Reabilitação física/funcional no Brasil: análise espaço-temporal da oferta no Sistema Único de Saúde / Physical/functional rehabilitation in Brazil: spatiotemporal analysis of the offer in the Public Healthcare System

Resumo O complexo perfil epidemiológico do país, o envelhecimento populacional e a proporção de pessoas com deficiência apontam para o aumento substancial da demanda por reabilitação. Nesse contexto, foi analisada a distribuição espaço-temporal da oferta de profissionais de fisioterapia, fonoaudiologia e terapia ocupacional no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de 2007 a 2019 nas cinco regiões do Brasil. Foram utilizados dados do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos em Saúde, as estimativas censitárias do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e calculados os indicadores da oferta potencial de profissionais e sua evolução relativa. Foi realizada a distribuição espacial da evolução relativa da oferta potencial de profissionais. Para a análise da tendência temporal, adotou-se o modelo de regressão por pontos de inflexão. Houve tendência temporal crescente na oferta potencial das três categorias profissionais no Brasil e em todas as regiões, mas com uma desaceleração do crescimento. Observaram-se diferenciais entre as profissões e as regiões do país, representando um quadro de desigualdade de oferta que precisa ser superado. Resultados que podem subsidiar o controle social e o planejamento nacional para a ampliação do acesso aos serviços de reabilitação

Abstract The complex epidemiological profile of Brazil, the aging population and the proportion of individuals with disabilities have led to a substantial increase in the demand for rehabilitation. The spatiotemporal distribution of the offer of physiotherapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy in the Brazilian public healthcare system from 2007 to 2019 was analyzed for the five macro-regions of the country. Data from the National Register of Health Establishments and census estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. Indicators of the offer of professionals in these fields services and relative changes in the offer were calculated. The spatial distribution of the relative change in the offer was also determined. A regression model with inflection points was adopted for the analysis of the temporal trend. A growing temporal trend was found in the offer of the three professionals in Brazil as a whole and in all regions of the country, but with a slowdown in growth. Differences were observed in the offer among the regions of the country, revealing healthcare inequality that needs to be overcome. The present findings can assist in planning to expand access to rehabilitation services in the country.

Publicly versus privately funded cardiac rehabilitation: access and adherence barriers. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) barriers are well-understood in high-resource settings. However, they are under-studied in low-resource settings, where access is even poorer and the context is significantly different, including two-tiered healthcare systems and greater socioeconomic challenges. OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in characteristics of patients attending publicly versus privately funded CR and their barriers to adherence. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational, cross-sectional study in public and private CR programs offered in Brazil. METHODS: Patients who had been attending CR for ≥ 3 months were recruited from one publicly and one privately funded CR program. They completed assessments regarding sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the CR Barriers Scale. RESULTS: From the public program, 74 patients were recruited, and from the private, 100. Participants in the public program had significantly lower educational attainment (P < 0.001) and lower socioeconomic status (P < 0.001). Participants in the private program had more cognitive impairment (P = 0.015), and in the public program more anxiety (P = 0.001) and depressive symptoms (P = 0.008) than their counterparts. Total barriers among public CR participants were significantly higher than those among private CR participants (1.34 ± 0.26 versus 1.23 ± 0.15/5]; P = 0.003), as were scores on 3 out of 5 subscales, namely: comorbidities/functional status (P = 0.027), perceived need (P < 0.001) and access (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Publicly funded programs need to be tailored to meet their patients' requirements, through consideration of educational and psychosocial matters, and be amenable to mitigation of patient barriers relating to presence of comorbidities and poorer health status.

Impacto da hepatite C sobre o consumo de recursos e custos de pacientescom cirrose hepática no SUS / Impact of hepatitis C on resource use and costs of patients with liver cirrhosis in the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS)

Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de recursos relacionado ao tratamento de pacientes cirróticos com o vírus da Hepatite C (HCV) genótipo 1 (G1) e compará-lo ao de pacientes com cirrose não relacionada ao HCV no SUS. Métodos: Foram levantadas no banco de dados do DataSUS as hospitalizações por CID de cirrose entre 2008 e 2012. Dentre estas hospitalizações, foram levantados os pacientes com histórico de tratamento com interferon peguilado, no mesmo período, para identificar pacientescom HCV G1 prévia, como definido pelo Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) do SUS. As coortes de pacientes com ou sem HCV prévio (CH+HCV e CH-HCV) foram acompanhadas por 60 meses e comparadas em termos de uso de recursos. Para a avaliação econômica, custos unitários de medicamentos foram analisados a partir do Portal de Compras Governamentais e, para valoração de hospitalizações, a partir do DataSUS. Resultados: Gastos com hospitalização de pacientes cirróticossomaram aproximadamente R$ 108 milhões em 2012, podendo ser observado um aumento de 75% no gasto comparado a 2008. A maioria dos pacientes internados por CH com ou sem HCV estava entre as idades de 45 e 64 anos, sendo a média de idade de 52 anos, e grande parte do gênero masculino. Os gastos médios com hospitalizações por paciente foram de R$ 6.583,00 nos pacientes do grupo CH+HCV versus R$ 3.496,00 nos pacientes do grupo CH-HCV (p < 0,001). Aproximadamente 5% dos pacientes CH-HCV receberam transplante hepático comparado com 7% dospacientes CH+HCV. O custo relacionado ao transplante na população CH+HCV representou 78% do custo total contra 67% dos pacientes CH-HCV, sendo o custo médio atribuído a transplantes nos pacientes CH+HCV 17% superior à população sem HCV. Conclusão: Os custos hospitalares entre os pacientes cirróticos relacionados ou não ao HCV apresentaram uma distribuição diferente entre si e significativa para a perspectiva do SUS.

Objective: Evaluate resource consumption related to the treatment of cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 (G1) and compare to patients with cirrhosis not related to HCV in the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS). Methods: Hospitalizations for the diagnosis of cirrhosis were obtained from DatasSUS between 2008 and 2012. Among these hospitalizations, patients with a history of treatment with pegylated interferon in the same period were evaluated, to identify patients with previous HCV G1, as defined by the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guideline (PCDT)from SUS. The cohorts of patients with or without previous HCV (CH+HCV and CH-HCV) were followed for 60 months and compared in terms of resource use. For the economic evaluation, unit costs of medications were analyzed based on the Government Procurement Portal and costs of hospitalization from DataSUS. Results: Hospitalization expenditures of cirrhotic patients totaled approximately R$108 million in 2012, with an increase of 75% in spending compared to 2008. Most patients admitted for CH with or without HCV were between the ages of 45 and 64 years, with a mean age of 52 years and were mostly male. Approximately 5% of patients CH-HCV received liver transplantation compared to 7% of patients CH+HCV. Costs related to transplantation in the CH+HCV populationaccounted for 78% of the total cost compared to 67% among CH-HCV patients, being the average transplantation cost 17% higher in patients CH+HCV when compared to the population without HCV. Conclusion: Hospitalization costs among cirrhotic patients with or without prior treatment of HCV showed a different distribution and differences were significant for the SUS perspective.

Factors influencing the role of primary care providers as gatekeepers in the Malaysian public healthcare system

Primary care providers play an important gatekeeping role in ensuring appropriate referrals to secondary care facilities. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the level, pattern and rate of referrals from health clinics to hospitals in the public sector, and whether the placement of resident family medicine specialist (FMS) had made a significant difference. The study was carried out between March and April in 2012, involving 28 public primary care clinics. It showed that the average referral rate was 1.56% for clinics with resident FMS and 1.94% for those without resident FMS, but it was not statistically significant. Majority of referred cases were considered appropriate (96.1%). Results of the multivariate analysis showed that no prior consultation with senior healthcare provider and illnesses that were not severe and complex were independently associated with inappropriate referrals. Severity, complexity or uncertain diagnosis of patients’ illness or injury significantly contributed to unavoidable referrals. Adequate facilities or having more experienced doctors could have avoided 14.5% of the referrals. The low referral rate and very high level of appropriate referrals could indicate that primary care providers in the public sector played an effective role as gatekeepers in the Malaysian public healthcare system.

Perfil sociodemográfico e padrão de utilização dos serviços de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), 2003- 2008 / Socio-demographic profile and utilization patterns of the public healthcare system (SUS), 2003- 2008

O objetivo foi analisar a evolução do perfil de utilização de serviços de saúde, entre 2003 e 2008, no Brasil e nas suas macrorregiões. Foram utilizados dados da PNAD. A utilização de serviços de saúde foi medida pela proporção de pessoas que procuraram e foram atendidas nas 2 semanas anteriores e pelos que relataram internação nos últimos 12 meses, segundo SUS e não SUS. Foram analisadas as características socioeconômicas dos usuários, o tipo de atendimento e de serviço e os motivos da procura. A proporção de indivíduos que procuraram serviços de saúde não se alterou, assim como a parcela dos que conseguiram atendimento (96 por cento), entre 2003 e 2008. O SUS respondeu por 56,7 por cento dos atendimentos, realizando a maior parte das internações, vacinação e consultas e somente 1/3 das consultas odontológicas. Em 2008, manteve-se o gradiente de redução de utilização de serviços de saúde SUS conforme o aumento de renda e escolaridade. Houve decréscimo da proporção dos que procuraram serviços de saúde para ações de prevenção e aumento de procura para problemas odontológicos, acidentes e lesões e reabilitação. O padrão de utilização do SUS por região esteve inversamente relacionado à proporção de indivíduos com posse de planos privados de saúde.

PNAD data was employed to analyze the utilization profile of health services, and this was measured by the proportion of individuals seeking and reporting use of health services in the prior two weeks and those who reported hospitalization in the preceding 12 months. Private health plans covered 25.9 percent of the Brazilian population. Comparing data from 2003 and 2008 surveys, there was no change in the proportion of individuals seeking health services, as well as the proportion of those attended by these services (96 percent). The Unified Health System (SUS) was responsible for 56,7 percent of all healthcare, providing the bulk of medical visits, vaccine activities and hospital admissions, but accounted for only 1/3 of dental care. There was a reduction in SUS health services utilization with the increase of education and income level, in the two surveys. There was also a decrease in utilization of services due to prevention and an increase in dental problems, accidents, injuries and rehabilitation. The pattern of SUS services utilization per region was inversely related to the proportion of individuals with private health insurance coverage.

Acesso à mamografia: percepções dos responsáveis pela política da saúde da mulher / The access to mammography and the perceptions of women's health policy markers / Acceso a la mamografia: percepcion de los responsables de la politica de salud de la mujer

A mamografia é o método considerado mais eficaz de diagnóstico para a detecção do câncer de mama. O objetivo com este trabalho foi identificar a percepção dos responsáveis pela política da saúde da mulher sobre o acesso ao exame de mamografia às clientes climatéricas usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, envolvendo os 22 responsáveis pela política da saúde da mulher dos municípios da 3ª Coordenadoria Regional da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul (CRS/RS). Há insatisfação dos sujeitos com a oferta dos serviços de mamografias, que está aquém das demandas. O número reduzido de exames pode ser considerado uma das causas da detecção tardia do câncer de mama e, assim, contribuir para o maior número de mortalidade por essa patologia. Conclui-se que há necessidade de aumentar o número de cotas para atender à demanda de mamografias às mulheres climatéricas para diminuir o índice de mortalidade por câncer de mama nessa região.

Mammography is considered the most effective tool for the early detection of breast cancer. This study aimed toidentify the policy markers’ perception on mammography access to menopausal women using the Brazilian PublicHealthcare System. This is a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative research that implicated 22 women’s healthpolicy makers of the municipalities under the 3rd Regional Healthcare Coordination in the state of Rio Grande doSul. The results demonstrated the clients’ dissatisfaction with the services provided since the test’s supply is lowerthan its demand. The small number of mammogram tests performed can be considered one of the reasons for latebreast cancer diagnosis and therefore contributes to a large number of deaths from the disease. In conclusion, itis necessary to increase the number of mammograms for menopausal women and so reduce the death rate frombreast cancer in the region.

La mamografía es el método considerado más eficaz de diagnóstico para la detección del cáncer de mama. El presenteestudio buscó identificar la percepción de los responsables de la política de salud de la mujer acerca del acceso alexamen de mamografía de las usuarias del Sistema Único de Salud. Se trata de una investigación descriptiva exploratoriacualitativa que involucró 22 responsables de la política de salud de la mujer de los municipios de la 3ª CoordinaduríaRegional de Salud/RS. Los resultados muestran insatisfacción de los sujetos con la oferta de los servicios, que es inferiora la demanda. El número reducido de exámenes puede ser considerado una de las causas de la detección tardía delcáncer de mama y así contribuir a un mayor número de mortalidad por tal patología. Se concluye que habría queaumentar el número de cuotas para atender la demanda de mamografías a las mujeres climatéricas y, así, disminuir elíndice de mortalidad por cáncer de mama en esta región.