Comparison of the inward leakage rate between N95 filtering facepiece respirators and modified surgical masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND@#Owing to shortage of surgical and N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) during the COVID-2019 pandemic, various masks were developed to prevent infection. This study aimed to examine the inward leakage rate (ILR) of sealed face masks and modified surgical masks using a quantitative fit test and compared it with the ILR of unmodified N95 FFRs.@*METHODS@#We conducted paired comparisons of ILRs of bent nose-fit wire masks, double masks, and N95 FFRs from October to December 2021. To measure the protective effectiveness of masks, participants wore masks, and the number of particles outside and inside the mask were measured. The ILR was based on the percentage of particles entering the mask using a fit tester.@*RESULTS@#We enrolled 54 participants (20 men and 34 women) in this study. The median ILR for surgical masks without and with a W-shaped bend in the nose-fit wire were 96.44% and 50.82%, respectively. The nose-fit wire adjustment reduced the ILR of surgical masks by a mean of 28.57%, which was significantly lower than the ILR without adjustment (P < 0.001). For double masks, with surgical or polyurethane masks on top of the W-shaped mask, the ILR did not differ significantly from that of N95. Although the filtration performance of double surgical masks matched that of N95 masks, their ILR was notably higher, indicating that double masks do not provide equivalent protection.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Wearing N95 masks alone is effective in many cases. However, surgical mask modifications do not guarantee consistent effectiveness. Properly selected, sealed masks with a good fit overcome leakage, emphasizing their crucial role. Without evidence, mask-wearing may lead to unexpected infections. Education based on quantitative data is crucial for preventing adverse outcomes.

Working Hours and Personal Protective Equipment Effect on Blood Cholinesterase Levels of Tobacco Plantation Workers

@#Introduction: Tobacco production is increasing in certain regions of Indonesia due to its high economic value. Tobacco and its products can have harmful effects on the health of consumers, producers and processing workers. Analysis of blood samples has shown that tobacco farmers are at risk of developing occupational diseases related to pesticide exposure and nicotine absorption through the epidermis of wet tobacco leaves. The aim of this study was to compare blood cholinesterase levels in tobacco plantation workers in relation to their working hours and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in ten subdistricts in Jember district, Indonesia, and included 50 participants selected using proportional sampling. Spearman’s test was used to analyse the relationship between variables. Results: The significance value of the relationship based on Spearman’s test between working hours and blood cholinesterase levels of tobacco farmers in Jember was 0.058 > α (0.05). Meanwhile, the significance value of the relationship between working hours and complete blood count, specifically mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), was 0.00 < α (0.05), and between PPE use and blood cholinesterase levels was 0.035 < α (0.05). Conclusion: Working hours were not associated with blood cholinesterase levels, but were associated with blood MCHC levels. Meanwhile, the use of PPE was found to be associated with cholinesterase levels in tobacco farmers.

Meta-analysis of safety and immunogenicity of DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB hexavaccine / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To compare the differences of safety and immunogenicity of DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB hexavaccine,DTaPIPV-Hib pentavaccine plus HepB single vaccine or DTaP-IPV-HepB pentavaccine plus Hib single vaccine,so as to provide a reference for the marketing and use of hexavaccine in China.Methods Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of DTaP-IPVHib-HepB hexavaccine,DTaP triple vaccine,Hib,IPV and HepB vaccines published at home and abroad were searched.The safety and immunogenicity of the hexavaccine were evaluated by Meta-analysis using Revman 5.4.1 software.Results A total of 7 articles,8 RCTs and 3 429 subjects were included. Meta-analysis of safety showed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of injection site and systemic adverse reactions after vaccination with hexavaccine and pentavaccine plus single vaccine(P > 0. 05)except for induration at the inoculation site and crying. Meta-analysis of immunogenicity showed no significant difference in antibody indexes after vaccination with hexavaccine and pentavaccine plus single vaccine(P > 0. 05).Conclusion The safety and immunogenicity of DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB hexavaccine in basic immunity was comparable to that of the control vaccine,and might be applied to infants and young children to prevent related diseases. However,due to the limitations of the quantity and quality of included studies,the above conclusions still depend on the further development of larger sample,multicenter and high-quality

Prevalência e fatores pessoais associados à violência autoprovocada em adolescentes / Prevalence and personal factors associated with self-harm in adolescents / Prevalencia y factores personales asociados a la violencia autoinflingida en adolescentes

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a prevalência e os fatores pessoais associados à violência autoprovocada em adolescentes. Método: estudo observacional analítico, do tipo transversal. A população foi composta pelas notificações de violência interpessoal ou autoprovocada em adolescentes no Brasil, oriundas do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Foram incluídas as notificações ocorridas entre 2009 e 2021 no Brasil, em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos. Os dados foram analisados com estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: a prevalência de violência autoprovocada foi de 27,39% no Brasil. Adolescentes pretos aumentam a prevalência de violência autoprovocada em 3%, e os pardos e indígenas em 2%; mais de 8 anos de escolaridade constitui fator de proteção em relação à violência autoprovocada, reduzindo em 12% a prevalência de violência autoinfligida. Conclusão: os resultados indicam a necessidade de que sejam traçadas políticas e estratégias eficazes que auxiliem no cuidado a esse público.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence and personal factors associated with self-harm in adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional analytical observational study. The population consisted of notifications of interpersonal or self-harm violence in adolescents in Brazil from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Notifications between 2009 and 2021 in Brazil were included in adolescents aged 10 to 19. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of self-harm was 27.39% in Brazil. Black adolescents increase the prevalence of self-harm violence by 3% and brown and indigenous adolescents by 2%; more than eight years of schooling is a protective factor in relation to self-harm violence, reducing the prevalence of self-inflicted violence by 12%. Conclusion: The results indicate the need for effective policies and strategies to help care for this public.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia y los factores personales asociados a la violencia autoinfligida en adolescentes. Método: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal. La población estuvo constituida por notificaciones de violencia interpersonal o autoinfligida entre adolescentes de Brasil, provenientes del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades De Declaración Obligatoria. Se incluyeron las notificaciones ocurridas entre 2009 y 2021 en Brasil, en adolescentes de 10 a 19 años. Los datos fueron analizados con estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: la prevalencia de violencia autoinfligida fue del 27,39% en Brasil. Los adolescentes negros aumentan la prevalencia de la violencia autoinfligida en un 3%, y los pardos e indígenas en un 2%; más de 8 años de escolaridad constituye un factor protector en relación a la violencia autoinfligida, reduciendo en un 12% la prevalencia de la violencia autoinfligida. Conclusión: los resultados indican la necesidad de diseñar políticas y estrategias efectivas para ayudar a la atención de esta población.

Medidas de proteção contra a COVID-19: impactos comunicativos, sociais e emocionais em usuários de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual / Protective measures against COVID-19: communicative, social and emotional impacts on hearing aids users

RESUMO Objetivo investigar os impactos comunicativos, sociais e emocionais gerados pela adoção de medidas protetivas contra a COVID-19 e associá-los ao grau da perda auditiva e ao tempo de uso dos aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual. Métodos estudo transversal e quantitativo, com 72 indivíduos, divididos em adultos e idosos, com perda auditiva bilateral, de grau até moderadamente severo, protetizados antes da pandemia em um programa público de saúde auditiva e que mantiveram uso efetivo dos dispositivos. Os sujeitos foram convidados a participar do estudo enquanto aguardavam consulta. Os prontuários foram acessados, a fim de coletar informações sobre o perfil audiológico e adaptação/uso dos aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual. Em sala silenciosa, foi aplicado, oralmente, protocolo contendo questões objetivas e os dados foram tabulados e submetidos aos testes estatísticos Igualdade de Duas Proporções e Qui-Quadrado. Resultados nos dois grupos, um número significativo de usuários teve a comunicação impactada pelo uso de máscaras e pelo distanciamento físico, predominando, entre os adultos, a dificuldade com as tecnologias digitais (celulares/computadores), enquanto nas videochamadas, os prejuízos comunicativos foram mais experenciados pelos idosos. Os empecilhos comunicativos e sociais existiram, independentemente do perfil audiológico e do tempo de uso dos dispositivos. Quando questionados se deixaram de se comunicar e se as medidas afetaram a sua vida social, as respostas ficaram divididas entre "sim/às vezes" e "não". Quanto ao impacto emocional das medidas protetivas, constatou-se maior repercussão entre os adultos. Conclusão as medidas protetivas afetaram a comunicação dos usuários de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual, porém, não desencorajaram as trocas comunicativas e as interações sociais de, aproximadamente, metade da amostra, sendo o impacto emocional mais evidente nos adultos. Tais dificuldades não estiveram relacionadas ao perfil audiológico e uso diário dos dispositivos.

ABSTRACT Purpose to investigate the communicative, social, and emotional impacts generated by adopting protective measures against COVID-19 and associate them with the degree of hearing loss and the time of use of hearing aids. Methods cross-sectional quantitative study, with 72 individuals, divided into adults and older adults, with bilateral hearing loss up to moderately severe degree, users of hearing aids fitted before the pandemic in a public hearing health program who had maintained effective use of the devices. The participants were invited to participate in the study while waiting for an appointment and signed the consent form. After that, medical records were accessed to collect information about audiological profiles and the fitting/use of hearing aids. Afterward, a protocol with objective questions was orally applied in a silent room. Data were tabulated and subjected to Equality of Two Proportions and Chi-Square statistical tests. Results in both groups, a significant number of users had communication impacted by the use of masks and by social distancing, with difficulty with digital technologies (cell phones/computers) predominating among adults, while older adults more commonly experienced communicative impairments during video calls. The communicative impediment existed regardless of the audiological profile and device use time. When asked if they stopped communicating and if the measures affected their social life, the sample was divided between "yes/sometimes" and "no". As for the emotional impact of protective measures, there was a greater impact among adults. Conclusion protective measures affected the communication of hearing aids users but did not discourage communicative exchanges and social interactions for approximately half of the sample, with the emotional impact being more evident in adults. Such difficulties were not related to the audiological profile and daily use of the devices.

Association between skin injuries and the importance atributed to prevention by health professionals during the pandemic / Asociación entre lesión cutánea e la importancia atribuida a la prevención por los profesionales de la salud durante la pandemia / Associação entre lesão cutânea e importância atribuída à prevenção pelos profissionais de saúde na pandemia

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between the occurrence of skin lesions due to the use of products and/or personal protective equipment and the importance attributed to preventive care among health professionals working on the front lines of the struggle against the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Cross-sectional, analytical study, carried out between May and June 2020, with a convenience sample (n=398) of health workers from 10 professional categories. To verify the existence of an association between the occurrence of skin lesions and exposure variables, a Contingency Table was used to obtain the Prevalence Ratio and respective Confidence Intervals. Results: 260 (65.3%) participants self-declared the development of skin lesions, predominantly nurses (53.8%), women (54.0%), from public institutions (52.8%), characterized by pressure injuries (37.3%), contact/allergic dermatitis (25.8%), or both lesions simultaneously (16.5%). More than half of professionals (53.5%) used preventive products, mainly moisturizers (51.0%). Conclusion: There was probability of an association between professionals who attributed less importance to the predictor "Protocol for proper product PPE and products" and the risk of skin injuries.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la asociación entre la aparición de lesiones cutáneas por el uso de productos y/o equipos de protección personal y la importancia atribuida al cuidado preventivo entre los profesionales de la salud que trabajaran en la primera línea de defensa contra la pandemia de la COVID-19. Método: Estudio analítico transversal, realizado entre mayo y junio de 2020, con una muestra por conveniencia (n=398) de profesionales de la salud de 10 categorías profesionales. Para verificar la existencia de asociación entre la aparición o no de lesiones cutáneas y las variables de exposición, se utilizó una Tabla de Contingencia para obtener el Índice de Prevalencia y los respectivos Intervalos de Confianza. Resultados: 260 (65,3%) participantes declararon el desarrollo de lesiones cutáneas, predominantemente enfermeras (53,8%), mujeres (54,0%), de instituciones públicas (52,8%), caracterizadas por lesiones por presión (37,3%), de dermatitis contacto/alérgicas (25,8%) y ambas lesiones simultáneamente (16,5%). Más de la mitad de los profesionales (53,5%) utilizan productos preventivos, principalmente hidratantes (51,0%). Conclusión: Hubo probabilidad de asociación de riesgo entre la aparición de lesiones cutáneas y la atribución de menor importancia al factor predictor "Protocolo para el uso adecuado de productos y EPP".

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre ocorrência de lesão cutânea por uso de produtos e/ou equipamentos de proteção individual e importância atribuída aos cuidados preventivos entre profissionais de saúde atuantes na linha de frente durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Método: Estudo transversal, analítico, realizado entre maio e junho de 2020, com uma amostra por conveniência (n=398) de profissionais de saúde de 10 categorias profissionais. Para verificar a existência de associação entre a ocorrência ou não de lesão de pele e as variáveis de exposição utilizou-se Tabela de Contingência para obter a Razão de Prevalência e respectivos Intervalos de Confiança. Resultados: 260 (65,3%) participantes autodeclararam desenvolvimento de lesões na pele, predominando enfermeiros (53,8%), mulheres (54,0%), provenientes de instituições públicas (52,8%), caracterizadas por lesões por pressão (37,3%), dermatite de contato/alérgica (25,8%), e ambas as lesões de forma simultânea (16,5%). Mais da metade dos profissionais (53,5%) usou produtos preventivos, principalmente hidratantes (51,0%). Conclusão: Ocorreu probabilidade de associação de risco entre a ocorrência de lesão de pele e a menor importância atribuída ao fator preditor Protocolo para uso adequado de produtos e EPIs.

COVID-19 and Personal Protective Equipment-Related Challenges Faced by Pediatric Dentists during patient care: A Qualitative Study

Abstract Objective: To describe the challenges pediatric dentists face while caring for their patients during the pandemic. Material and Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted with purposefully sampled pediatric dentists. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews until the content of the collected data reached theoretical saturation. Data were transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using content analyses. Results: Seven participants (four females and three males) between 29 and 50 years participated in the study. Three themes emerged from the analyses: Anxiety and fear; PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and its impact on care delivery; and 3) Behavior management. Conclusion: Dental care delivery was challenging for pediatric dentists. They experienced high anxiety levels and modified their services according to the recommended guidelines while making accommodations to lessen patients' COVID-19-related anxiety. The additional mandated PPE use affected the communication between the dentists and their patients, affecting their dentist-patient bonding.

Covid-19: fatores associados ao uso e adesão de equipamentos de proteção individual entre residentes no Brasil / Covid-19: factors associated with the use and adherence of personal protective equipment in Brazil among residents / Covid-19: factores asociados al uso y adherencia de equipos de protección personal entre los residentes en Brasil

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao uso e a adesão aos equipamentos de proteção individual pelos profissionais pós-graduandos vinculados a programas de residência em saúde. Método: transversal com 227 residentes. Avaliadas variáveis relacionadas à adesão e uso adequado de equipamentos de proteção individual por meio de instrumento validado "E.P.I. covid-19 Brasil-versão adaptada para residentes". Realizou-se análise bivariada, teste qui-quadrado/exato de Fisher e cálculo da razão de prevalência. Pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos. Resultados: realizaram atividades de capacitação sobre EPIs (59,9%).Associação entre uso de máscara cirúrgica(p≤0,01) e idade; área de concentração do programa e uso de gorro (p≤0,01) e máscara cirúrgica (p=0,04); realização de atividades de capacitação e uso de máscara cirúrgica (p=0,02) e N95 (p≤0,01). A adesão variou de 0% a 67%. Conclusão: fatores associados ao uso adequado, idade, área de concentração do programa e realização de atividades de capacitação. Houve fragilidades na adesão. Sugere-se o fortalecimento do tema biossegurança na residência.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with the use and adherence to personal protective equipment by graduate professionals linked to residency programs in health. Method: cross-sectional study with 227 residents. E.P.I.covid-19 Brasil-adapted version for residents". Bivariate analysis, Fisher chi-square/exact test and calculation of the prevalence ratio were performed. Research was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research with Human Beings. Results: they carried out training activities on PPE (59.9%). Association between use of surgical mask (p≤0.01) and age; program concentration area and use of cap (p≤0.01) and surgical mask (p=0.04); performance of training activities and use of surgical mask (p=0.02) and N95 (p≤0.01). Adherence to PPE ranged from 0% to 67%. Conclusion: factors associated with the proper use of personal protective equipment were age, area of program concentration, and performance of training activities. There were weaknesses in adherence. It is suggested to strengthen the theme of biosafety in the residence.

Objetivos:analizar los factores asociados al uso y la adherencia a los equipos de protección personal (EPP) por parte de profesionales graduados vinculados a programas de residencia en salud. Método: estudio transversal con 227 residentes. Se utilizó la versión adaptada para residentes del «Cuestionario sobre EPI en la atención primaria de salud (EPS-APS) en el contexto de la COVID-19 en Brasil. Se realizaron análisis bivariados, prueba chi-cuadrado de Fisher/prueba exacta y cálculo de la razón de prevalencia. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética para la Investigación con Seres Humanos. Resultados: se realizaron actividades de capacitación sobre EPI (59,9%). Se observó asociación entre el uso de mascarilla quirúrgica (p≤0,01) y la edad; área de concentración del programa y uso de cofia (p≤0,01) y mascarilla quirúrgica (p=0,04); realización de actividades de capacitación y uso de mascarilla quirúrgica (p=0,02) y N95 (p≤0,01). La adherencia a los EPI osciló entre el 0% y el 67%. Conclusión: los factores asociados al uso correcto de los EPI fueron la edad, el área de concentración del programa y la realización de actividades de capacitación. Se observaron debilidades en la adherencia. Se sugiere fortalecer el tema de la bioseguridad en la residencia.

Evolución del riesgo y protección en la infancia y la adolescencia

(analítico) Los factores de riesgo y protección pueden ser utilizados para evaluar, prevenir e intervenir en el maltrato infantil. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar longitudinalmente el riesgo en la infancia y la adolescencia, para determinar qué factores pueden ser empleados como indicadores de evolución. Se empleó una muestra de 102 niños, niñas y adolescentes que participaban en el sistema de bienestar infantil español, en tres momentos temporales. Los resultados indicaron que existe una evolución del riesgo, con una tendencia general de disminución de riesgos e incremento de elementos protectores. Nuestros hallazgos identificaron la existencia de factores dinámicos y estáticos. Este estudio pone de manifiesto la relevancia de la atención e intervención continuada y a largo plazo para fortalecer los factores de protección y disminuir los de riesgo en niños, niñas y adolescentes.

(analytical) Risk and protective factors can be used for risk and needs assessments, prevention, and intervention in cases involving mistreatment of children. The aim of this study is to provide a longitudinal analysis of risks and vulnerabilities in childhood and adolescence, with the goal of determining which factors can be used as indicators for progress with cases. A sample of 102 children and adolescents supported by the child welfare system in Spain was used along with measurements based on three different points in time. The study's results indicated that there is a change in risk levels, with a general trend of decreasing risk and increasing protective elements. The study's findings identified the existence of a group of dynamic factors and another group of static factors. This study highlighted the relevance of continuous and long-term care and intervention in order to strengthen protection and decrease risks for children.

(analítico) Os factores de risco e protecção podem ser utilizados para avaliar, prevenir e intervir em casos de maustratos a crianças. O objectivo deste estudo é analisar o risco na infância e adolescência longitudinalmente, a fim de determinar que factores podem ser utilizados como indicadores de evolução. Uma amostra de 102 crianças e adolescentes participantes no sistema espanhol de bem-estar infantil foi utilizada em três pontos no tempo. Os resultados indicaram que existe uma evolução do risco, com uma tendência geral de diminuição do risco e aumento dos elementos protectores. Os nossos resultados identificaram a existência de factores dinâmicos e estáticos. Este estudo destaca a relevância dos cuidados e intervenções contínuos e a longo prazo para reforçar os factores de protecção e diminuir os factores de risco nas crianças.

Investigação sobre os métodos de assepsia e equipamentos de proteção individual utilizados por manicures e pedicures / Research on asepsy methods and personal protective equipment used by manicurs and pedicurers / Investigación sobre métodos de asepsia y equipos de protección individual utilizados por manicuras y pedicuras

Introdução: As atividades laborais de manicures e pedicures geram riscos de exposições acidentais aos patógenos vinculados ao sangue como vírus, fungos e bactérias, devido à falta de adesão às medidas de biossegurança, e procedimentos de esterilização acarretando riscos à saúde dos profissionais e clientes. Objetivo:Verificar os conhecimentos das manicures e pedicures sobre os métodos de limpeza e esterilização de materiais, o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual e doenças relacionadas à profissão. Metodologia:Estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa, realizado entre Outubro de 2017 a Janeiro de 2018, com 22 participantes finais. Incluídos os maiores de 18 anos, ambos os sexos, experiência mínima de um ano e residir em Nova Floresta. A técnica para seleção da amostra foi snowball. Resultados: A limitação de conhecimento sobre os riscos laborais na exposição de agentes infectantes, a baixa adesão no uso de equipamentos de proteção individuale a falta de padronização no processo de descontaminação, limpeza, desinfecção e esterilização dos instrumentais estão associados ao potencial risco de contaminação por agentes infecciosos, e ao acometimento de doenças infectocontagiosas por manicures, pedicures e clientela. Conclusões:Existem fragilidades no conhecimento destes profissionais,a maioria expõe métodos de antissepsia precários, devido a falta de sistematização e padronização dos procedimentos de limpeza, descontaminação dos instrumentais e o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, além do conhecimento da profissão ter sido adquirido informalmente (AU).

Introduction: The work activities of manicurists and pedicurists generate risks of accidental exposure to pathogens linked to the blood such as viruses, fungi and bacteria, due to the lack of adherence to biosafety measures, and sterilization procedures causing risks to the health of professionals and clients. Objective:To verify the knowledge of manicurists and pedicurists on methods of cleaning and sterilizing materials, the use of personal protective equipment and diseases related to the profession. Methodology: Cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out between October 2017 and January 2018, with 22 final participants. Included are those over 18 years of age, both sexes, with at least one year's experience and residing in Nova Floresta. The technique for sample selection was snowball.Results:Limited knowledge about occupational risks in the exposure of infectious agents, low adherence to the use of personal protective equipmentand the lack of standardization in the process of decontamination, cleaning, disinfection and sterilizationof instruments are associated with the potential risk of contamination by infectious agents, and the spread of infectious diseases by manicurists, pedicurists and clientele. Conclusions:There are weaknesses in the knowledge of these professionals, most expose precarious antisepsis methods, due to the lack of systematization and standardization of cleaning procedures, decontamination of instruments and the use of personal protective equipment, in addition to the knowledge of the profession having been acquired informally (AU).

Introducción: Las actividades laborales de manicuras y pedicuras generan riesgos de exposiciónaccidental a patógenos ligados a la sangre como virus, hongos y bacterias, debido al incumplimiento de medidas de bioseguridad y procedimientos de esterilización generando riesgos a la salud de profesionales y clientes. Objetivo:Verificar los conocimientos de manicuras y pedicuras sobre métodos de limpieza y esterilización de materiales, el uso de equipos de protección personal y enfermedades relacionadas con la profesión. Metodología:Estudio transversal de abordaje cuantitativo, realizado entre octubre de 2017 y enero de 2018, con 22 participantes finales. Se incluyen los mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, con experiencia mínima de un año y vivir en Nova Floresta. La técnica para la selección de la muestra fue la de bola de nieve. Resultados:El conocimiento limitado sobre los riesgos laborales en la exposición de agentes infecciosos, la baja adherencia al uso de equipo de protección personal y la falta de estandarización en el proceso de descontaminación, limpieza, desinfección y esterilización de instrumentos se asocian con el riesgo potencial de contaminación por agentes infecciosos, y la propagación de enfermedades infecciosas entre manicuras, pedicuras y clientela. Conclusiones:Existen debilidades en el conocimiento de estos profesionales, la mayoría expone métodos de antisepsia precarios, debido a la falta de sistematización y estandarización de los procedimientos de limpieza, descontaminación de los instrumentos y el uso de equipo de protección Personal,además de haber adquirido los conocimientos de la profesión informalmente (AU).

Safety of nursing professionals and patient facing COVID-19 pandemic in critical care unit / Segurança dos profissionais de enfermagem e do paciente frente à pandemia da COVID-19 em unidades críticas / Seguridad de los profesionales de enfermería y del paciente ante la pandemia de COVID-19 en unidades críticas

Abstract Objective: to evaluate nursing professionals and patient safety culture during the professional performance in the care of suspected or infected patients with COVID-19. Method: a cross-sectional study carried out with 90 professionals from critical care units of two teaching hospitals. An instrument for sociodemographic characterization and health conditions was used, in addition to the constructs "Nursing professional and patient safety" and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Univariate analyzes were performed between the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the characteristics of Nursing professionals, applying Kendell's correlation between the constructs. Results: the COVID-19 diagnosis presented a significant statistical difference between nursing professionals that worked for more than six years at the critical care unit (p=0.020) and the items of the construct "Nursing professional and patient safety" regarding the doubts about how to remove the personal protective equipment (p=0.013) and safety flow (p=0,021). The dimensions 2 (p=0.003), 3 (p=0.009), 4 (p=0.013), 6 (p<0.001), and 9 (p=0.024) of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture were associated with the accomplishment of training. Conclusion: a higher professional nursing experience time was associated with non-infection by COVID-19. The perception of the safety culture of the patient was related to the accomplishment of training.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar a segurança dos profissionais de enfermagem e a cultura de segurança do paciente durante a atuação profissional no atendimento de pacientes suspeitos ou com COVID-19. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 90 profissionais de unidades críticas de dois hospitais-escola. Foi utilizado um instrumento para caracterização sociodemográfica e condições de saúde, além dos constructos "Segurança do profissional e do paciente" e Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Foram realizadas análises univariadas entre o diagnóstico de COVID-19 e as características dos profissionais, aplicando-se a correlação de Kendell entre os constructos. Resultados: o diagnóstico de COVID-19 apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os profissionais que trabalhavam há mais de seis anos na unidade (p=0,020) e os itens do constructo "Segurança do profissional e do paciente" referentes às dúvidas sobre como retirar o equipamento de proteção individual (p=0,013) e fluxo seguro (p=0,021). As dimensões 2 (p=0,003), 3 (p=0,009), 4 (p=0,013), 6 (p<0,001) e 9 (p=0,024) do Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture foram associadas à realização de treinamentos. Conclusão: maior tempo de experiência profissional do profissional de enfermagem esteve associado a não infecção por COVID-19. A percepção de cultura de segurança do paciente esteve relacionada à realização de treinamentos.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar la seguridad de los profesionales de enfermería y la cultura de seguridad del paciente durante su actuación profesional en el cuidado de pacientes sospechosos o con COVID-19. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 90 profesionales de unidades críticas de dos hospitales universitarios. Se utilizó un instrumento de caracterización sociodemográfica y de condiciones de salud, además de los constructos "Seguridad del profesional y del paciente" y Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Se realizaron análisis univariados entre el diagnóstico de COVID-19 y las características de los profesionales y se aplicó la correlación de Kendell entre los constructos. Resultados: el diagnóstico de COVID-19 mostró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los profesionales que actuaron por más de seis años en la unidad (p=0,020) y los ítems del constructo "Seguridad del profesional y del paciente" referentes a dudas sobre cómo retirar el Equipo de Protección Personal (p=0,013) y flujo seguro (p=0,021). Las dimensiones 2 (p=0,003), 3 (p=0,009), 4 (p=0,013), 6 (p<0,001) y 9 (p=0,024) del Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture se asociaron a la realización de formación. Conclusión: mayor tiempo de experiencia profesional de enfermería se asoció con la no infección por COVID-19. La percepción de la cultura de seguridad del paciente se relacionó con la realización de entrenamiento.

Lesiones cutáneas asociadas con el uso de respiradores N95 en profesionales de la salud de Brasil durante 2020 / Skin lesions associated with the use of N95 respirators among health professionals in Brazil in 2020 / Lesões de pele associadas ao uso de respiradores N95 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil em 2020

Objetivo: investigar la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas y factores asociados con el uso de respiradores N95 en profesionales de la salud de Brasil. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 11.368 profesionales de la salud en el que se empleó un método de muestreo dirigido por encuestados adaptado para entornos en línea. Se ejecutaron análisis univariados y multivariados para investigar la asociación entre la variable "lesiones cutáneas por utilizar respiradores N95" y sexo, categoría profesional, lugar de trabajo, capacitación, diagnóstico de COVID-19 y disponibilidad de suficiente provisión de Equipo de Protección Personal de buena calidad. Resultados: la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas fue del 61,8%. Las mujeres fueron 1,203 veces (IC 95%: 1,154-1,255) más propensas a desarrollar lesiones que los hombres. La probabilidad de lesiones cutáneas en psicólogos (RP=0,805; IC 95%: 0,678-0,956) y dentistas (RP=0,884; IC 95%: 0,788-0,992) fue menor en comparación con la encontrada en los profesionales de Enfermería. Los profesionales con diagnóstico positivo de COVID-19 y que trabajan en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos son más propensos a sufrir lesiones cutáneas (RP=1,074; IC 95%: 1,042-1,107); (RP=1,203; IC 95%: 1,168-1,241), respectivamente, Conclusión: la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas causadas por utilizar respiradores N95 fue del 61,8% y estuvo asociada al sexo femenino, a la categoría profesional, al lugar de trabajo, a la capacitación, a diagnóstico de COVID-19 y a la disponibilidad de suficiente provisión de Equipo de Protección Personal de buena calidad.

Objective: to investigate the prevalence of skin lesions and factors associated with the use of N95 respirators among health professionals in Brazil. Method: cross-sectional study conducted with 11,368 health professionals using a respondent-driven sampling method adapted for online environments. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association between the "skin lesions with the use of N95 respirators" variable and gender, professional category, workplace, training, COVID-19 diagnosis, and availability of sufficient and high-quality Personal Protective Equipment. Results: the prevalence of skin lesions was 61.8%. Women were 1.203 times (95% CI: 1.154-1.255) more likely to develop a lesion than men. The chances of skin lesions in psychologists (PR=0.805; 95% CI: 0.678-0.956) and dentists (PR=0.884; 95% CI: 0.788-0.992), were lower when compared to Nursing professionals. Professionals with a positive COVID-19 diagnosis and working in the Intensive Care Unit have an increased chance of presenting skin lesions (PR=1.074; 95% CI: 1.042-1.107); (PR=1.203; 95% CI: 1.168-1.241), respectively. Conclusion: the prevalence of skin lesions caused by the use of N95 respirators was 61.8% and was associated with female gender, professional category, workplace, training, COVID-19 diagnosis, and availability of sufficient and highquality Personal Protective Equipment.

Objetivo: investigar a prevalência de lesões de pele e fatores associados ao uso de respiradores N95 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 11.368 profissionais de saúde por meio de um método de amostragem dirigido por respondentes adaptado para ambientes online. Análises univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para investigar a associação entre a variável "lesão de pele com uso de respirador N95" e sexo, categoria profissional, local de trabalho, treinamento, diagnóstico de COVID-19 e disponibilidade suficiente de equipamentos de proteção individual de qualidade. Resultados: a prevalência de lesões cutâneas foi de 61,8%. As mulheres foram 1,203 vezes (IC 95%: 1.154-1.255) mais propensas a desenvolver uma lesão do que os homens. As chances de lesão de pele em psicólogos (RP=0,805; IC 95%: 0,678-0,956) e dentistas (RP=0,884; IC 95%: 0,788-0,992) foram menores quando comparados aos profissionais de Enfermagem. Profissionais com diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19 e que trabalham em Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos têm maior chance de apresentar lesões de pele (RP=1,074; IC 95%: 1,042-1,107); (RP=1,203; IC 95%: 1,168- 1,241), respectivamente. Conclusão: a prevalência de lesões de pele causadas pelo uso do respirador N95 foi de 61,8% e esteve associada ao sexo feminino, categoria profissional, local de trabalho, treinamento, diagnóstico de COVID-19 e disponibilidade suficiente de equipamentos de proteção individual de qualidade.

Uso da dupla proteção auditiva na atenuação do ruído ocupacional: uma revisão sistemática / Use of double hearing protection for occupational noise attenuation: a systematic review / El uso duplo de protecctores auditivos para la reducción del ruido ocupacional: una revisión sistemática

Introdução: A Perda Auditiva Induzida por Ruído (PAIR) está associada à contínua exposição ao ruído dentro do ambiente ocupacional, é a segunda doença mais recorrente entre os trabalhadores. Objetivo: Verificar a efetividade e benefício do uso da dupla proteção auditiva na atenuação do ruído ocupacional. Método: A busca de artigos científicos foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE (Pubmed), LILACS, SciELO, SCOPUS e WEB OF SCIENCE, sem restrição de idioma, período e localização. Para complementar e evitar viés de risco foi realizada uma busca por literatura cinzenta no Google Acadêmico. A revisão sistemática foi conduzida de acordo com as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Análises (PRISMA). Estudos que pontuaram ≥ 6 pontos de acordo com o protocolo de pontuação qualitativa proposto por Pithon et al. (2015). Resultados: A dupla proteção auditiva deverá ser utilizada quando o protetor auditivo tipo concha ou plug não fornecerem atenuação suficiente para diminuir o ruído no ambiente laboral, contudo, a atenuação sonora pelos EPI auditivos pode ser um obstáculo à comunicação e localização espacial, principalmente aos trabalhadores que possuem algum grau de PAIR. Conclusão: o uso da dupla proteção auditiva pode ser uma estratégia considerável para proteção de perdas auditivas em ambientes controlados. Novos padrões sonoros para alarmes de alerta, prevendo o aviso de acidentes em ambiente ocupacional em que o uso combinado dos dispositivos auditivos utilizados em ambientes controlados e a implantação dos sinais de banda larga como sinal padrão poderão ser utilizados como estratégias de segurança coletiva. (AU)

Introduction: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is associated with continuous exposure to noise within the occupational environment and is the second most common disease among workers. Objective: To verify the effectiveness and benefit of using double hearing protection in attenuating occupational noise. Search Strategy: The search for scientific articles was carried out in the MEDLINE (Pubmed), LILACS, SciELO, SCOPUS and WEB OF SCIENCE databases, without restriction of language, period and location. To complement and avoid risk bias, a search for gray literature was performed on Google Scholar. Methodology: The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Studies that scored ≥ 6 points according to the qualitative scoring protocol proposed by Pithon et al. (2015). Results: Double hearing protection should be used when the use of a shell or plug type hearing protector does not provide enough attenuation to reduce noise in the work environment, but this sound attenuation by hearing PPE can be an obstacle to communication and spatial location, especially to workers who have some degree of PAIR. Conclusion: the use of double hearing protection can be a considerable strategy for protecting against hearing loss in controlled environments. New sound patterns for warning alarms, providing for the warning of accidents in an occupational environment where the combined use of hearing devices used in controlled environments and the implementation of broadband signals as a standard signal can be used as collective safety strategies. (AU)

Introdución: La pérdida de audición inducida por el ruido es associada com la exposición continua el lo ambiente de trabajo y es la segunda enfermedad más comum em los trabajadores. Objectivo: Verificar la eficácia y beneficio del doble uso de los protectores auditivos em la atenuación del ruído. Método: La revisión sistemática se realizó de acuerdo con las recomendaciones para revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis (PRISMA). Los estudios que obtuvieron ≥ 6 puntos según el protocolo de puntuación cualitativa propuesto por Pithon et al. (2015). Resultados: La protección auditiva doble és utilizada cuando el uso de un protector auditivo tipo concha o enchufe no proporciona la atenuación suficiente para reducir el ruido en el ambiente de trabajo, pero esta atenuación del sonido por los EPP auditivos puede ser un obstáculo para la comunicación y la ubicación espacial, especialmente para los trabajadores con perdida de audición. Conclusión: el uso de doble protección auditiva es una estrategia considerable en ambientes controlados y seguros. Nuevos padrones sonoros para alarmas de aviso de accidentes en un entorno laboral y la implementación de señales de banda ancha como señal estándar, pueden utilizarse como estrategias de seguridad colectiva.(AU)

Intervenção viabilizada por WhatsApp® para promoção da adesão às medidas preventivas na pandemia da COVID-19: um estudo piloto / Intervention made possible by WhatsApp® to promote adherence to preventive measures in the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study

Analisar o potencial de eficácia do envio de mensagens validadas (texto e imagens), via WhatsApp®, na promoção da adesão ao uso de máscaras, distanciamento social e associar às variáveis sociodemográficas. Trata-se de um estudo com desenho quase-experimental, do tipo pré e pós-teste com 132 participantes, acompanhados por 60 dias. As mensagens foram enviadas semanalmente junto com os formulários de adesão. Ao final da intervenção os participantes responderam ao questionário de satisfação da pesquisa. Foram realizados testes de comparação e análises descritivas. Os achados deste estudo demonstraram impacto positivo da intervenção no envio de mensagens validadas, via WhatsApp®, na adesão ao uso de máscaras e distanciamento social durante a pandemia da COVID-19. A intervenção proposta neste estudo apresenta potencial de eficácia para adesão às medidas preventivas contra o vírus do SARS-CoV-2 e constitui uma ferramenta valiosa para profissionais de saúde atuarem no combate à pandemia.

To analyze the potential efficacy of sending validated messages (text and images) via WhatsApp® in promoting adherence to the use of masks and social distancing and to evaluate its association with the sociodemographic variables. This is a study with a quasi-experimental design, of the pre and post test type. 132 participants were enrolled and followed up for 60 days. Validated messages were sent weekly along with the forms referring to adherence. At the end of the intervention, they answered the survey satisfaction questionnaire. Descriptive analyzes and tests were carried out to compare measures of adherence to mask use and social distancing. The findings of this study demonstrated the positive impact of the intervention in sending validated messages via WhatsApp® on adherence to the use of masks and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The intervention proposed in this study has potential efficacy for adherence to preventive measures against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and constitutes a valuable tool for health professionals to act in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mecánica Tusígena / Cough Mechanics

El control neurológico de la tos o la neurofisiología de la tos, implica una serie de eventos complejos en el sistema nervioso que coordinan y desencadenan este reflejo protector pulmonar. Esta intrincada red de señales nerviosas y coordinación muscular se origina en los receptores de la tos, pasa por el centro de la tos en el bulbo raquídeo y finalmente activa los músculos necesarios para la adecuada eliminación del agente irritante. Este mecanismo involucra, la detección del estímulo por receptores especializados, transducción de señales que viajan a lo largo de fibras nerviosas aferentes hacia el sistema nervioso central, centro integrador a nivel del bulbo raquídeo, en el centro de la tos es donde se procesa las señales de los receptores y se coordina la respuesta. La integración de las señales y la respuesta radica en este centro de la tos y en la corteza cerebral quien regula y modula la tos. El control neuronal cortical de la tos implica la participación consciente y voluntaria de la corteza cerebral en la percepción, regulación y adaptación de la tos. La coordinación muscular requiere que la señal viaje por vías nerviosas eferentes motoras hacia los músculos involucrados, la contracción muscular se integra en una secuencia específica que desencadena las fases de la tos, inspiración máxima, compresión y expulsiva.

The neurological control of cough, or the neurophysiology of cough, involves a series of complex events in the nervous system that coordinate and trigger this lung protective reflex. This intricate network of nerve signals and muscle coordination originates from the cough receptors, passes through the cough center in the medulla oblongata, and finally activates the muscles necessary for proper elimination of the irritant. This mechanism involves the detection of the stimulus by specialized receptors, transduction of signals that travel along afferent nerve fibers towards the central nervous system, integrating center at the level of the medulla oblongata, in the cough center is where the signals are processed. receptors and the response is coordinated. The integration of signals and response resides in this cough center and in the cerebral cortex, which regulates and modulates coughing. Cortical neural control of cough involves the conscious and voluntary participation of the cerebral cortex in the perception, regulation, and adaptation of cough. Muscle coordination requires that the signal travel through efferent motor nerve pathways to the muscles involved; muscle contraction is integrated into a specific sequence that triggers the cough, maximum inspiration, compression, and expulsive phases.

Os malefícios da "Luva Chupeta" de látex na Unidade Neonatal / The harmful effects of the latex "Glove Pacifier" in the Neonatal Unit / Los efectos nocivos del "Guante Chupete" de látex em La Unidad Neonatal

Na Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança-Neofoi proposto o uso da chupeta na Unidade Neonatal (UN) de modo terapêutico, e sempre com supervisão de um profissional de saúde. Mas observa-se que o aparato conhecido como "Luva Chupeta" fabricado com o uso de uma luva de látex está sendo utilizado como alternativa para acalentar o recém-nascido (RN). Apesar de poucos estudos, é evidente que esse dispositivo deve ser contraindicado na UN, uma vez que pode provocar alergia ao látex, transmitir infecções, provocar acidentes graves como aspiração laringotraqueal do algodão devido ao rompimento da luva de látex, e dependendo do tamanho do material, obstruir as vias aéreas, e levar a óbito. Além do mais, o dispositivo pode interferir negativamente no crescimento e no desenvolvimento craniofacial e causar prejuízos associados à amamentação e na saúde materno infantil. A substituição da "Luva Chupeta" por outras estratégias, até mesmo pela chupeta convencional ou ortodôntica, para lidar com a dor e situações de estresse do RN deve ser decisiva para evitar os riscos de acidentes graves. O Protocolo de uso de bicos, Protocolo de manejo da dor do RN, adoção do Método Canguru na UN para promoção do desenvolvimento e comportamento do RN, e a capacitação/monitoramento das práticas adotas pela Equipe Materno Infantil, quanto ao cuidado ofertado são alternativas mais complexas, mas que devem ser analisadas por aqueles que desejam oferecer confiabilidade aos seus processos institucionais. (AU)

In the Baby-Friendly Hospital-Neo Initiative, the use of pacifiers in the Neonatal Unit (UN) was proposed in a therapeutic way, and always under the supervision of a health professional. However, it should be noted that the device known as "Pacifier Glove" manufactured using a latex glove is being used as an alternative to cherish the newborn. Despite few studies, it is clear that this device should be contraindicated in the UN, since it can cause allergy to latex, transmit infections, cause serious accidents such as laryngotracheal aspiration of cotton due to the rupture of the latex glove, and depending on the size of the material, obstruct the airways, and lead to death. Furthermore, the device may interfere with craniofacial growth and development and cause harm associated with breastfeeding and maternal and child health. The substitution of the "Pacifier Glove" for other strategies, even for the conventional or orthodontic pacifier, to deal with the pain and stress situations of the baby should be avoided to avoid the risk of serious accidents.The teat use protocol, the baby's pain management protocol, the adoption of the Kangaroo Method in the neonatal unit to promote the baby's development and behavior, and the training/monitoring of the practices adopted by the Maternal and Child Team, regarding the care offered, are alternatives more complex, but which must be analyzed by those who wish to offer reliability to their institutional processes. (AU)

En la Iniciativa Hospital Amigo del Niño-Neo, se propuso terapéuticamente el uso del chupete en la Unidad Neonatal (UN), y siempre bajo la supervisión de un profesional de la salud. Pero se observa que el dispositivo conocido como "chupete Gluva", fabricado con el uso de un guante de látex, está siendo utilizado como una alternativa para cuidar al recién nacido (NB). A pesar de los pocos estudios, es evidente que este dispositivo debe estar contraindicado en la NU, ya que puede causar alergia al látex, transmitir infecciones, ocasionar accidentes graves como aspiración laringotraqueal de algodón por rotura del guante de látex, y dependiendo de la El tamaño del material obstruye las vías respiratorias y provoca la muerte. Además, el dispositivo puede interferir negativamente con el crecimiento y desarrollo craneofacial y causar daños asociados con la lactancia materna y la salud maternoinfantil. La sustitución del "Dummy Glove" por otras estrategias, incluso el chupete convencional u ortodóncico, para hacer frente a las situaciones de dolor y estrés del RN debe ser determinante para evitar el riesgo de accidentes graves. El Protocolo de Uso del Pezón, el Protocolo de Manejo del Dolor del RN, la adopción del Método Canguro en la NU para promover el desarrollo y comportamiento del RN, y la capacitación/seguimiento de las prácticas adoptadas por el Equipo Materno Infantil, en cuanto a los cuidados ofrecidos, son más alternativas eficientes, complejas, pero que deben ser analizadas por quienes deseen brindar confiabilidad a sus procesos institucionales. (AU)

Cirugía bariátrica y evolución de COVID-19 / Bariatric surgery and evolution of COVID-19

INTRODUCTION. Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for developing severe new coronavirus disease. Bariatric surgery prior to infection could behave as a protective factor against serious infections and death. OBJECTIVE. To describe the impact of bariatric surgery on the severity and mortality of patients with obesity and new coronavirus disease; through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the specialized literature from 2020-2022. METHODOLOGY. Publications indexed in databases such as Pubmed, Tripdatabase, and Google scholar, on the impact of previous bariatric surgery on the evolution and prognosis of patients with new coronavirus disease were taken. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess quality and risk of bias. RevMan 5.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS. Eight cohort studies were included, with a population of 137 620 adult subjects with obesity and new coronavirus disease; of these, 5638 (4.09%) had a history of bariatric surgery. In the meta-analysis, it was determined that, in subjects with obesity and new coronavirus disease, the history of bariatric surgery had a protective effect against the use of mechanical ventilation [OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.62-0.75] (p<0.001) and mortality [OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.50-0.65] (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS. The history of bariatric surgery in subjects with obesity seems to have a protective effect against the severity defined by the use of mechanical ventilation in patients with obesity and mortality due to the new coronvirus disease; therefore, the resumption of bariatric surgical activity, at pre-pandemic levels, could represent an additional benefit for candidate subjects.

INTRODUCTION. Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for developing severe new coronavirus disease. Bariatric surgery prior to infection could behave as a protective factor against serious infections and death. OBJECTIVE. To describe the impact of bariatric surgery on the severity and mortality of patients with obesity and new coronavirus disease; through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the specialized literature from 2020-2022. METHODOLOGY. Publications indexed in databases such as Pubmed, Tripdatabase, and Google scholar, on the impact of previous bariatric surgery on the evolution and prognosis of patients with new coronavirus disease were taken. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess quality and risk of bias. RevMan 5.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS. Eight cohort studies were included, with a population of 137 620 adult subjects with obesity and new coronavirus disease; of these, 5638 (4.09%) had a history of bariatric surgery. In the meta-analysis, it was determined that, in subjects with obesity and new coronavirus disease, the history of bariatric surgery had a protective effect against the use of mechanical ventilation [OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.62-0.75] (p<0.001) and mortality [OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.50-0.65] (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS. The history of bariatric surgery in subjects with obesity seems to have a protective effect against the severity defined by the use of mechanical ventilation in patients with obesity and mortality due to the new coronvirus disease; therefore, the resumption of bariatric surgical activity, at pre-pandemic levels, could represent an additional benefit for candidate subjects.

Patterns of Maxillofacial Injures Caused by Motorcycle Accidents

Abstract Introduction Motorcycles are used as a common means of transportation, and motorcycle accidents are responsible for a major portion of trauma injuries. Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of facial injuries in motorcyclists, to evaluate the types of injuries, and to investigate if the accidentrelated factors had any impact on the characteristics of the injuries. Methods This retrospective observational study included 74 patients with maxillofacial injuries following motorcycle-related accidents. Investigated data were divided into four main categories: sociodemographic, accident-related, injury-related, and treatment-related. Results All the patients were males with a mean age (±SD) of 25.03 (±9.986) years. Most accidents (n = 44, 59.4%) occurred in the evening. Most of the patients (n = 40, 54%) were traveling on motorcycle models that had maximum speed of over 120 km/h. Furthermore, 15 patients (18.9%) were under the influence of alcohol during the crashes and only one patient was wearing a helmet. Fractures of the maxillofacial bones were observed in 50 (67.5%) crash victims; 24 of them (48%) had middle third fractures, 11 (22%) had mandibular fractures, and 15 patients (30%) presented with a combination of lower, middle, and upper third fractures. Conclusion Almost all patients were not wearing helmets at the moment of the crash. The most common fractured site was the maxilla. The majority of the patients received surgical treatment. Increased enforcement of safety measures for riders and raising awareness about the dangers of motorcycle crashes are required measures to improve traffic safety and, ultimately, population health.

Tratamientos y barreras de protección utilizadas antes y durante la pandemia en entidades de México / Treatments and protective barriers used before and during the pandemic in entities in Mexico

Introducción: los tratamientos bucodentales son procedimientos que requieren de un diagnóstico visual y táctil; existe alto riesgo de contagio por productos biológicos. Objetivo: determinar los tipos de tratamientos y barreras de protección implementados antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en tres entidades de México. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, analítico y longitudinal en odontólogos de atención clínica privada, instituciones educativas y/o de salud, mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas de 100 odontólogos por entidad. La información fue recopilada en un formulario de Google distribuido vía WhatsApp y correos electrónicos. Los datos se procesaron en el SPSS v. 22. Resultados: los tratamientos implementados antes del periodo pandémico fueron los programados con 87.2%, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, la atención principal continuó programada (90.9%), las barreras de protección que más aumentaron fueron la protección ocular como gafas protectoras (84.8%) y careta facial (83.1%), presentando la sustitución de la mascarilla tricapa por ser de alta filtración KN95 (78.0%) y el traje aislante (53.0%). Conclusión: los tratamientos realizados antes y durante la pandemia fueron programados, las barreras que incrementaron fueron gafas protectoras, careta, mascarilla KN95 y traje aislante (AU)

Introduction: oral treatments are procedures that require a visual and tactile diagnosis, there is a high risk of infection by biological products. Objective: determine the types of treatments and protection barriers implemented before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in three states in Mexico. Material and methods: it was an observational, analytical and longitudinal study in private clinical care dentists, educational and/or health institutions, through a non-probabilistic sampling by quotas of 100 dentists per entity. The information was collected in a Google form distributed via WhatsApp and emails. The data was processed in SPSS v. 22. Results: the treatments implemented before the pandemic period were those scheduled with 87.2%, during the COVID-19 pandemic the main care continued as scheduled (90.9%) where the protection barriers that increased the most were eye protection such as goggles (84.8%) and facial mask (83.1%). Presenting the substitution of the three-layer mask for high filtration KN95 (78.0%) and the disposable suit (53.0%). Conclusion: the treatments carried out before and during the pandemic were programmed, the barriers that increased were googles, face shield, KN95 mask and insulating suit (AU)

Criminal recidivism in Colombian juvenile offenders: Related risk and protective factors / Reincidencia delictiva en adolescentes colombianos: factores de riesgo y protectores relacionados

Abstract Research with adolescent offenders is concerned with identifying risk and protective factors that influence recidivism and desistance from crime. A quantitative and cross-sectional investigation designed to examine the influence of risk and protective factors on recidivism in Colombian adolescents is presented. In seven regions of Colombia, a convenience sample was obtained, and 646 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (M = 17.08; SD: 1.23; 15 % girls) belonging to the Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA) participated. The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS) was used for the evaluation. It evaluated a broad set of risk and protective factors identified through the community, school, family, peer group, individual conditions, and behavioral outcomes, including drug use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and all CTC-YS factors were correlated with antisocial behavior. The results show varying degrees of relationship between the factors assessed and antisocial behavior. Binary logistic regression was used to determine which risk and protective factors influence recidivism. It was noted that favorable parental attitudes towards drug use and antisocial behavior, early onset of drug use, low school engagement, and interaction with antisocial peers increases the probability of recidivism. Recidivism was identified as being affected by, among other factors, favorable parental attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior, early onset of drug use, and low school engagement. It was also observed that beliefs in a moral order, opportunities for prosocial school participation and lower drug use frequency reduce the probability of recidivism. According to the results, the factors that influence criminal recidivism are multiple, and social, family, school, and individual factors need to be addressed. The need to intervene in attitudes favorable to antisocial behavior on the part of parents, strengthen school services, and carry out treatment for drug use to favor the reduction of recidivism in Colombian adolescents is discussed.

Resumen La investigación con adolescentes ofensores busca identificar los factores de riesgo y de protección que afectan a la reincidencia y al desistimiento. Esta información es útil para desarrollar programas de prevención de la conducta antisocial y facilita los procesos de intervención que favorecen la reinserción social. Desde el punto de vista legal, la reincidencia es la participación de un individuo en nuevos actos delictivos, que conduce a una nueva condena, después de haber sido judicializado por un delito anterior. El desistimiento, en cambio, es la interrupción de la conducta antisocial y se caracteriza por la reinserción social exitosa y el ajuste a las normas de la comunidad. Se han identificado factores sociales, familiares, escolares, relacionales e individuales que afectan a la reincidencia y al desistimiento. Se presenta una investigación cuantitativa que utilizó una medición de corte transversal, diseñada para examinar la influencia de los factores de riesgo y protección en la reincidencia de los adolescentes colombianos. Se realizó un muestreo por disponibilidad y conveniencia en instituciones de siete departamentos o regiones geográficas de Colombia. Los participantes fueron 646 adolescentes de entre 14 y 19 años (M = 17.08; DT: 1.23; 15 % chicas). Todos ellos estaban judicializados y cumpliendo sus sanciones legales en el Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA). Para la evaluación se utilizó la encuesta Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS). Se trata de un instrumento de 135 ítems diseñado para medir un amplio conjunto de factores de riesgo y de protección identificados a través de las condiciones de la comunidad, la escuela, la familia, el grupo de pares y el individuo, así como los resultados conductuales, que incluyen el uso de drogas, la violencia, el comportamiento antisocial y la delincuencia. El instrumento mostró buena fiabilidad en este estudio. La reincidencia se evaluó con criterios legales, es decir, se tuvieron en cuenta el número de condenas oficiales. Para ello se revisaron los expedientes de los participantes y se los cruzó con la información reportada por los profesionales que atendían los centros y el autoinforme de los participantes. Se obtuvo la aprobación del comité de ética y permiso del gobierno a través del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar -ICBF- (Autorización E-2016-660327-0111). Los consentimientos informados fueron firmados por los defensores, los directores de los centros de atención, los padres de los adolescentes y por cada uno de los participantes. Una vez finalizada la investigación, se socializaron los resultados a través de grupos focales con los interesados, incluidos los adolescentes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos con los datos y se correlacionaron todos los factores del CTC-YS con la variable conducta antisocial y delictiva provista por el mismo instrumento. Luego se realizó una regresión logística binaria para determinar qué factores de riesgo y protección influyen en la reincidencia. Se observaron diferentes grados de relación entre los factores evaluados y la conducta antisocial-delictiva. Los resultados indican que la reincidencia se ve afectada, entre otros factores, por las actitudes favorables de los padres hacia el uso de drogas y la conducta antisocial, el inicio temprano del consumo de drogas y el bajo compromiso escolar. Las creencias en un orden moral y las oportunidades por la participación escolar prosocial y la menor frecuencia de uso de drogas muestran disminución en la probabilidad de reincidencia. Según los resultados, los factores que influyen en la reincidencia delictiva son múltiples y requieren la intervención de las condiciones sociales, familiares, escolares e individuales. Se discute la necesidad de intervenir en las actitudes favorables a la conducta delictiva por parte de los padres, fortalecer los servicios escolares, realizar tratamiento para abandonar el uso de drogas y desarrollar modelos de intervención que cuenten con evidencias de eficacia para ayudar a reducir la reincidencia en los adolescentes colombianos.