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Resumen El juego de ficción, aquel que comporta la creación de una situación imaginaria, ha sido un objeto de estudio privilegiado en la psicología del desarrollo y se ha señalado su rol en el desarrollo de funciones psicológicas complejas. Recientemente, gracias a la utilización de herramientas de análisis de las artes temporales, se ha documentado una nueva forma de juego, el juego con las formas de la vitalidad, cuyo foco es la repetición y variación de motivos sonoro-kinéticos de modo interactivo, en detrimento de cualquier contenido figurativo. Se ha observado que durante el tercer año de vida este tipo de juego se presenta de modo combinado con el juego de ficción y que en esos casos podría ser parte del andamiaje del desarrollo del juego de ficción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un microanálisis de los sonidos y movimientos de una escena de juego de ficción combinado con juego con las formas de la vitalidad de una niña de 1 año y 11 meses de edad, con el fin de conocer cómo se produce dicho andamiaje. Entre los resultados se destacan la presencia de sincronía interactiva basada en un pulso subyacente, la construcción de una mutualidad entre adulto e infante a partir de la calidad de los motivos compartidos, la ampliación del espacio de juego y el sostenimiento de la atención conjunta y la fluidez interactiva.
Abstract The pretend play, one that involves the creation of an imaginary situation, has been a privileged object of study in developmental psychology framed in the linguistic turn. Its important role in the development of complex psychological functions, such as language, theory of mind or narrative capacity, has been pointed out. In recent years, there has been a change in focus in the human sciences that has been dubbed the corporal turn: a re-focus on the analysis and conceptualization of bodily aspects that are at the base of various cognitive capacities. Thanks to the use of analysis tools typical of the temporal arts -such as music and dance- to the field of cognitive psychology, a new form of play has been documented in early childhood: the forms of vitality play. It recovers the idea of forms of vitality from Stern (2010), which refers to affects that cannot be reflected in the lexicon of Darwinian emotions. The forms of vitality are a Gestalt, an emergent property where movement, time, force, space and directionality/intentionality are integrated; they are a fundamental property of multimodal exchanges in the adult-baby dyad as well as of the experience, as spectator or performer, of non-figurative temporal arts such as dance and music. The forms of vitality play arise as a reconceptualization of the notion of musical play and is considered a reissue of early social play with a symmetrical participation of the child in the composition of play. It is defined as any pleasant or self-remunerative activity, in which motifs of movements and/or sounds are elaborated according to the repetition-variation form, at the expense of any figurative content. The forms of vitality play have been observed in the third year of the child's life and it has been pointed out that it can manifest in a simple way or in combination with the pretend play. Likewise, it was suggested that when the pretend play is presented in combination with the forms of vitality play, the latter could be scaffolding the pretend play, although how this happens has not been clearly specified. The objective of the present study is to carry out a microanalysis of the sounds and movements of a pretend play scene combined with forms of vitality play of a girl of 1 year and 11 months of age and an adult, in order to know how such scaffolding is produced. The sound envelope was analyzed in order to identify and describe the timing of the sounds. Regarding movement, specialized software was used to graph its trajectory and for the analysis of the expression of movements, the basic categories "Shape and Effort" of the Laban-Bartenieff system of movement analysis were used (Laban, 1971). The results indicate the presence of interactive synchrony based on an underlying pulse that sustains mutuality between the players and provides a temporal structure on which the synchrony of the self can be anchored. Furthermore, it allows the sharing of continuity and contrast in the quality of sounds and movements and thus provides the dyad with a primary level of understanding with non-mediated meanings; promotes the exploration of the play space and the expansion of the potential of the fictional scene; it favors the maintenance of joint attention and mutual understanding through ontogenetically pre-fiction semiotic mechanisms, which favor the interactive fluidity of play.
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Objective:To explore the effect of step-by-step fusion sandplay therapy on clinical symptoms, emotional cognition and quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD).Methods:Eighty children with ASD who were admitted in Zhumadian Central Hospital and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2019 to January 2021 were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into the study group( n=45) and the control group ( n=35) according to the random number table method.The children in control group were given structured education combined with auditory system training intervention, while the children in study group were given step-by-step fusion sandplay therapy combined with pretend play training on the basis of the control group.Children in the two groups were intervened for 6 months.Autism behavior checklist (ABC), childhood autism rating scale (CARS), social responsiveness scale (SRS), emotion recognition tools and pediatric quality of life (PedsQL) were applied before and after 6 months of intervention.The scores of ABC, SRS, CARS, emotion recognition and PedsQL were compared between the two groups, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships between the scores of ABC, SRS, CARS, emotion cognition and PedsQL. Results:Compared with pre-intervention, the two groups of children after 6 months of intervention, the sensation, social interaction, body movement, language, self, ABC total score, social perception, social cognition, social communication, social motivation, autistic behavior, SRS total score and CARS scores decreased ( tstudy group= 5.182, 7.200, 6.778, 7.302, 5.140, 36.178, 3.955, 15.294, 9.014, 11.063, 9.723, 45.354, 25.827, all P<0.05, tcontrol group= 1.971, 2.612, 1.665, 2.294, 2.129, 10.809, 2.305, 5.544, 2.650, 2.955, 2.849, 16.485, 5.910, all P<0.05), upright, inverted, upper half face, lower half face emotion discrimination rate, physiological function, emotional function, social function, school function and PedsQL total scores all increased ( tstudy group= 16.723, 31.037, 10.951, 7.234, 7.572, 7.393, 9.036, 7.236, 6.223, all P<0.05. tcontrol group= 5.458, 14.008, 4.196, 2.653, 3.260, 3.566, 3.298, 2.766, 3.876, all P<0.05). After 6 months of intervention, the ABC total score and the scores of sensation, social interaction, body movement, language, and self-care of children in the study group were all lower than those in the control group (ABC total score difference: the study group (21.9±2.8) points, the control group (7.5±2.6) points), t=23.537, P<0.05). The scores of social perception, social cognition, social communication, social motivation, autistic behavior and SRS total score were all lower than those in the control group (SRS total score difference: study group (18.7±0.7) points, control group (8.1±0.6) points, t=71.448, P<0.05). The CARS score of study group was lower than that in control group (CARS score difference: study group (7.7±1.1) points, control group (2.2±0.8) points, t=24.887, P<0.05), while the scores of upright, inverted, upper and lower face emotion discrimination rate, physiological function, emotional function, social function, school function and the PedsQL total score were all higher than those in the control group (PedsQL total score difference: study group (8.4±1.2) points, control group (0.7±0.9) points, t=31.648, P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the ABC total score, SRS total score, and CARS score of children with ASD were negatively correlated with physiological function, emotional function, social function, school function and PedsQL total score ( rABC total score=-0.387, -0.334, -0.324, -0.289, -0.349, all P<0.05. rSRS total score = -0.390, -0.343, -0.299, -0.283, -0.378, all P<0.05. rCARS score = -0.321, -0.298, -0.293, -0.235, -0.319, all P<0.05). Upright, inverted, upper and lower faces were positively correlated with physiological function, emotional function, social function, school function and PedsQL total score ( rupright=0.837, 0.650, 0.669, 0.710, 0.680, all P<0.05. rinversion=0.688, 0.611, 0.615, 0.602, 0.647, all P<0.05. rupper half face=0.755, 0.669, 0.638, 0.740, 0.629, all P<0.05. rlower half face=0.738, 0.724, 0.553, 0.568, 0.560, all P<0.05). Conclusion:The step-by-step fusion sandplay therapy can effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of children with ASD, improve their social responsiveness, and improve their emotional cognitive function and quality of life.
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Resumo Este artigo objetiva analisar, à luz da perspectiva histórico-cultural, os sentidos produzidos pelas crianças sobre a mídia televisiva em contexto de faz de conta. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo empírico em uma escola pública do Distrito Federal, em uma turma do primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental com 26 alunos (entre cinco e sete anos). O desenho metodológico estruturou-se em duas etapas: observação de situações lúdicas espontâneas das crianças e oficinas lúdicas com temas referentes ao universo midiático-televisivo. Ambos os momentos foram registrados em diário de campo e em videogravações; e as informações construídas foram transcritas e submetidas a uma análise microgenética, por meio da qual foi possível a construção de categorias de análise referentes aos diferentes modos que as crianças expressam, em suas atividades criadoras, os sentidos que possuem sobre a mídia televisiva. Para além do lugar de espectadoras, elas atuam como protagonistas em seus processos de desenvolvimento.
Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar, a la luz de la perspectiva histórico-cultural, los significados producidos por las/os niñas/os sobre el medio televisivo durante episodios de juego. Para ello, se realizó un estudio empírico en una escuela pública del Distrito Federal, en una clase del primer año de primaria con 26 alumnos (entre cinco y siete años). El diseño metodológico de la investigación se estructuró en dos etapas: observación de situaciones lúdicas espontáneas de niños y talleres lúdicos con temas relacionados con el universo de los medios. Ambos momentos fueron registrados en el diario de campo y en grabaciones de video; y los datos construidos fueron transcritos y sometidos a un análisis microgenético, a través del cual fue posible construir categorías de análisis que se refirieron a las diferentes formas en que los niños expresan, en sus actividades creativas, los significados sobre el medio televisivo. Además de ser espectadores, las/los niñas/os actúan como protagonistas en sus procesos de desarrollo.
Abstract Grounded on the cultural-historical perspective, this article aims to analyze the meanings produced by children about television media during the context of pretend play. For this purpose, an empirical study was carried out in a public school in the Federal District, in a class of elementary school's first year with 26 students (from five to seven years old). The research's methodological design was structured in two phases: observation of the children's spontaneous playful situations and ludic workshops with themes related to the television media universe. Both moments were recorded in a field journal as well as in video format. The constructed data was transcribed and subjected to a micro genetic analysis. The analysis led to the construction of analytic categories regarding the various ways that children express the meanings they produce about television media in their creative activities. More than being spectators, children act as protagonists in their development processes.
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Television , Child Development , Education, Primary and Secondary , Imagination , Play and Playthings , Psychology, Child , Growth and DevelopmentABSTRACT
Resumo A criação de amigos imaginários é uma manifestação de faz de conta comum na infância, que tem sido pouco explorada na literatura psicológica. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre esse fenômeno e o desenvolvimento da linguagem e da cognição social. Quarenta crianças entre 6 e 7 anos (18 com amigos imaginários e 22 sem) foram avaliadas por medidas de teoria da mente, compreensão emocional e vocabulário, bem como entrevistas para explorar o engajamento em fantasia. Uma entrevista sobre as experiências de fantasia da criança foi feita com 11 pais/responsáveis. Os resultados sugerem que o fenômeno se associa a um vocabulário receptivo mais desenvolvido e não é indicativo de déficits em desenvolvimento sociocognitivo.
Abstract The creation of imaginary companions is a frequent manifestation of pretend play in childhood, which has been little explored in psychological literature. The goal of the present research was to investigate the relation between this phenomenon and language and social cognitive development. Forty children between 6 and 7 years of age (18 with imaginary companions and 22 without) were assessed by theory-of-mind, emotion understanding and vocabulary measures, as well as by interviews exploring engagement in fantasy. An interview on children's fantasy experiences was conducted with 11 parents/caretakers. Results suggest that the phenomenon is associated with a more developed receptive vocabulary and is not indicative of deficits in social cognitive development.
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RESUMO: esta revisão integrativa da literatura objetivou identificar estudos sobre como o brincar simbólico/faz de conta de pré-escolares tem sido avaliado, quais os objetivos destes estudos e quais instrumentos têm sido utilizados para avaliar esse comportamento. Os dados foram coletados nas bases de dados CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO (Psychology Information), Scopus, e BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), entre os anos 2009 e 2015, utilizando-se palavras-chave e descritores do DeCS (Descritores em Ciência da Saúde) e do MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), em diferentes combinações: criança pré-escolar/child preschool; brinquedo terapêutico/play therapy; faz de conta/make believe/pretend play; jogo simbólico/symbolic play. A amostra final constituiu em 16 artigos. As publicações sobre o brincar simbólico/faz de conta de pré-escolares têm sido tênues, demonstrando que ainda há muito a avançar no assunto. Dentre os instrumentos citados verifica-se que o Child Initiated Pretend Play Assessment (ChIPPA) foi o mais utilizado, estando presente em cinco artigos, envolvendo população diversa (deficiência cognitiva, lesão cerebral adquirida, paralisia cerebral e autismo). Os estudos focalizam, em sua maioria, crianças de desenvolvimento típico, objetivando obter um parâmetro para identificação do desempenho do brincar simbólico/faz de conta esperado, além de demonstrar que ao se avaliar este brincar é possível verificar outros aspectos importantes para o desenvolvimento infantil, como os emocionais e cognitivos, as habilidades sociais e de comunicação, possibilitando identificar possíveis déficits destas crianças e auxiliar os profissionais em suas práticas clínicas.
ABSTRACT: this integrative review of the literature aimed to identify studies about how the symbolic play/pretend play by preschool children has been evaluated, what the objectives of these studies are and which instruments have been used to evaluate this behavior. The data were collected in the CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO (Psychology Information), Scopus, and VHL (Virtual Health Library) databases between 2009 and 2015, using keywords and descriptors of DeCS (Health Science Descriptors) and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), in different combinations: criança pré-escolar/preschool child; brinquedo terapêutico/play therapy; faz de conta/make believe/pretend play; jogo simbólico/symbolic play. The final sample consisted of 16 papers. Publications about the symbolic play/pretend play by preschoolers have been tenuous, demonstrating that there is still much to be done. Among the mentioned instruments, the Child Initiated Pretend Play Assessment (ChIPPA) was the most used, being present in five papers, involving diverse population (cognitive disability, acquired cerebral lesion, cerebral palsy and autism). Most studies focus on children of typical development, aiming to obtain a parameter to identify the performance of symbolic play / pretend play, as well as to demonstrate that when evaluating this play, it is possible to verify other important aspects for children's development, such as emotional and cognitive, social and communication skills, making it possible to identify possible deficits of these children and to assist professionals in their clinical practices.
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Objective To investigate the effect of pretend play training based on Learn to Play program on pretend play capabilities of children with autism. Methods The researchers referred some training strategies in Learn to Play program, and designed a pretend play train-ing which adapted to autistic children's level of development. And then they conducted the pretend play training on three autistic children for four weeks. After that they used Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment to assess the effect of the intervention before, after and two weeks after training. Results The percentage of pretend play actions, the number of object substitutions and the number of imitated actions in-creased in some degrees in the children. Conclusion The pretend play training based on Learn to Play program can promote the pretend play capabilities of children with autism.
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As brincadeiras de faz de conta são definidas como rotinas culturais em que a criança pode manipular objetos de formas diferentes ou agir como pessoas da sociedade em que ela vive. Este estudo objetivou analisar os processos de ressignificação cultural em brincadeiras de faz de conta no município de Camaçari-Ba. Participaram 60 crianças, de quatro a seis anos, ambos os sexos, e foram observadas em suas brincadeiras de faz de conta através de filmagem associada com registro cursivo em três instituições escolares, que atendem a população de baixa renda. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente a partir da teoria da Reprodução Interpretativa de William Corsaro. Os resultados indicam que as brincadeiras de faz de conta favorecem as crianças a trocaram muitas experiências sobre o modo de vida e conteúdos culturais midiáticos, e estes foram reinventados e reinterpretados, o que indica que os brincantes selecionam e ressignificam, criando enredos novos e agindo como um agente produtor e inovador da cultura.
Pretend play is defined as cultural routines in which the child can handle objects of different shapes or act like people of the society in which she lives. This study aimed to analyze the cultural reinterpretation processes spontaneous make-believe in the city of Camaçari-Ba. The participants were 60 children, 04-06 years, both sexes were observed in their games of make-believe through film associated with cursive record in three educational institutions that serve low-income population. The data were analyzed qualitatively from the Interpretative reproduction theory of William Corsaro. The results indicate that the games of pretend play favors the children exchanged many experiences on the way of life and media cultural content and these have been reinvented and reinterpreted, indicating that children select and resignify by creating new storylines and acting as a producing agent and innovative culture.
Los juegos de fantasía se definen como rutinas culturales en las que el niño puede manejar objetos de diferentes formas o actuar como la gente de la sociedad en la que vive. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la reinterpretación cultural de los procesos espontáneos hacer creer en la ciudad de Camaçari-Ba. Participaron 60 niños de cuatro a seis años, se observaron ambos sexos en sus juegos de fantasía a través del cine asociado con el registro cursiva en tres instituciones educativas que atienden a población de bajos ingresos. Los datos fueron analizados cualitativamente de la teoría de la reproducción interpretativa de William Corsaro. Los resultados indican que los juegos de fantasía favorece a los niños intercambiaron muchas experiencias en el camino de la vida y los medios de comunicación de contenido cultural y éstos se han reinventado y reinterpretado, lo que indica que brincantes selecto y resignificar, la creación de nuevas historias y actuación como un agente de la producción y la cultura innovadora.
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Humans , Child , Culture , Play and PlaythingsABSTRACT
Os amigos imaginários são uma forma elaborada de faz de conta, tão presentes no cotidiano de seus criadores que eles podem, inclusive, assumir a função de companhia. As características dessas criações de fantasia, assim como as suas possíveis funções, foram investigadas em uma amostra de 18 crianças entre seis e sete anos (M= 85 meses, DP= 4,82; variação = 76 94 meses; 10 meninas e 8 meninos) que possuíam amigos imaginários. Essas crianças foram participantes de um estudo mais abrangente que comparou o desenvolvimento sociocognitivo e da linguagem de crianças com (n = 18) e sem amigos imaginários (n = 22). A fim de investigar as atitudes parentais em relação ao fenômeno, os responsáveis pelos participantes (de ambos os grupos) do primeiro estudo foram convidados a participar, sendo que 11 (10 mães e 1 avó) aceitaram o convite. As características reportadas dos amigos imaginários foram diversas (i.e., aparência física, tipo, idade, há quanto tempo são amigos) e as suas funções estavam associadas a diferentes necessidades, como companhia, diversão ou conforto emocional. Embora a maioria dos responsáveis tenha associado o fenômeno ao exercício da imaginação, alguns acreditavam que a experiência poderia representar problemas, como, por exemplo, a perda de contato com a realidade, ou a influência de entidades maléficas. Os achados da presente pesquisa são consistentes com os estudos internacionais. Espera-se que esses resultados possam contribuir para o avanço dessa linha de investigação no país.
Imaginary companions are one especially elaborated form of pretend play, so frequent in their creators' daily lives that they can actually serve the function of keeping them company. The characteristics of these types of fantasy creations, as well as their possible functions, were investigated in a sample of 18 children between 6 and 7 years of age (M= 85 months, SD= 4,82; range = 76 94 months; 10 girls e 8 boys) who had imaginary companions. These children participated in a larger study that aimed at comparing sociocognitive and language development in children with (n = 18) and without imaginary companions (n = 22). In order to investigate parental attitudes toward the phenomenon, parents/caretakers of children (from both groups) from the first study were invited to participate, and 11 (10 mothers and 1 grandmother) accepted the invitation. The reported characteristics of imaginary companions were diverse (i.e., physical appearance, type, age, for how long they have been friends), and their functions were associated with different needs, such as company, fun or emotional comfort. Whereas the majority of parents associated the phenomenon with an exercise of imagination, some believed the experience could be indicative of problems, for example, a loss of contact with reality or the influence of evil entities. The findings of the present research are consistent with international studies on imaginary companions. We hope these results may contribute to advancing this line of investigation in Brazil.
Los amigos imaginarios son una forma elaborada de hacer de cuenta, tan presentes en la vida cotidiana de sus creadores, que ellos pueden, incluso, asumir la función de hacer compañía. Las características de esas creaciones de fantasía, así como sus posibles funciones, fueron investigadas en una muestra de 18 niños entre 6 y 7 años (M= 85 meses; DP= 4,82; variación= 76 94 meses; 10 niñas y 8 niños) que poseían amigos imaginarios. Estos niños eran participantes de un estudio más amplio que pretendía comparar el desarrollo socio-cognitivo y del lenguaje de niños con (n= 18) y sin amigos imaginarios (n= 22). Para investigar las actitudes parentales con relación al fenómeno, los responsables de los participantes (de ambos grupos) del primer estudio fueron invitados a participar, siendo que 11 (10 madres y una abuela), aceptaron la invitación. Las características informadas de los amigos imaginarios fueron diversas (i.e., apariencia física, tipo, edad, cuánto tiempo son amigos) y sus funciones estaban asociadas a diferentes necesidades, como compañía, diversión o bienestar emocional. Aunque la mayoría de los responsables haya asociado el fenómeno al ejercicio de la imaginación, algunos creían que la experiencia podría representar problemas, como, por ejemplo, la pérdida de contacto con la realidad, o la influencia de entidades maléficas. Los resultados de la presente investigación son consistentes con los estudios internacionales. Se espera que estos resultados puedan contribuir parael avance de esta línea de investigación en el país.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Imagination , FriendsABSTRACT
Gradualmente, as crianças tornam-se capazes de compreenderem os estados mentais próprios e alheios e de expressá-los por meio da linguagem. Neste domínio sociocognitivo, a brincadeira de faz de conta é uma atividade que pode favorecer a atribuição dos estados mentais na infância. O presente artigo pretende discutir algumas interfaces entre teoria da mente, linguagem e faz de conta. A importância da brincadeira de faz de conta e das conversações como recursos para promover o desenvolvimento sociocognitivo é destacada, pois ambas fomentam a atribuição dos estados mentais. Família e escola são apresentadas como contextos de desenvolvimento potenciais para tal estimulação, uma vez que constituem instâncias favorecedoras de conversações, leituras interativas e brincadeiras.
Gradually, children become able to understand their own and others' mental states and express them through language. In this socio-cognitive domain, playing at make-believe is an activity that may favor the attribution of mental states in childhood. This article discusses the interfaces among theory of mind, language and make-believe. The importance of playing at make-believe and of conversations as resources to promote socio-cognitive development is highlighted, because both encourage the attribution of mental states. Family and school are presented as potential development contexts for this stimulation, since they constitute favorable instances of conversations, interactive readings and games.