Evidências sobre o prêmio salarial masculino do casamento e da coabitação no Brasil / Evidence on the male marriage wage premium and cohabitation premium in Brazil / Evidencias sobre el premio salarial masculino del matrimonio y de la cohabitación en Brasil

Resumo O objetivo principal é analisar a associação entre o casamento e a coabitação e o rendimento do trabalho masculino no Brasil. O artigo discute o fenômeno do "prêmio salarial masculino do casamento" - geralmente, homens casados apresentam rendimentos mais elevados do que os solteiros no mercado de trabalho. Tendo em vista que no Brasil a união informal é uma modalidade conjugal bastante comum, o prêmio para a coabitação também é investigado nessa situação. A associação entre o estado conjugal e o trabalho remunerado dos homens brasileiros é analisada por meio de regressões lineares, quantílicas e decomposições de Oaxaca-Blinder para os diferenciais de rendimentos entre os homens solteiros, casados e coabitantes. O Censo Demográfico de 2010 é a fonte de dados utilizada. Os resultados confirmam a existência de prêmios do casamento e da coabitação para os homens brasileiros. Os prêmios observados tendem a ser menores para a coabitação do que para o casamento. As decomposições dos diferenciais de rendimentos mostram que os prêmios devem-se à estrutura salarial e não a efeitos de composição.

Abstract The article aims to explore the correlation between marriage, cohabitation, and male labor income. It delves into the concept of the "male marriage wage premium" - a phenomenon where married men earn higher wages compared to single men in the labor market. Since consensual unions are prevalent in Brazil, the study also examines the cohabitation premium. The research employs linear regressions, quantile regression, and Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions of earnings differentials between single, married, and cohabiting men to analyze the association between marital status and paid work among Brazilian men. The data utilized were from the 2010 Demographic Census. The results of the study validate the existence of marriage and cohabitation premia for Brazilian men. However, the observed premium tend to be lower for cohabitation than for marriage. The decompositions reveal that these differentials are due to wage structure and not composition effects.

Resumen El objetivo principal es analizar la asociación entre el matrimonio y la cohabitación y las diferencias salariales masculinas en Brasil. El artículo analiza el fenómeno del premio salarial del matrimonio masculino: en general, los hombres casados tienen ingresos más altos que los hombres solteros en el mercado laboral, aunque ya que en Brasil la cohabitación es una modalidad marital muy común, también se investiga el premio de la cohabitación. La asociación entre el estado civil y el trabajo remunerado entre los hombres brasileños se analiza utilizando regresiones lineales, regresión cuantil y descomposiciones Oaxaca-Blinder para los diferenciales salariales entre hombres solteros, casados y en cohabitación. La fuente de datos fue el censo demográfico de 2010. Los resultados confirman la existencia de premios para el matrimonio y la cohabitación, que tienden a ser menores para la cohabitación que para el matrimonio. La descomposición de los diferenciales de ingresos mostró que los premios se deben a la estructura salarial y no a efectos de composición.

Clinical Evaluation of T-AYU-HM Premium in Sickle cell Anemia Patients: A Retrospective Study

Background: The orphan status of sickle cell invites many researchers toward drug development in the past decade. A substantial number of clinical trials either understudies or in the planning stage focused on sickle cell disease. Sickle cell traits are often considered asymptomatic and the silent condition is associated with diverse complications. Objective: To clinically evaluate the safety and effectiveness of T-AYU-HM Premium Tablets (300mg) in sickle cell anemia patients: an observational retrospective study Methodology: This is a single-arm case-control retrospective study of sickle cell trait patients admitted to Dhanvantari Clinic from 2018 to 2020. Patients' vital and clinical information based on inclusion and exclusion criteria were collected and analyzed using SPSS software. Result: A total of 100 patients with sickle cell traits were included in the study. The treatment exhibited significant improvement was seen in (P<0.05) in hemoglobin and red blood corpuscles. There wasn’t any untoward response either from the patient or from laboratory parameters reported indicating no adverse effects were seen. There was an absolute improvement in overall health as a reduction of no of time hospitalization (0) and blood transfusion (0) in sickle cell trait patients. There was a significant improvement in minor and major clinical parameters of sickle cell trait patients. Conclusion: The effect of T-AYU-HM Premium treatment in sickle cell trait patients suggests it is safe and effective. There was no adverse effect observed in the observational study. During entire study period, no single blood transfusion or hospitalization required. The significant improvement in the rate and frequency of painful crises indicates an improvement in pain-related quality of life in patients. This treatment of T-AYU-HM Premium was safe, cost-effective, and exhibit therapeutic potential in the management of sickle cell trait patients

Study of Safety and Effect of T-AYU-HM Premium in Sickle Cell Anemia Patient: A Case Study

Sickle cell anaemia is a type of haemoglobin disorder causing morbidity and mortality in many countries. The disease is incurable and therefore requires symptomatic management to improve quality of life. Because the alternative system of medicine can play a significant role in the management of quality of life in sickle cell anaemia, lot many combinations and formulations are attempted across many countries. Unfortunately, very few have reached a preclinical and clinical research level. In the current case study, T-AYU-HM Premium was evaluated as per the standard parameters, and a clinical evaluation considering its effect and safety was performed in this case report of a 24-year-old male with a history of sickle cell disease in hereditary. History was 8 times blood transfusion and 7 times hospitalization in past two year. He was infected with covid-19 and hospitalized, recovered with T-AYU-HM Premium only. Next month because of joint pain, fever, and weakness he visited the daycare clinic. On complete physical and laboratory examination he was started on T-AYU-HM Premium 300mg two tablets twice a day. During 6 months of treatment, he had complained of pain only thrice for which analgesics were prescribed, and no blood transfusion was required. During this 6 month period, there is a remarkable improvement in his haemoglobin, red blood corpuscles, white blood cells, and platelets. There were no untoward complaints from him suggesting that T-AYU-HM Premium exhibited its potential in sustaining the cellular integrity and thereby preventing the lysis of red blood corpuscles. The improvement in laboratory parameters, clinical parameters and established studies indicated that T-AYU-HM Premium is safe and exhibit an observational effect on red blood corpuscles of sickle cell anaemia patient.

Falsa coletivização de planos de saúde: expansão, reajustes e judicialização (2014-2019) / False collectivization of private health insurance: expansion, premium increases and judicialization (2014-2019)

A falsa coletivização é um fenômeno crescente no mercado brasileiro de planos e seguros de saúde. Ela decorre diretamente de decisões regulatórias que afetam o setor, especialmente as diferenças entre regras aplicáveis a contratos individuais e coletivos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a evolução recente do fenômeno sob três aspectos: (i) a expansão desse tipo de contrato, simultânea à redução de planos individuais; (ii) o diferencial acumulado de reajustes para os falsos coletivos; (iii) a sua judicialização e o tratamento dado ao tema pelo Poder Judiciário. Foram utilizados dados da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar, desagregados por empresa, entre 2014 e 2019; do banco de dados de Notas Técnicas de Registro de Produto da agência, entre 2015 e 2019; e dados primários produzidos pela análise de acórdãos do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, proferidos em 2018 e 2019. Os resultados evidenciaram o crescimento do fenômeno dos "falsos coletivos", associado à gradual redução dos planos individuais. Demonstraram, também, o sistemático reajuste das mensalidades acima do teto definido pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar para planos individuais. A análise de acórdãos mostrou que o entendimento da questão pelo Poder Judiciário não é uniforme, nem em termos do resultado do julgamento, nem de sua fundamentação jurídica. Os resultados apoiam a interpretação de que esses contratos permitem às operadoras burlar aspectos relevantes da regulação do setor, impor reajustes superiores e, quando reclamadas judicialmente, escamotear a legislação consumerista.

False collectivization is a growing phenomenon in the Brazilian health insurance market, stemming directly from regulatory decisions that affect the sector, especially the diferences between the rules applicable to individual and collective contracts. Hence, this paper sought to analyze the recent evolution of this phenomenon under three aspects: (i) expansion of this type of contract, simultaneous to the disappearance of individual private health plans; (ii) premium increases for "false collectives"; (iii) its judicialization and treatment in the jurisprudence. Data was collected from the Brazilian Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurance and Plans, detailed by company, between 2014 and 2019; the agency's Product Registration Technical Notes database, between 2015 and 2019; and primary data produced by analyzing rulings by the São Paulo Court of Justice, issued in 2018 and 2019. Results show the growth of "false collectives," associated with the gradual disappearance of individual private health plans. They also demonstrate the gap between premium increases and the ceiling set by the Brazilian Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurance and Plans for individual private health plans. Analysis of the rulings reveal that the Judiciary's understanding on the matter is not uniform, neither in terms of the outcome, nor of its legal reasoning. These findings support the interpretation that such contracts allow insures to circumvent relevant aspects of the sector's regulation, to impose higher premiums and, when contested in court, to evade consumer legislation.

A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SELECT LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES

In this study, the performance of select life insurance companies was analysed by considering a few important parameters like persistency ratio, claim settlement ratio, solvency ratio, current ratio and the total life insurance premium received. The top ?ve private sector life insurance companies were selected based on the new business premium received by them – SBI Life Insurance Company Ltd, HDFC Life Insurance Company Ltd, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Ltd, Max Life Insurance Company Ltd, Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company Ltd . The study was conducted for the duration of ?ve years i.e., 2016-17 to 2020-21. The data collected was completely based on secondary sources. Of all the companies chosen for the study, the total premiums received by SBI Life Insurance Company Ltd has shown a signi?cant increase over the years selected for the study and the study also analysed that the persistency ratio for all the ?ve life insurance companies was decreasing over the years though there is an increase in the life insurance premiums received by the companies over the same duration.

Estrutura remuneratória dos servidores ativos civis do Executivo federal / Estructura de remuneración de los funcionarios civiles del Ejecutivo federal en Brasil / Compensation structure of the Federal Executive's active civil servants in Brazil

Resumo A administração pública federal passa por um momento de aperto fiscal, e, como o gasto com pessoal é um dos maiores componentes da despesa, mostra-se importante avaliar sua composição. Para isso, este artigo analisa detalhadamente a estrutura remuneratória das carreiras do Executivo federal civil. O texto mostra que a maioria dos servidores federais civis está entre os 10% mais bem remunerados do país, recebendo, em certos casos, um prêmio salarial com relação à esfera privada. Analisamos também que servidores com as mesmas atribuições têm remuneração significativamente diferente, dependendo do órgão da administração direta ou da entidade da administração indireta em que trabalham. Além disso, evidenciamos a prociclicalidade da despesa com pessoal ativo do Executivo, possivelmente liderada em tempos de recessão. Dito isso, uma agenda de reforma administrativa é importante para racionalizar as carreiras do serviço público, trazendo a remuneração à realidade brasileira e premiando servidores de alto desempenho por meio de metas de médio e longo prazos.

Resumen La Administración Pública Federal está atravesando un momento de ajuste fiscal y, como los gastos de personal son uno de los componentes más importantes del gasto público, es importante evaluar su composición. Para ello, este artículo analiza en detalle la estructura de remuneración de las carreras del Ejecutivo federal. El artículo muestra que la mayoría de los funcionarios federales se encuentra dentro del 10% mejor remunerado del país, percibiendo en ciertos casos una prima salarial, como en la esfera privada y otros países. También inferimos que los funcionarios públicos con las mismas atribuciones tienen una remuneración significativamente diferente, dependiendo del cuerpo de la administración directa o indirecta en la que trabajan. Además, evidenciamos la prociclicidad del gasto en personal activo del Ejecutivo federal. Dicho esto, es importante una agenda de reforma administrativa para racionalizar las carreras del servicio público, traer la remuneración a la realidad brasileña y recompensar a los funcionarios de alto rendimiento a través de metas a mediano y largo plazo.

Abstract The Brazilian Federal Public Administration is going through a period of fiscal tightening, and as personnel expenses are one of the largest components of expenditure, it is important to assess its composition. This article analyzes in detail the remuneration structure of executive branch careers. The article shows that most federal employees are among the 10% best-paid employees in the country, earning a salary premium relative to the private sector and other countries' public servants. Moreover, we show that civil servants with equivalent duties have significantly different remuneration, depending on the body of the direct or indirect administration in which they work. In addition, we highlight the procyclicality of the expenditure on executive branch active personnel. An administrative reform agenda is important to rationalize public service careers, provide remuneration in line with the Brazilian reality, and reward high-performance employees through medium and long-term goals.

Lente intraocular Premium: ¿opción o necesidad en la cirugía moderna de catarata? / Premium intraocular lenses: an option or a need in modern cataract surgery?

La catarata se presenta como la principal causa de ceguera prevenible en todo el mundo. La facoemulsificación con implante de lente intraocular es el procedimiento quirúrgico estándar más comúnmente utilizado. Las lentes intraoculares son consideradas prótesis de material biocompatible que se usan para sustituir el cristalino humano, y se han diseñado para limitar las aberraciones de orden superior y mejorar la calidad de la visión al conseguir la emetropía. Varias son las generaciones de lentes intraoculares diseñadas hasta este momento, con el fin de lograr su perfeccionamiento para ofrecerle al paciente una mayor independencia y excelentes resultados visuales después de la cirugía de catarata para todas las distancias. De ahí la motivación para realizar una búsqueda de diversos artículos publicados, con el objetivo de describir los lentes intraoculares Premium. Se utilizó la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, con todos sus buscadores(AU)

Cataract is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation is the standard surgical procedure most commonly used. Intraocular lenses are biocompatible material prosthesis that replace the human crystalline lens. They have been designed to limit higher order aberrations and improve vision quality, achieving emmetropia. Several generations of intraocular lenses have been developed so far with the purpose of improving their quality and providing patients with greater independence and excellent visual results for all distances after cataract surgery. Hence the motivation to conduct a search for a variety of published papers, with the purpose of characterizing the Premium intraocular lenses. Use was made of the Infomed platform, particularly the Virtual Health Library with all its search engines(AU)

Pediatric Drug Pricing and Price Incentive Policy in Japan and Its Enlightenment to China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To learn from pedia tric drug pricing and price incentive policy in Japan ，and to provide reference for the improvement of pediatric drug price system in China. METHODS ：The drug pricing strategy of Japan was analyzed ，and price incentive policy of pediatric drugs in Japan and its implementation status and effect were summarized. The suggestions of perfecting the price system of pediatric drugs in China were put forward . RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The pricing strategy of medical insurance drugs in Japan included two types ，such as access pricing of medical insurance list and price adjustment of drugs in medical insurance list. Among them ，price incentive policy for pediatric drugs mainly included the premium for initial pricing of new pediatric drugs ，the premium for drugs with newly added pediatric indication included in medical insurance list and other measures（such as eligible drugs could obtain indirect price compensation ，and children ’s factors could be considered in health technology assessment ）. Overall ，these measures accelerated the R&D and marketing of Japanese pediatric drugs ，and effectively promoted the development of pediatric drugs in Japan. The author suggests that our country should carry out health technology assessment which reflects the particularity of pediatric drugs ，give appropriate direct price incentives to the payment price of pediatric drugs ，and reasonably set the price of drug specification suitable for children and give price incentives so as to promote the development of pediatric drugs in China.

Effect of Social Identity on Customers' Behavioral Intention to Premium Food Markets

This study examined the effects of social identity (cognitive, affective, and evaluative social identity) on affective commitment and behavioral intention in premium food markets. Data were collected from customers who had visited the premium food markets within three months prior to the time of the survey. A total of 247 responses were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 for Windows. The three attributes of social identity (cognitive, affective, and evaluative social identity) had a significant positive effect on the affective commitment, while affective commitment had a positive effect on the behavioral intention in premium food markets. On the other hand, only evaluative social identity had a significant positive effect on the behavioral intention in premium food markets. These results revealed the mediating effect of affective commitment in the relationship between social identity and customers' behavioral intention. This suggests a positive affective commitment as a key factor for customers in premium food markets. The results would be applied to marketing strategies based on the attributes of premium food market customers.

In-the-bag multifocal intraocular lens causing pigment dispersion and refractory secondary ocular hypertension

Pigment dispersion and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) with sulcus placed hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) are described and are rare with in-the-bag IOLs. We report a case of a young lady with elevated IOP and pigment dispersion in one eye following an uneventful phacoemulsification and multifocal IOL implantation. The eye had eccentric capsulorrhexis and localized capsular fibrosis with anterior displacement of the IOL optic, resulting in pigment dispersion. The uncontrolled IOP and continued pigment dispersion were managed with IOL exchange (three-piece IOL) followed by filtration surgery, which helped to resolve the condition successfully.

Reconsideration on the premium policy of medical insurance for retired workers and its theo-retical disputes in China / 中国卫生政策研究

The problem about whether or not retirees should pay for basic medical insurance is not only a poli-cy problem,but also one of the focus of theoretical controversy in China. The risk of fund shortage for medical insur-ance or the limited income of the retired workers is the practical issue to be considered when assessing whether the current medical insurance premium policy should be changed or not,but do not constitute a decisive factor in evalua-ting whether it is or not to affordable for the retired workers. The nature of the system and the inherent rights and obli-gations are the fundamental reasons for the decision. Because of the obligations for medical insurance payment,the a-bility to pay and how to undertake are all belong to the problems at different levels,it should be discussed separately. In view of the internal mechanism for medical insurance system and the change of the external environment of social economy,retired workers bearing the obligation of payment is a necessary requirement. In addition,while implemen-ting the principle of universal payment obligation,for the employees who are economically challenged and unable to pay their insurance premiums,can solutions such as lighten burden,through paying duty exemptions,individual gov-ernment subsidies and other ways.

Dynamic Model on Determining the Appropriate Premium Rate for Basic Medical Insurance of Urban Employee and the Calculation on Reduction to Current Premium Rate for Basic Medical Insurance of Urban Employee during the Period of the 13th Five-year Plan / 中国卫生经济

Objective:Study the dynamic model on determining the appropriate premium rate for basic medical insurance of urban employee(BMlUE) and the calculation of reduction to current premium rate for BMIUE in the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan.Methods:It developed a quantitative model to explore the objective.Results:There were 8 parameters all determined the appropriate premium for BMIUE.Conclusion:The results of calculation showed that in the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan,the current premium rate for BMIUE could be cut from 8％ into 7.9％ if keeping the current financial institutional arrangement named individual account and social pooling constant.If cancelling individual account,the current premium rate for BMIUE could be cut from 8％ into 7％.

Lentes multifocales: una buena opción en la cirugía de catarata / Multifocal lenses: a good choice for the cataract surgery

La introducción de las lentes intraoculares multifocales en el mercado significó un cambio radical en la cirugía de la catarata. La evolución y el desarrollo de este tipo de lentes revelan múltiples opciones para su uso. La difusión de información científica, junto con una mayor exigencia en los resultados por parte de los pacientes, impulsa a los oftalmólogos a modificar su práctica diaria para brindar opciones que satisfagan esta demanda. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las características, ventajas, inconvenientes e indicaciones de las lentes intraoculares multifocales que se implantan en la actualidad, así como la orientación hacia un manejo personalizado a cada tipo de pacientes. Se realizó una búsqueda en la plataforma de Infomed sobre diversas publicaciones en los últimos diez años para profundizar en el conocimiento de las características e indicaciones de los lentes intraoculares multifocales y la cirugía premium en catarata(AU)

The introduction of multifocal intraocular lenses on the market brought a radical change in the cataract surgery. The development of these types of lenses reveals multiple choices for their use. The dissemination of scientific information together with greater demand on the results by the patients encourages ophthalmologists to modify their daily practice to offer alternatives that may meet this demand. The objective of this paper was to present the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and indications of the multifocal intraocular lenses that are currently in use as well as to guide specialists to provide customized management for each type of patients. A search of various publications in the last ten years was made to deepen the knowledge on the characteristics and indications of multifocal intraocular lenses and premium cataract surgery(AU)

Revelation of the second-generation national health care reform in Taiwan area on the equity and sustainability of the medicare fund in mainland China / 中国卫生政策研究

This paper analyzes the reform backgrounds, mechanisms and measures of financing and payment taken in the second-generation national health insurance (NHI) in Taiwan. The results indicate that in 2nd NHI, the rate was adjusted more flexibly, supplementary insurance premium was charged to enlarge the financial source by im-plicating additional subsidies and expanding the sources of financing, multiple payment methods and auxiliary assis-tive means were used to control the growth of medical expenses, social insurance payments are specified in terms of category or clear payment projects and standards, new health technology assessments are used as new basis for deci-sion making, etc. by greatly alleviating the financial deficit, which helped achieve the financial balance again. Many features of the 2nd NHI in Taiwan, especially like its diversified financial resources and financing methods, global budget of control fees and DRGs payment systems, making evaluation criteria for medical quality control and health insurance reimbursement project development and so on, are worth learning for the mainland China.

¿Cuál es el impacto de aplicar un valor mínimo al Medical Loss Ratio (MLR) de los seguros de salud en Chile?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / What is the impact of applying a minimum value to the Medical Loss Ratio (MLR) of health insurance in Chile?: rapid evidence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO El Medical Loss Ratio (MLR) es la proporción de los ingresos que un asegurador de salud recibe por primas, que es gastado en servicios clínicos. Una de las intervenciones que se ha propuesto es establecer un porcentaje mínimo para este indicador, controlando las ganancias que las Isapres pudiesen percibir a costa de los usuarios. En este contexto el Departamento de Asesoría Ministerial solicita esta síntesis de evidencia con el objetivo de informar la toma de decisiones respecto del efecto de una política para controlar las ganancias del sistema ISAPRE, imponiendo un umbral al MLR. METODOLOGÍA Se formuló una estrategia de búsqueda para ser utilizada en 5 bases de datos con el objetivo de identificar revisiones sistemáticas del tema. Al no encontrarse, se seleccionaron todos los estudios primarios que abordaran el tema. Se incluyeron únicamente los casos de seguros individuales, excluyendo todo tipo de seguros colectivos o de vida. RESULTADOS El resumen NO utiliza revisiones sistemáticas -Los cambios ocasionados por el establecimiento de un MLR se centran más bien en el aumento de gastos en bonos más que en una reducción de las primas. -Los aseguradores con un MLR menor a 70% aumentan significativamente sus gastos en bonos al implementar un umbral de MLR obligatorio de 80%. -La definición de un umbral en el MLR generaría un aumento en los gastos para mejorar la calidad de la atención, no obstante, no se observó una mejora de calidad efectiva en salud mental. -Mercados monopólicos muestran menores MLR. Sin embargo, al aumentar la participación del asegurador en el mercado, aumentaría el MLR y número de bonos por persona. -Aseguradores con presencia en otros mercados tendrían menores MLR. -Para aseguradores con bajo MLR, la aplicación de un umbral para MLR generaría un aumento significativo de más de 10% en su MLR al año siguiente de aplicada la medida. -La experiencia de EE.UU. muestra que se redujeron los gastos administrativos, aumentaron las devoluciones de dinero a asegurados, mientras que el valor de las primas y la inversión en calidad se ha mantenido relativamente constante. Aseguradores con fines de lucro tendrían menores MLR.

Effects of Health Information Technology on Malpractice Insurance Premiums / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: The widespread adoption of health information technology (IT) will help contain health care costs by decreasing inefficiencies in healthcare delivery. Theoretically, health IT could lower hospitals' malpractice insurance premiums (MIPs) and improve the quality of care by reducing the number and size of malpractice. This study examines the relationship between health IT investment and MIP using California hospital data from 2006 to 2007. METHODS: To examine the effect of hospital IT on malpractice insurance expense, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) was employed. RESULTS: It was found that health IT investment was not negatively associated with MIP. Health IT was reported to reduce medical error and improve efficiency. Thus, it may reduce malpractice claims from patients, which will reduce malpractice insurance expenses for hospitals. However, health IT adoption could lead to increases in MIPs. For example, we expect increases in MIPs of about 1.2% and 1.5%, respectively, when health IT and labor increase by 10%. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the effect of health IT investment on MIPs controlling other hospital and market, and volume characteristics. Against our expectation, we found that health IT investment was not negatively associated with MIP. There may be some possible reasons that the real effect of health IT on MIPs was not observed; barriers including communication problems among health ITs, shorter sample period, lower IT investment, and lack of a quality of care measure as a moderating variable.

Government liability for contributing into the premium subsidies for basic medical insurance / 中国卫生政策研究

The key policy for the Chinese governments to support the health insurance development has been to provide high percentage of premium subsidies in the 1 . 1 billion Yuan insured for the two of the basic medical insur-ance systems. According to the current policy, governments should share the responsibility of several hundreds of bil-lions Yuan of subsidies per year. However, because of the indistinct of the responsibility between governments at all levels and the shortage of systematic and long-term duty share mechanism, the current system has been directly affect-ing the fairer and more sustainable health insurance system development. Concerning these issues, this paper primari-ly thought about the contributory principle of subsides after analyzing the present situation and the main problems. Therefore, taking the three factors including disposable income per capita, consumption expenditure per capita and fi-nancial revenue per capita into account, it provides a“5 steps approach” about the contribution of the central govern-ment fiscal subsides using entropy evaluation method, and suggests a proposed program on the governments contribu-tion liability at the provincial or decentralized level based on the “fiscal subsides index”. Thoughts and conclusions drawn from this paper have a significant meaning into the establishment of a fairer and more sustainable financial sup-port mechanism for the basic medical insurance.

Concept, connotation and priorities of premium healthcare:A case study of Shanghai / 中国卫生政策研究

Premium healthcare is one of the major components of private healthcare, a key part of the health service industry, and one of the significant areas of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan of health. However, there is no clear definition of premium healthcare that is widely accepted based on a Chinese literature review, and to define the concept of premium healthcare is the basis and premise for research. This paper adopted the methods of systematic re-view, field investigation and key person interviews to clarify the definition of premium healthcare and the results sug-gested that areas of health management, medical care for the elderly, mobile medical care, and so on should be the priorities of premium healthcare development.

Development of premium healthcare industry:International experience and implications / 中国卫生政策研究

Premium healthcare is the key area of healthcare industry and private medical institutions. Howev-er, with the expansion of VIP services in public hospitals and policy barriers to private medical institutions, the de-velopment of premium healthcare in China is still in its early stage. The premium healthcare industry has in fact be-gun to take shape in some developed countries, accumulating rich experience in the aspects of developing bases, op-erating modes and security systems. Therefore, this paper introduces the experiences of premium healthcare develop-ment in several countries:the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Singapore, Australia, and India: the building of safety net hospitals;the setting of hierarchical pricing and differential financial assistance;the use of pub-lic-private partnership based on commercial health insurance to determine prioritization. Based on the actual situation in China, this paper provides some implications to develop premium healthcare, including the implementation of dif-ferential payment policies built on the provision of basic healthcare services, the promotion of commercial health in-surance and public-private partnerships, and the determination of preferential areas.

Status quo and trend of premium private health services in Shanghai / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To study status quo of premium private health services and analyze the trend of its devel-opment. Method:The scope of premium private medical institutions was first defined. Then, seven indicators were used to analyze the allocation of resources;two indicators were used to analyze services;eight indicators were used to analyze costs. The entire situation of different styles of institutions through 2011 to 2013 was compared. Results:The results indicated that in the allocation of resources, the current level of premium private medical institutions is not high enough;large-scale construction is still at its early stages;and the medical personnel structure is not reasonable enough;as for service quantity, the total growth rate of premium private medical institutions is high but the service quantity is still far below that of the VIP services in public hospitals;as for medical expenses, premium private medi-cal institutions are charging high service fees, and the internal structure of the expenses is reasonable. Conclusions:Although the development of premium private health services is at an early stage, development prospects are promis-ing. Premium private health services should strengthen the aspects of medical technology, service levels, management capabilities, human resource building, and brand development.