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la pobreza y las actitudes hacia las prácticas de cuidado infantil en áreas rurales y urbanas de Colombia. Método: El presente artículo es un estudio transversal correlacional en el departamento del Atlántico, al norte de Colombia. Se indagó sobre las actitudes hacia el cuidado infantil y las condiciones de vida en 1189 cuidadores de niños en edad preescolar. Se tuvo en cuenta el índice de pobreza multidimensional y el área de procedencia de los participantes (urbana o rural). Resultados: No se encontró una relación directa entre las actitudes hacia el cuidado infantil y el índice de pobreza multidimensional. Sin embargo, se observó que los participantes de áreas urbanas provenientes de zonas vulnerables presentaron un mayor índice de pobreza y mostraron actitudes menos positivas hacia el cuidado infantil, especialmente en el cuidado cognitivo, del sueño y de la salud. Se evidenció un efecto moderador del área sobre las actitudes de cuidado. Conclusiones: El estudio destaca la influencia de la pobreza y la vulnerabilidad social en las actitudes de cuidado infantil, especialmente en áreas urbanas. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de considerar las condiciones socioeconómicas y geográficas al abordar el cuidado infantil. Además, se resalta la necesidad de implementar estrategias específicas para promover prácticas de cuidado positivas en contextos más vulnerables, con el fin de mejorar el desarrollo de la primera infancia en Colombia.

Enfermedades emergentes, pobreza y hambre / Emerging diseases, poverty and hunger

La pobreza y el hambre son elementos significativos para la prevalencia de las enfermedades emergentes, además de la ignorancia, la indigencia, las falencias sanitarias y los cambios ambientales debidos al calentamiento global. La desnutrición es consecuencia de la pobreza y ésta es causa de desnutrición. Los niños que viven en condiciones de mayor vulnerabilidad tienen un riesgo alto de morir por diarrea, neumonía y enfermedades emergentes. La mayoría son desnutridos. Su futuro en la adultez guarda relación con la desnutrición en la infancia. En el mundo 820 millones de niños padecen hambre y mueren anualmente 3 millones de menores de 5 años, según datos del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia. En Argentina, según datos del segundo semestre de 2022, un 39,2% de la población es pobre (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos). El 15,5% de niños y adolescentes padecen inseguridad alimentaria y 2 millones de niños padecen hambre (Médicos sin Fronteras). La tasa de mortalidad infantil en menores de 5 años tiene una prevalencia del 0,4%. Los cambios climáticos ejercen influencia sobre la salud, produciendo cambios en la epidemiologia de las enfermedades emergentes, mientras que la insuficiente alimentación ocasiona efectos negativos sobre la salud. El calentamiento global aumenta las inundaciones y las sequías, incidiendo en la escasez de alimentos e incrementando las enfermedades emergentes. La situación debe ser revertida mediante el desarrollo sostenido de la educación, el bienestar social y los proyectos sanitarios. (AU)

Poverty and hunger are significant elements for the prevalence of emerging diseases, in addition to ignorance, indigence, sanitary deficiencies and environmental changes due to global warming. Malnutrition is a consequence of poverty and poverty is a cause of malnutrition. Children living in more vulnerable conditions are at greater risk of dying from diarrhea, pneumonia and emerging diseases. Most are malnourished. Their future in adulthood is related to malnutrition in childhood. Worldwide, 820 million children suffer from hunger and 3 million children under 5 die annually (United Nations Children's Fund). In Argentina, according to data from the second half of 2022, 39.2% of the population is poor (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos). 15.5% of children and adolescents are food insecure and 2 million children are hungry (Médecins Sans Frontières). The infant mortality rate in children under 5 years of age has a prevalence of 0.4%. Climate change influences health, producing changes in the epidemiology of emerging diseases, while insufficient food has negative effects on health. Global warming increases floods and droughts, leading to food shortages and increasing emerging diseases. The situation must be reversed through sustained development of education, social welfare and health projects. (AU)

Práticas Avançadas de Enfermagem em cuidados paliativos na comunidade compassiva de favela: relato de experiência / Advanced Practice Nursing in palliative care within the compassionate favela community: an experience report

OBJETIVO: descrever a prática avançada do enfermeiro em cuidados paliativos que atua com a equipe Interdisciplinar em um projeto de extensão universitária nas favelas da Rocinha e Vidigal no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência, sobre a aplicabilidade de práticas avançadas de enfermagem, no contexto de cuidados paliativos em comunidades vulneráveis, Rocinha e Vidigal, 2019 e 2020. RESULTADOS: Enfermeiros líderes, por meio da micropolítica, buscam o alívio do sofrimento humano, mediante o controle de sinais e sintomas físicos, psicossociais e espirituais, através de raciocínio clínico, habilidade de resolução de problemas por intermédio da consulta de enfermagem e articulação junto a equipe interdisciplinar. CONCLUSÃO: A abordagem de cuidados paliativos sob a ótica do projeto de comunidade compassiva tem mostrado uma forte prática da autonomia do enfermeiro, assim como proporciona visibilidade para a vulnerabilidade social e fortalecimento da prática avançada do enfermeiro no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the advanced practice of nurses in palliative care who work with the Interdisciplinary team in a university extension project in the favelas of Rocinha and Vidigal in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHOD: This descriptive research shows an experience report on the applicability of advanced practice nursing in palliative care in vulnerable communities, Rocinha and Vidigal, 2019 and 2020. RESULTS: Through micropolitics, leading nurses seek to relieve human suffering by controlling physical, psychosocial, and spiritual signs and symptoms through clinical reasoning, problem-solving skills in nursing appointments, and articulation with the interdisciplinary team. COONCLUSION: From the perspective of the compassionate community project, the palliative care approach has shown a strong practice of nurse autonomy, provided visibility for social vulnerability, and strengthened the advanced practice of nurses in Brazil.

Análisis espacio-temporal de la tuberculosis pulmonar para el periodo 2016-2020 en la Región Metropolitana, Chile

Introducción: El año 2020, la tuberculosis (TB) fue responsable por 9,9 millones de nuevos casos y 1,5 millones de muertes en el mundo. En Chile, se ha reportado aumento en las tasas de incidencia en los últimos años, con gran concentración de casos en la Región Metropolitana (RM). Objetivo: Evaluar la relación espacio-temporal de la TB pulmonar con variables socioeconómicas en la RM de Chile. Material y Método: Estudio ecológico desarrollado entre los años 2016 y 2020. Los casos se obtuvieron desde el Ministerio de Salud (n = 4.370), describiéndose según: sexo, edad, año de confirmación diagnóstica, servicio de salud y comuna de residencia. Se utilizó análisis de componentes principales para la construcción de factores socioeconómicos comunales. La asociación entre factores y TB pulmonar se evaluó con un modelo binominal negativo multinivel. Resultados: Se observó aumento en la tasa de incidencia (9,97 a 10,74 casos por 100 mil), disminución de la incidencia en personas ≥ 65 años (17,56 a 13,38) y en el promedio de edad (46,03 a 41,77 años). El factor caracterizado por mayor inmigración, hacinamiento y población urbana se asoció con mayores tasas de incidencia (RTI: 1,29; IC95: 1,23-134) y el factor con mayor escolaridad, menor pobreza y menor hacinamiento con menores tasas (RTI: 0,94; IC95: 0,89-0,98) en el periodo. Conclusiones: La disminución en la edad de los casos junto a la concentración de casos en comunas urbanas y céntricas, asociadas con variables socioeconómicas desfavorables, confirman que la TB pulmonar continúa siendo un problema de relevancia a considerar.

Background: In 2020, tuberculosis (TB) was responsible for 9.9 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths worldwide. In Chile, an increase in incidence rates has been reported in recent years, with a concentration of cases in the Metropolitan Region (MR). Aim: To evaluate the spatio-temporal relationship of pulmonary TB with socioeconomic variables in the MR of Chile. Methods: Ecological study developed between 2016 and 2020. Cases were obtained from the Ministry of Health (n = 4,370) and described by: sex, age, year of confirmation, health service, and commune of residence. Principal component analysis was used to construct community socioeconomic factors, and the association between factors and pulmonary TB was evaluated with a multilevel negative binomial model. Results: There was an increase in the incidence rate (9.97 to 10.74 cases per 100,000), a decrease in the incidence in people ≥ 65 years (17.56 to 13.38), and the average age (46.03 to 41.77 years). The factor characterized by greater immigration, overcrowding, and the urban population was associated with more elevated incidence rates (RTI: 1.29; IC95: 1.23-134), and the factor with higher education, less poverty, and less overcrowding with lower rates (RTI: 0.94; CI 95: 0.89-0.98) in the period. Conclusions: The decrease in the age of the cases together and the concentration of cases in urban and central communes, associated with unfavorable socioeconomic variables, confirm that pulmonary TB continues to be a relevant problem to consider.

Does the Brazilian cash transfer program (bolsa familia): Protect nutritional deviations among infants and breastfeeding practices in a capital of the Central Region of Brazil?

Cash transfer programs are strategies used by countries, intended for impoverished families, which play an essential role in promoting access to public services such as health, education, and social protection. Programs may also promote food and nutrition security. The Brazilian Cash Transfer Program ("Bolsa Familia") (BFP) aims to alleviate immediate poverty and combat hunger. The aim of this study is to characterize the nutritional and breastfeeding status of children under two years old among both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of BFP. Data from the Brazilian Food and Nutritional Surveillance System, available in the primary healthcare service system of Goiania, Brazil, in 2013 were collected. The following variables were evaluated: sex, weight, height/length, age, and breastfeeding status. Data from 4,567 children under 24 months old were assessed, of which 2.72% (n= 124) were BFP beneficiaries. Beneficiaries had a lower odd of receiving breast milk compared to non-beneficiaries (OR= 0.46, 95% CI:0.31; 0.66, p= 0.0001). Regarding nutritional status, 18.14% (n= 790) of children were diagnosed with nutritional deviation, and overweight was the most prevalent (n=352, 8.04%). Beneficiaries presented a lower odd of developing stunting when compared to non-beneficiaries of BFP (OR= 0.44, 95% CI:0.25; 0.77, p= 0.006). Being a BFP beneficiary was a protective factor for the stunting in children under 24 months old in Goiania, Brazil. However, measures to promote and support breastfeeding should be intensified in primary healthcare service, aimed primarily at children in social vulnerability.

Los programas de transferencias en efectivo son estrategias utilizadas por los países, destinadas a familias en situación de pobreza y pobreza extrema, que juegan un papel fundamental en la promoción del acceso a los servicios públicos como salud, educación y protección social, además de promover la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. El Programa Brasileño de Transferencias en Efectivo ("Bolsa Familia") (BFP) tiene como objetivo aliviar la pobreza inmediata y combatir el hambre. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el estado nutricional y de lactancia de los niños menores de dos años, tanto beneficiarios como no beneficiarios del BFP. Se recogieron datos del Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional Brasileña, disponibles en el sistema de atención primaria de salud de Goiânia, Brasil, en 2013. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables, sexo, peso, talla, edad y estado de lactancia. Se evaluaron datos de 4.567 menores de 24 meses, de los cuales el 2.72% (n=124) eran beneficiarios del BFP. Las beneficiarias presentaron menos posibilidades de recibir leche materna en comparación con las no beneficiarias (OR= 0.46, IC95%:0,31; 0,66, p= 0,0001). En cuanto al estado nutricional, el 18,14% (n= 790) de los niños fueron diagnosticado con desviación nutricional, siendo el sobrepeso el más prevalente (n= 352, 8, 04%). Los beneficiarios presentaron menos probabilidad de desarrollar talla baja en comparación con los no beneficiarios del BFP (OR= 0.44, IC95%: 0.25; 0.77, p= 0.006). Ser beneficiario del BFP fue un factor de protección para la baja talla en menores de 24 meses en Goiania, Brasil. Sin embargo, se deben intensificar las medidas de promoción y apoyo a la lactancia materna en los servicios de atención primaria de salud, dirigidas principalmente a los niños en situación de vulnerabilidad social.

Public healthcare (in)accessibility for TB patients: a slum's-eye view

The government healthcare system unintentionally excludes the destitute in several ways. In this article, a “slum’s-eye” perspective on the public healthcare system is offered through reflections on stories of tuberculosis patients in urban poor neighbourhoods. We hope these stories contribute to discourse on how to strengthen the public healthcare system and make it more accessible for all, especially the poor.

Comparação dos casos de beribéri entre indígenas e não indígenas, Brasil, 2013 a 2018 / Comparison of beriberi cases in indigenous and non-indigenous people, Brazil, 2013 to 2018

Resumo O beribéri é a manifestação clínica da deficiência grave e prolongada de tiamina (vitamina B1). Doença negligenciada que acomete a população de baixa renda, em situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar casos de beribéri em indígenas com casos em não indígenas no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal de casos notificados de beribéri no período de 2013 a 2018, no formulário do SUS (FormSUS) do Ministério da Saúde. Foram comparados os casos em indígenas e em não indígenas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher com nível de significância de p < 0,05. No período estudado foram notificados no país 414 casos de beribéri, sendo 210 (50,7%) indígenas. Referiram consumo de bebidas alcoólicas 58,1% dos indígenas e 71,6% dos não-indígenas (p = 0,004); adicionalmente, 71,0% dos indígenas consumiam caxiri (bebida alcoólica tradicional fermentada). Relataram fazer esforço físico diário 76,1% dos indígenas e 40,2% dos não-indígenas (p <0 ,001). Conclui-se que o beribéri no país acomete mais indígenas e está relacionado ao consumo de álcool e ao esforço físico.

Abstract Beriberi is the clinical manifestation of severe and prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. It is a neglected disease that affects low-income populations facing food and nutrition insecurity. The aim of this study was to compare cases of beriberi among indigenous and non-indigenous people in Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data on cases of beriberi during the period July 2013-September 2018 derived from beriberi notification forms available on the FormSUS platform. Cases in indigenous and non-indigenous patients were compared using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, adopting a significance level of 0.05. A total of 414 cases of beriberi were reported in the country during the study period, 210 of which (50.7%) were among indigenous people. Alcohol consumption was reported by 58.1% of the indigenous patients and 71.6% of the non-indigenous patients (p = 0.004); 71.0% of the indigenous patients reported that they consumed caxiri, a traditional alcoholic drink. Daily physical exertion was reported by 76.1% of the indigenous patients and 40.2% of the non-indigenous patients (p < 0.001). It is concluded that beriberi disproportionately affects indigenous people and is associated with alcohol consumption and physical exertion.

Trajetórias afetivo-sexuais de adolescentes em situação de pobreza e suas decisões-ações intencionais para engravidar / Affective-sexual trajectories of adolescents in poverty and their intentional decisions-actions to become pregnant / Trayectorias afectivo-sexuales de adolescentes en situación de pobreza y sus decisiones-acciones intencionales para conseguir embarazar

Objetivo: entender como eventos relacionais, posições sobre métodos contraceptivos e negociações com o parceiro sobre ter o filho encontram-se implicados nos engravidamentos das participantes. Método: participaram dezesseis grávidas entre 15 e 19 anos, que intencionaram o evento, selecionadas em território de vulnerabilidade social de uma capital brasileira. Foram realizadas entrevistas presenciais, orientadas por temas, com o uso adicional dos recursos: autorretrato, mapa relacional, foto-elicitação e WhatsApp, considerando preceitos da Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: os engravidamentos mostraram-se intrincados à intenção de constituir uma família com filhos, à construção de trajetórias afetivo-sexuais direcionadas a esse desfecho, com contracepção secundária, e à decisão do ter filho pouco refletida e negociada com o par, caracterizada por pressão, imposição e transferência de responsabilidade, exercida por ambos. Conclusão:a abordagem, pelos profissionais de saúde, do engravidar de adolescentes requer considerar a influência nelas imbricada de aspectos de ordem subjetiva, relacional, agencial e social.

Objective: to understand how relational events, contraceptive positions and negotiations with the partner about having a child are implicated in the participants' pregnancies. Method: A total of 16 pregnant young women aged between 15 to 19 years who became pregnant intentionally, selected from a socially vulnerable territory in a Brazilian state capital, participated in the study. Face-to-face interviews guided by themes were conducted, with additional use of the self-portrait, relational map, photo-elicitation, and WhatsApp resources, considering Thematic Content Analysis concepts. Results: the pregnancies were intimately related to the intention of building a family with children, to the construction of affective-sexual trajectories directed at this outcome, with secondary contraception, and to the decision of having a child, little reflected and negotiated, characterized by pressure, imposition and transfer of responsibility, exercised by both. Conclusion:when discussing pregnancy during adolescence, health professionals must consider the subjective, relational, agency and social aspects imbricated in such choice.

Objetivo: entender cómo los hechos relacionales, las posturas sobre los métodos anticonceptivos y las negociaciones con la pareja sobre tener un hijo intervienen en el embarazo de las participantes. Método: participaron 16 embarazadas de entre 15 y 19 años de edad que pretendían el evento, seleccionadas en un territorio de vulnerabilidad social, en una capital brasileña. Se realizaron entrevistas cara a cara, guiadas por temas, con el uso adicional de recursos de autorretrato, mapa relacional, fotoelicitación y WhatsApp; y se consideraron los preceptos del Análisis de Contenido Temático. Resultados: destacan en sus embarazos la intención de constituir una familia con hijos, la construcción de trayectorias afectivo-sexuales encaminadas a ese desenlace, con anticoncepción secundaria, y la decisión de tener un hijo poco discutida y negociada con la pareja, caracterizada por la presión, la imposición y la transferencia de responsabilidad, ejercida por ambos. Conclusión:el abordaje del embarazo en adolescentes por parte de los profesionales de la salud requiere considerar la influencia imbricada de aspectos subjetivos, relacionales, de agencia y sociales

Psicología del desarrollo en Colombia: pasado reciente y situación actual / Developmental Psychology in Colombia: Recent Past and Present Situation

Resumen El presente artículo analiza el estado actual de la psicología del desarrollo en Colombia. El punto de partida es la producción académica más significativa de los grupos de investigación, registrada en el Sistema Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Colombia (ScienTI) en las últimas tres décadas. La revisión documental se organizó a partir de las principales áreas de trabajo identificadas: desarrollo en contextos de pobreza, desarrollo cognitivo, relaciones vinculares, desarrollo afectivo y emocional, desarrollo moral, psicología cultural del desarrollo y desarrollos atípicos. Se identificaron 44 grupos de investigación que aportan al campo de la psicología del desarrollo desde diferentes ámbitos teóricos, conceptuales y metodológicos. Cada uno de estos grupos brinda sus aportes desde diferentes regiones del país y en distintos segmentos de la población, en los que se destaca una preocupación por poblaciones en contextos de pobreza y violencia, respondiendo así a la situación del país. Algunos de esos estudios han contribuido a la identificación de factores protectores en poblaciones vulnerables y al fortalecimiento de bases seguras en familias, así como en la formulación de políticas públicas a favor de la niñez colombiana.

Abstract This paper analyzes the current state of developmental psychology in Colombia. The starting point is the most significant academic production of research groups, registered in the National System of Science and Technology of Colombia in the last three decades. The documentary review was organized according to the main areas of work identified: development in contexts of poverty, cognitive development, bonding relationships, affective and emotional development, moral development, cultural psychology of development and atypical developments. Forty-four research groups have been identified that contribute to the field of developmental psychology from different theoretical, conceptual, and methodological fields. Each of these groups provides their contributions from different regions of the country and in different segments of the population, in which a concern for populations in contexts of poverty and violence stands out, thus responding to the situation of the country. Some of these studies have contributed to the identification of protective factors in vulnerable populations and to the strengthening of safe bases in families, as well as to the formulation of public policies in favor of Colombian children.

Padrões espaciais da mortalidade fetal e carência social no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Spatial patterns of fetal mortality and social deprivation in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Estándares espaciales de mortalidad fetal y privación social en el estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

A mortalidade fetal é um indicador da assistência obstétrica e de condições de vida capaz de refletir o estado de saúde da mulher e a qualidade e a acessibilidade dos cuidados no pré-natal e na assistência intraparto. Com o objetivo de analisar os padrões espaciais da mortalidade fetal, a evitabilidade dos óbitos e a carência social no estado de Pernambuco, foi realizado um estudo ecológico considerando municípios, regiões de saúde e mesorregiões como unidades de análise. Incluíram-se os óbitos fetais registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade no período de 2010 a 2017. Classificou-se a evitabilidade dos óbitos pela Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Aplicou-se a estatística descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado para comparação de proporções das causas de morte. Na elaboração do índice de carência social, utilizou-se a técnica de análise fatorial por componentes principais com o teste de esfericidade de Bartlett para identificar a matriz de correlação. Com o índice calculado, os municípios foram agrupados em estratos de carência social pela técnica de k-means. Foram aplicadas a análise bayesiana e a estatística espacial de Moran para identificação de áreas prioritárias de mortalidade fetal e do índice de carência social. Registraram-se 12.337 óbitos fetais, sendo 8.927 (72,3%) por causas evitáveis. As variáveis idade da mãe, número de filhos mortos, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto e peso ao nascer estiveram relacionadas à evitabilidade do óbito. Na construção do índice de carência social, o teste de esfericidade de Bartlett (χ² de 144,463; p < 0,01) e o coeficiente KMO (0,8) mostraram que as correlações entre os itens eram adequadas para a análise fatorial, assim como as correlações entre os indicadores. O índice de carência social indicou dois fatores que, juntos, explicaram 77,63% da variância total. A taxa de mortalidade fetal evitável apresentou aumento entre estratos de carência social, com taxas de 7,99 por mil nascimentos (baixa carência), 8,06 por mil (média carência), 8,83 por mil (alta carência) e 10,7 por mil (muito alta carência). O índice global de Moran verificou autocorrelação espacial significativa para a taxa de mortalidade fetal bayesiana (I = 0,10; p = 0,05), para a taxa de mortalidade fetal evitável bayesiana (I = 0,13; p = 0,03) e para o índice de carência social (I = 0,53; p = 0,01). Alguns municípios das mesorregiões do São Francisco e do Sertão Pernambucano tiveram simultaneamente elevada mortalidade fetal e mortalidade fetal evitável, além de índice de carência social muito alto. A análise espacial identificou áreas com maior risco para a mortalidade fetal. O índice de carência social relacionou alguns determinantes das mortes fetais em áreas com piores condições de vida. Detectaram-se áreas prioritárias para a intervenção de políticas públicas de redução da mortalidade fetal e seus determinantes.

Fetal mortality is an indicator of obstetric care and living conditions, capable of reflecting the state of women's health and the quality and accessibility of prenatal care and intrapartum care. To analyze the spatial patterns of fetal mortality, preventability of deaths, and social deprivation in the state of Pernambuco, an ecological study was carried out considering municipalities, health regions, and mesoregions as units of analysis. Fetal deaths registered in the Mortality Information System in the period from 2010 to 2017 were included. The deaths are classified as preventable by the Brazilian List of Causes of Preventable Deaths by Interventions of the Unified Health System. Descriptive statistics and the Qui-square test were applied for comparisons of proportions of causes of death. In the elaboration of the social deprivation index, the factorial analysis technique by principal components with the Bartlett's sphericity test was used to identify the correlation matrix. With the calculated index, the municipalities were grouped in social deprivation strata by the k-means technique. Bayesian analysis and Moran's spatial statistics were applied to identify priority areas of fetal mortality and the index of social deprivation. There were 12,337 fetal deaths registered, of which 8,927 (72.3%) were due to preventable causes. The variables of mother's age, number of dead children, type of pregnancy, type of birth, and weight at birth were related to preventability of death. In the construction of the social deprivation index, Bartlett's sphericity test (χ² of 144.463; p < 0.01) and the KMO coefficient (0.8) showed that the correlations between the items were adequate for factor analysis, as well as the correlations between the indicators. The social deprivation index pointed to two factors that, together, explained 77.63% of the total variance. The rate of preventable fetal mortality showed an increase among social deprivation strata, with rates of 7.99 per thousand births (low deprivation), 8.06 per thousand (medium deprivation), 8.83 per thousand (high deprivation), and 10.7 per thousand (very high social deprivation). The global Moran index verified significant spatial autocorrelation for the Bayesian fetal mortality rate (I = 0.10; p = 0.05), for the Bayesian preventable fetal mortality rate (I = 0.13; p = 0.03) e for the o social deprivation index (I = 0.53; p = 0.01). Some municipalities of the mesoregions of São Francisco and of Sertão of Pernambuco have simultaneously high fetal mortality and preventable fetal mortality, in addition to a very high rate of social deprivation. The spatial analysis identified areas with the highest risk for fetal mortality. The index of social deprivation relates to some determinants of fetal deaths in areas with the worst living conditions. We detected priority areas for the intervention of public policies to reduce fetal mortality and its determinants.

La mortalidad fetal es un indicador de la asistencia obstétrica y de las condiciones de vida capaz de reflejar el estado de salud de la mujer y la cualidad y accesibilidad de los cuidados en el prenatal y la asistencia intraparto. Con el objetivo de analizar los estándares espaciales de la mortalidad fetal, la evitabilidad de los fallecimientos y la privación social del estado de Pernambuco (Brasil), se realizó un estudio ecológico con los municipios, las regiones de salud y las mesorregiones como unidades de análisis. Se incluyeron los fallecimientos fetales registrados en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad en el período de 2010 a 2017. Se clasificó la evitabilidad de los fallecimientos desde la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muertes Evitables por Intervenciones en el Sistema Único de Salud. Se aplicaron la estadística descriptiva y la prueba de chi-cuadrado para comparar las proporciones de las causas de muerte. En la elaboración del índice de privación social, se utilizó la técnica de análisis factorial por componentes principales con la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett para identificar la matriz de correlación. Con el índice calculado, los municipios se agruparon en estados de privación desde la herramienta de k-means. Se aplicaron el análisis bayesiano y la estadística espacial de Moran para identificar las áreas prioritarias de la mortalidad fetal y el índice de privación social. Se registraron 12.337 fallecimientos fetales, de los cuales 8.927 (72,3%) fueron por causas evitables. Las variables edad de la madre, número de hijos muertos, tipo de embarazo, tipo de parto y peso al nacer estuvieron relacionadas con la evitabilidad del fallecimiento. En la construcción del índice de privación social, la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett (χ² de 144,463; p < 0,01) y el coeficiente de KMO (0,8) mostraron que las correlaciones entre los ítems estaban adecuadas para el análisis factorial, así como las correlaciones entre los indicadores. El índice de privación social señaló a dos factores que juntos explican el 77,63% de la variancia total. La tasa de mortalidad fetal evitable tuvo un aumento entre los estados de privación social, con tasas de 7,99 por mil nacimientos (baja privación), 8,06 por mil (mediana privación), 8,83 por mil (alta privación) y 10,7 por mil (muy alta privación). El índice global de Moran evaluó la autocorrelación espacial significativa para la tasa de mortalidad fetal bayesiana (I = 0,10; p = 0,05), para la tasa de mortalidad fetal evitable bayesiana (I = 0,13; p = 0,03) y para el índice de privación social (I = 0,53; p = 0,01). Algunos municipios de las mesorregiones de São Francisco y de Sertão Pernambucano tuvieron alta mortalidad fetal, además del índice de privación social muy alto. Un análisis espacial identificó áreas con mayor riesgo de mortalidad fetal. El índice de privación social relacionó algunas de las causas de las muertes fetales en áreas con peores condiciones de vida. Se detectaron las áreas prioritarias a la intervención de las políticas públicas para reducir la mortalidad fetal y sus determinantes.

Epidemiological Determinants of Depression among the Geriatric Population Residing in a Slum of Urban India: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. Worldwide interest in geriatric depression has increased but studies to assess the depression among the elderly population in urban slums has hardly been done. So this study would shed light on the risk factors of depression among geriatrics in urban slums. Aim & Objective: To study the epidemiological determinants such as age, marital status, education, financial dependency, economic status and chronic illness in relation to of depression among the geriatric population (60–80 years). Settings and Design: Community-based, cross-sectional study for 24 months with a samplesize of 209. Methods & Material: Urban slum area represented by one health post was selectedas the study area which caters to around 96,630 slum residents. Pre-tested semi-structuredinterviews were conducted after selecting households by systematic random sampling. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. A chi-square test was applied. Result: The present study shows overall prevalence of depression among the elderly above 60 years of age to be 48.6%. Depression is found to been significantly associated with an increase in age, living alone (72.7%), lower class economic status (100%), financial dependency (54%), history of chronic family illness (54.7%) and with no formal education (62.1%) among elderly dwelling in slums. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of depression in the community and hence, a need to sensitize Primary level Health Care Services to institute screening tests considering the association of these determinants with depression and link them to specialized services for further management.

The Burden and Risk Factors of Reproductive Tract Infections among Married Women Aged 15-49 Years in Urban Slum of Agra Uttar Pradesh

Introduction: In developing countries, reproductive tract infection among women commonly goes undiagnosed and their sequel causes various complications. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of RTI/STI through a syndromic case approach and its correlates among women of reproductive age group. Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 500 eligible married women residing in urban slums of Agra by using WHO Syndromic case approch for diagnosis of RTIs/STIs. Results: The overall prevalence of RTI/STD was found to be 32.80% where vaginal discharge (22.60%) and lower abdominal pain (8.20%) were the most common syndromes. On multivariate analysis, religion, caste, type of absorbent used during menses, and history of IUD use were found to be significantly significant. Conclusion: The result of this study highlights the high prevalence and potential risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of RTI. It also emphasizes the need of training and education session of the participants to identify the early symptoms of RTI.

Utilization of Reproductive and Child Health Services and Client Satisfaction from Urban Primary Health Centers by Recently Delivered Women Living in Urban Slums of Lucknow, India

Background: Due to rapid urbanization, there is an increase in population in slums often lacking access to basic health services. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the utilization of reproductive and child health services by recently delivered women and their children residing in catchment areas of urban PHCs, to evaluate their level of satisfaction and to determine the factors associated with utilization of these services by recently delivered women. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in the catchment areas of urban primary health centre of Lucknow. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 women having children less than 24 months in the slums covered under selected U-PHCs, sampled through a multi-stage random sampling technique using a semi-structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis used: SPSS-26 and MedCalc software were used for data analysis. Results: Utilization of RCH services by recently delivered women from UPHC was 39%. About 24% of recently delivered women availed ANC services from UPHC and 56.7% utilized family planning services and 95.8% immunization services for children. Child care services for diarrhea and ARI were availed by 9.9 and 3.1% of women, respectively. Satisfaction regarding maternal care and immunization services was seen in 84 and 95.8% of women. Poor satisfaction regarding child care was seen in 56.5% of women. Conclusions: The utilization of RCH services was found to be poor in the study population. Most recently delivered women were satisfied with all services except child care.

Spectrum of thyroid disorders in tertiary care hospital at Patancheru, Sangareddy, Telangana, India - A clinical study

Malnutrition, particularly iodine deficiency, is one of the major contributing factors to thyroid disorders in India. Poverty in India is contributing to the increase of thyroid disorders through malnutrition, poor sanitation, and lack of access to medical facilities. Another factor is the lack of awareness about the symptoms and risk factors of thyroid disorders. Intake recommendations for iodine are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. WHO recommends universal iodinization of salt. High levels of iodine intake sometimes are associated with an increased risk of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or autoimmune thyroiditis. We conducted a retrospective study at our hospital from December 2017 to January 2023. A total number of 57 cases were studied. Out of 57 patients, 46 patients presented with hypothyroidism and 11 with hyperthyroidism. Various clinical presentations, pathologies and socioeconomic problems are discussed.

SOCIAL VALUE CREATION THROUGH SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP - A QUALITATIVE APPROACH

The objective of this paper is to contribute to better understanding of the concept behind social entrepreneurship. A qualitative approach was carried out to better know the perception behind social entrepreneurs. A sample of 10 social entrepreneurs engaged in MSME sector were interviewed pertaining to the questions behind the success of social entrepreneurial activities. The questions were raised based on their success, market orientation, image and value creation and enterprise organization. The paper nally concludes that social entrepreneurs apart from their concepts, the activities are towards the welfare of the society and it improves the economic development of the country which is a boon for the society as well as country.

Gobernando la crianza en familias pobres: ONG y gestión durante la pandemia

(analítico) El artículo analiza prácticas de crianza de familias pobres ubicadas en la ciudad de Ibagué (Colombia), que emergen en su relación con las ONG que las intervienen en el contexto de la pandemia por covid-19. La metodología empleada fue la etnografía, en diálogo con estrategias dialógicas y participativas. Se evidenciaron dos tipos de prácticas de crianza: alimentaria y de acompañamiento educativo. Mientras la primera se gestiona por medio de donaciones, sujetas a las lógicas del mercado, la segunda se basa en la asignación de roles educativos a los acudientes para que estos instruyan a sus hijos e hijas con base en los parámetros del Estado. Como conclusión, se evidencia que estas intervenciones buscan que las familias autogestionen su precariedad, en el marco de la legitimación de un orden social neoliberal.

(analytical) This article analyzes the parenting practices of poor families located in the city of Ibagué (Colombia), which emerged in the families' relationships with an NGO that provided them with support during the COVID-19 pandemic. An ethnographic methodology was used, complemented with dialogic and participatory strategies. Two types of parenting practices were identified: food-based care and educational support. While the first was based upon receiving donations and was subject to market dynamics, the second was based on the allocation of educational roles to parents and caregivers so that they could teach their children based on the State's guidelines. The authors conclude that these interventions support families to selfmanage their precarious situation in the framework of the legitimation of a neoliberal social order.

(analítico) O artigo analisa práticas na formação de famílias pobres, localizadas na cidade de Ibagué (Colômbia), que emergem na sua relação com as ONGs, que as intervêm, no contexto da pandemia por Covid-19. A metodologia aplicada foi a etnografia, em diálogo com estratégias dialógicas e participativas. Evidenciaram-se dois tipos de práticas de formação: alimentar e de acompanhamento educativo. Enquanto a primeira se gestiona através de doações, sujeitas às lógicas do mercado, a segunda se baseia na designação de papéis educativos aos pais ou responsáveis para que estes instruam aos seus filhos e filhas com base nos parâmetros do Estado. Como conclusão, se evidencia que estas intervenções procuram que estas famílias autogestionem a sua precariedade, no marco da legitimação de uma ordem social neoliberal.