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Introducción: La periodización permite analizar la historia de los procesos y reconocer desde el presente los cambios relevantes. La estrategia cubana de prevención del VIH tiene resultados nacionales e internacionales, sin embargo, existen pocas publicaciones sobre su decursar histórico. Objetivos: Describir los períodos e hitos que caracterizan la estrategia de prevención del VIH. Método: Se utilizó el método cualitativo, con técnicas de observación participante, revisión documental y entrevista a expertos. Resultados: De 1983 a 2022, se identificaron cuatro períodos, denominados preparación y primeros pasos; fortalecimiento de la estrategia; descentralización de las acciones y servicios de prevención y reorientación post COVID-19. Los hitos se identificaron en las áreas de vigilancia epidemiológica, mercadeo social de condones, intersectorialidad y la atención y participación de las poblaciones clave. Conclusiones: La periodización de la estrategia muestra diferentes enfoques aplicados a través del tiempo, el desarrollo en espiral de los diferentes actores de la sociedad hacia la inclusión social y la participación de los sectores sociales y gobierno. Los hitos visibilizan el tránsito de la estrategia de prevención del VIH desde una visión predominantemente centrada en la provisión de servicios de salud por el sector sanitario a una perspectiva compartida, con las poblaciones clave los sectores sociales y gobierno.
Introduction: Periodization allows us to analyze the history of processes and recognize relevant changes from the present. The Cuban HIV prevention strategy has national and international results, however, there are few publications on its historical course. Objectives: Describe the periods and milestones that characterize the HIV prevention strategy. Method: The methodology was qualitative, the techniques of participant observation, documentary review and expert interviews are used. Results: From 1983 to 2021, four periods were identified, called preparation and first steps; strengthening the strategy; decentralization of prevention and post-COVID-19 reorientation actions and services. The milestones were identified in the areas of epidemiological surveillance, social marketing of condoms, intersectorality, and the care and participation of key populations. Conclusions: The periodization of the strategy shows different approaches applied over time, the spiral development of the different actors in society towards social inclusion and the participation of the social sectors and government. The milestones make visible the transition of the HIV prevention strategy from a vision predominantly focused on the provision of health services by the health sector to a shared perspective, with key populations, the social sectors and the government.
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【Objective】 To understand the occupational exposure of blood center staff during blood collection and supply, analyze the influencing factors, explore preventive measures and improve the self-protection awareness of staff, so as to further improve the prevention of such occupational exposure in blood centers. 【Methods】 Seventy-two occupational exposure cases, which occurred and registered in Beijing Red Cross Blood Center from January 2010 to December 2021, were reviewed by retrospective survery methods, and such cases were classified and analyzed statistically. The incidence of blood-borne occupational exposure was compared by genders, departments, occurrence locations, education level, occupation type, work link, causes of exposure and body parts, so as to analyze the influencing factors, and then propose corresponding prevention strategies. 【Results】 From 2010 to 2021, a total of 72 blood-borne occupational exposure cases occurred. When classified by gender, the exposure rate of women was more than twice that of men; by age, the exposure rate of 18~25 years old was the highest, reaching 7.84%, but 26~40 years old group contributed the most cases, accounting for 70.83% (51/72); by working years, the exposure rate of staff with working years less than 3 years was relatively high, but the staff with 4~10 working years contributed the most cases, accounting for 54.17% (39/72); by the education level, the the exposure rate of stall with bachelor degree and below was the highest(90.28%, 65/72); by the professional title level, the exposure rate of staff with primary and intermediate professional titles was relatively high (94.44% , 68/72); by departments, the exposure rate of Blood Donation Service was the highest (81.94%, 59/72), which was twice or even three times than that of other departments; by occupational type, nurses had the highest exposure rate, accounting for 87.5% (63/72); by body parts, hands were the most vulnerable body parts to occupational exposure; by location, the exposure rate on mobile vehicles is four times than that in indoor places; by the number of exposure times, the incidence of one exposure cases accounted for 72.22%(52/72)while multiple exposure was rare by work link, the exposure rate of the sampling link was significantly higher than that of the other links. 【Conclusion】 Blood-borne occupational exposure of staff in blood centers is closely related to gender, age, working years, professional title level, department, occupational type, occurrence place, and body part, and has nothing to do with the education level. More attention should be paid to middle-aged female nurses on the front line of blood donation service, staff with primary or intermediate titles and undergraduate degrees. Otherwise, training and protection should be enhanced, operation methods be standardized, the blood collection environment be improved, and the management, automation and intelligent level of blood collection be promoted.
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Objective To understand the current situation of dispensing errors and effective prevention and control measures in outpatient pharmacies in domestic hospitals, in order to further improve the quality of drug dispensing. Methods The Chinese journal database was retrieved from 2015 to 2020 for the literature on the dispensing errors of outpatient pharmacies and the continuous improvement of the quality after the measures were taken in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Results Of the 146 literatures retrieved, 13 were included in the analysis (11 in tertiary hospitals and 2 in secondary hospitals). Before the improvement, the median of the drug dispensing error rate was 5.1‰, and after the improvement it was 1.1‰. Before and after the improvement, the types of drug dispensing errors were mainly quantity errors (52.5% vs. 51.3%), variety errors (28.3% vs. 28.7%), specifications and dosage forms errors (6.2% vs. 6.7%), and labeling errors (2.1% vs. 2.9%). The improvement measures taken for the reasons of dispensing errors have a high overlap rate, and they are concentrated in two aspects: personnel factors and drug factors. Conclusion The use of continuous quality improvement tools in hospital outpatient pharmacy to control and prevent dispensing errors is still a hotspot of current research. The composition of the types of errors after improvement has basically not changed. The implemen-tation of standardized operating procedures and other continuous improvement comprehensive measures can effectively reduce the incidence of dispensing errors, and contribute to the implementation of the “Expert Consensus on Medication Error Management in China”.
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OBJECTIVE:To reduce children's mistaking medicine and improve the safety of drug use in children.METHODS:Case number of children's mistaking medicine,the number of poisoning,age distribution and types of mistaken medicine in hospital information system of Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University during 2014-2016 were counted to analyze data characteristics and put forward relevant preventive strategies.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:In 3 years,there were 644 cases of children's mistaking medicine,accounting for 30％ of total number of children poisoning (2 100 cases).A high-risk group concentrated in the 1-4 years old children.The types of mistaking medicine were mostly antihypertensive drugs,antipyretic and analgesic drugs,sedative drugs and antiepileptic drugs.Top 3 medicines were clonazepam (29 cases),ibuprofen (28 cases),aeetaminophen and its compound (12 cases).The main causes of mistaking medicine are mainly associated with hyperactivity,curiosity,imitation and other behavioral characteristics,high availability of drug storage,etc.Types of mistaken medicine are commonly used drugs for the elderly in the family and antipyretic analgesics commonly used in children.It is suggested to prevent the occurrence of children's mistaking medicine from aspects of child nursing person,government and medical institutions by reducing the children accessibility of drugs stored at home,designing drug package difficult to open for children,improving medication compliance of child nursing person,etc.
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Molecular targeted therapy is a treatment bed emerging recent years for the treatment of malignant tumors,imatinib mesylate in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a successful example ofmolecular targeted therapy.Imatinib mesylate can inhibit tyrosine kinase andinhibition of cell proliferation by treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor.With the positive effect of imatinib in the treatment of GIST,the related adverse reactions and the prevention and treatment strategies are worth to be discussed.
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O câncer colorretal tem alta incidência populacional e alto índice de mortalidade, com diferenças pouco relevantes entre os povos de diversas nações, como atestam os estudos epidemiológicos dessa doença. Embora a abordagem médico-cirúrgica do câncer colorretal tenha sido favorecida pelos novos conhecimentos adquiridos com a engenharia genética, pelos progressos que aprimoraram o tratamento, principalmente na área de neo-adjuvância, com as inovações nos aparelhos de radioterapia e com a constante introdução de novas e potentes substâncias quimioterápicas, o prognóstico da doença continua sombrio. Todavia, dados colhidos em estudos sobre a biologia do tumor - sua origem, crescimento e desenvolvimento e comportamento biológico - têm acenado para a possibilidade de cura quando os métodos preventivos, em prática, facilitam a abordagem precoce da lesão. Nesse contexto, o câncer colorretal é passível de cura, podendo, inclusive dispensar, para tanto, o tratamento adjuvante ou aliviar o paciente da abordagem cirúrgica mutilante. Assim, o maior esforço posto em ação no início desse século está sendo representado pelos movimentos de educação popular em massa para a prevenção do câncer de reto e dos cólons com incentivo para o teste de sangue oculto nas fezes.
The colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed and is the second leading cause of cancer death among American people. However, when it is detected in early stages, it has high level of cure with 5-year survival over 95 percent. So, colorectal cancer must be precociously diagnosed and surgically managed. Preventive strategy must be done using fecal occult blood test for mass colorectal screening.
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Humans , Colorectal Neoplasms , Feces , Mortality , Colonic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Occult Blood , Primary Prevention , Secondary Prevention , Brazil/epidemiologyABSTRACT
[Objective]To study the tendency of hip fracture by analyzing morbidity factors to provide an basis for preventing the fracture.[Method]All of the case records of hip fractures treated at west china hospital between 2000-1 and 2005-12 were checked and 583 inpatients were selected for analysis.[Result]The major injury cause was fall in the old and female was more susceptible.High energy injury was the major cause in younger 50. Osteoporosis and fall contributed best to the hip fracture in elderly.Concomitant disease and environmental factors increased the risk.[Conclusion]Osteoporosis and fall contribute most to the hip fracture in elderly,accordingly,to prevent fall and osteoporosis is vital to the old.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common cause of invasive disease,such as bacteremia,meningitis,and empyema,et al.But there has significant difference on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease among different regions and differernt groups of people.In addition the severity and mortality of invasive pneumococcal disease are closely related to the changes of serotypes,virulence of streptococcus pneumoniae and also the human immune response.The pneumococcal vaccination is an important measure to prevent streptococcus pneumoniae infection,providing good protection to vaccinees and createing herd immunity effect.This article briefly describes the pathogenesis,risk factors and preventive strategies of invasive pneumococcal disease.