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1.
Estud. pesqui. psicol. (Impr.) ; 23(1): 270-290, maio 2023.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1434531

ABSTRACT

Este estudo qualitativo e transversal investigou as percepções e vivências dos/as psicólogos/as sobre o uso da punição física em crianças. Participaram do estudo 13 psicólogos/as brasileiros/as, que responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico on-line, um roteiro de entrevista e vinhetas de situação-problema. A análise de conteúdo revelou duas categorias: Ambivalência nas percepções sobre o uso da punição física: A palmada não é uma forma de agressão?; e Reprodução da punição física geração após geração: a forma de educar mudou?. Constataram-se percepções endossando o uso da punição física e experiências pessoais de punição física na infância, mas vários participantes buscam não repetir com os filhos e são desfavoráveis a todos os níveis dessa prática. Participantes favoráveis ao uso, principalmente da palmada, demonstraram desconhecimento da sua ineficácia enquanto método educativo e de seus efeitos prejudiciais. A transgeracionalidade e a naturalização da palmada foram motivos salientados para a persistência do uso da punição física. São necessárias capacitações a psicólogos/as e estudantes sobre os prejuízos e alternativas à punição física em crianças.


This qualitative and transversal work aimed to investigate the perceptions and experiences of psychologists about the use of physical punishment in children. Thirteen Brazilian psychologists participated in the study, who answered a socio-demographic questionnaire, an interview script and problem-situation vignettes online. Content analysis revealed two categories: Ambivalence in perceptions about the use of physical punishment: Isn't spanking a form of aggression? and Reproduction of physical punishment generation after generation: has the way of educating changed? Perceptions endorsing the use of physical punishment and personal experiences of physical punishment in childhood were found, but several participants try not to repeat it with their children and are unfavorable to all levels of this practice. Participants favorable to the use, mainly of spanking, demonstrated ignorance of its ineffectiveness as an educational method and its harmful effects. The transgenerationality and the naturalization of spanking were highlighted reasons for the persistence of the use of physical punishment. Training is needed for psychologists and students on the harm and alternatives to physical punishment in children.


Este estudio cualitativo y transversal tuvo como objetivo investigar las percepciones y experiencias de psicólogos sobre el uso del castigo físico en niños. Participaron del estudio trece psicólogos brasileños, que respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, un guión de entrevista y viñetas de situaciones-problema en línea. El análisis de contenido reveló dos categorías: Ambivalencia en las percepciones sobre el uso del castigo físico: ¿Las nalgadas no son una forma de agresión? y Reproducción del castigo físico generación tras generación: ¿ha cambiado la forma de educar? Se encontraron percepciones que avalan el uso del castigo físico y experiencias personales del castigo físico en la infancia, pero varios participantes intentan no repetirlo con sus hijos y son desfavorables a todos los niveles de esta práctica. Los participantes favorables al uso, principalmente de las nalgadas, demostraron desconocer su ineficacia como método educativo y sus efectos nocivos. La transgeneracionalidad y la naturalización de las nalgadas fueron razones destacadas para la persistencia del uso del castigo físico. Se necesita capacitación para psicólogos y estudiantes sobre el daño y las alternativas al castigo físico en los niños.


Subject(s)
Humans , Perception , Psychology , Punishment , Child Abuse , Violence , Child Rearing , Mental Health , Qualitative Research
2.
Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine ; (12): 594-598, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-979921

ABSTRACT

ObjectiveThis paper analyzed the punishment situation of unlicensed medical practice in recent 7 years in Jinshan District of Shanghai, then suggested the countermeasures to prevent and combat unlicensed medical practice in the future. MethodsA total of 190 cases of unlicensed medical practice from 2016 to 2022 were investigated. The basic situation of the punishment,legal basis,subject distribution,clue source and individual characteristics were analyzed. ResultsThe case-filing number of unlicensed medical practice showed a decreasing trend,but the amount of fines increased obviously. The clues of investigation and punishment of unlicensed medicine practice were mainly found by inspection(32.11%) and transferred from other departments(28.42%), while the number of complaints and clues reported from grassroots increased year by year. Medical and dental were the two major unlicensed practice,accounting for 35.79% and 33.16%, respectively. In addition, unlicensed medical cosmetology practice was increasing year by year. 78.62% of the unlicensed medical practioners are immigrants, 62.76% of them aged between 31 and 50 years old, among them 70.34% are men, and 62.76% of them have a fixed place. ConclusionThough the prevention and crack-down on unlicensed medical practice has achieved significant achievements,it is still necessary to enhance the responsibility of local administration,strengthen the inspection,investigate and deal with cases jointly by multiple departments,and implement the comprehensive supervision mechanism of the health care industry.

3.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 37(4): 457-462, out.dez.2022. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1413208

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O estudo doravante desenvolvido propõe analisar as penalidades impostas por Sociedades de Especialidades Médicas, entidades organizadas sob a forma de associações civis, sobretudo se configuram usurpação legal de competência dos Conselhos Profissionais. Será investigada a natureza dessas punições e seus efeitos e alcances, no intuito de verificar se há efetivo prejuízo ao exercício profissional da medicina pelo galeno. Métodos: Para a referida análise, foram levantadas as normas aplicáveis dentro ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, sua sistematização e conflitos aparentes, a fim de situar as punições associativas e sua conformidade com a ordem jurídica vigente. Resultados/Conclusão: Verificou-se do estudo que não há qualquer óbice à aplicação de tal modalidade de sanções, uma vez respeitadas as garantias legais e constitucionais da ampla defesa, contraditório e devido processo legal.


Introduction: The study developed hereafter proposes to analyze the penalties imposed by Societies of Medical Specialties, entities organized in the form of civil associations, specially if they constitute legal usurpation of the competence of Professional Councils. The nature of these punishments and their effects and scope will be investigated, in order to verify whether there is effective damage to the professional practice of medicine by physicians. Methods: For this analysis, the applicable rules within the Brazilian legal system were raised, their systematization and apparent conflicts, in order to locate the associative punishments and their compliance with the current legal order. Results/Conclusion: It was verified from the study that there is no obstacle to the application of this type of sanctions, once the legal and constitutional guarantees of ample defense, contradictory and due process are respected.

4.
Aval. psicol ; 21(2): 197-207, abr.-jun. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1447464

ABSTRACT

O estudo tem como objetivo apresentar o processo de adaptação da Escala de Crenças sobre Punições Físicas (ECPF) para o contexto brasileiro, bem como as evidências iniciais de dimensionalidade e precisão da escala para uma amostra de brasileiros. Além disso, investigou-se se gênero, faixa etária, parentalidade, histórico de maus-tratos na infância e histórico de violência por parceiro íntimo exercem influência sobre os níveis de crenças sobre punições físicas. Participaram 257 indivíduos, sendo 196 (76,3%) do gênero feminino. Os resultados indicaram que a versão brasileira da escala apresentou melhores índices de ajuste na estrutura unifatorial (TLI = 0,96; RMSEA [90% I.C.] = 0,08 (0,08 - 0,09). As cargas fatoriais variaram de 0,31 a 0,91. Identificou-se, também, que os níveis de crenças sobre punições físicas foram influenciados pelo gênero e idade dos participantes. Os resultados obtidos são favoráveis ao uso da ECPF em amostras brasileiras.(AU)


The study aimed to adapt the Physical Punishment Beliefs Scale to the Brazilian context, and presents the initial evidence of dimensionality and reliability of the scale for a Brazilian sample. It was also investigated whether gender, age group, parenting, history of child maltreatment, and history of intimate partner violence influenced the beliefs related to the levels of physical punishment. Participants were 257 individuals, 196 (76.3%) of whom were female. The results indicated that the Brazilian version of the scale presented better fit indices for the single factor structure (TLI = .96; RMSEA [90% I.C.] = .08 (.08 - .09). The factor loadings ranged from .31 to .91. It was also identified that the beliefs related to the levels of physical punishment were influenced by gender and age group. The results obtained are favorable for the use of the scale in Brazilian samples.(AU)


El estudio tiene como objetivo presentar el proceso de adaptación de la Escala de Creencias sobre Castigos Físicos (ECPF) para el contexto brasileño, así como las evidencias iniciales de dimensionalidad y precisión de la escala para una muestra de brasileños. Además, se investigó si el género, el grupo de edad, la parentalidad, los antecedentes del maltrato infantil y los antecedentes de violencia de pareja influyen en los niveles de creencias sobre el castigo físico. Participaron 257 indivíduos, de las cuales 196 (76,3%) eran mujeres. Los resultados indicaron que la versión brasileña de la escala presentó mejores índices de ajuste en la estructura unifactorial (TLI = 0,96; [90% I.C.]. = 0,08 (0,08 - 0,09). Las cargas factoriales oscilaron entre 0,21 y 0,91. También se identificó que los niveles de creencias sobre castigos físicos fueron influenciados por el género y la edad de los participantes. Los resultados obtenidos son favorables al uso de la ECPF en muestras brasileñas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Punishment/psychology , Child Abuse/psychology , Parenting/psychology , Child Rearing/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Age and Sex Distribution , Intimate Partner Violence/psychology , Sociodemographic Factors
5.
Horiz. med. (Impresa) ; 22(2)abr. 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1448372

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Estimar los factores asociados a la violencia psicológica y física en el ámbito familiar en adolescentes peruanos, considerando el modelo ecológico de la violencia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal con análisis secundario de la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Relaciones Sociales (ENARES) del 2015. Se aplicó un muestreo trietápico estratificado por conglomerados que incluyó a 1500 adolescentes. Las variables principales fueron la violencia física y psicológica. Las variables asociadas también se analizaron siguiendo el modelo ecológico, con una regresión logística que ayudó a determinar el odds ratio (OR, por sus siglas en inglés) y sus intervalos de confianza al 95 % (IC 95 %). Resultados: Entre los adolescentes encuestados, el 23,73 % experimentó violencia psicológica severa y el 42,47 %, violencia física grave. Los varones tuvieron una menor exposición a la violencia psicológica (OR = 0,60; IC 95 %: 0,41-0,86) en comparación con las mujeres. Presenciar peleas entre los padres siempre o casi siempre expone a violencia física, a diferencia de las peleas que ocurren algunas veces (OR = 5,80; IC 95 %: 2,47-13,60). Aquellos que asumieron que desobedecer a los padres es una razón para que se cometa violencia física fueron expuestos casi dos veces a ella (OR = 1,27; IC 95 %: 1,01-1,59), en comparación con los que no pensaban de esa manera. Conclusiones: En la historia personal, cuanto menor es la edad del adolescente hay mayor predisposición a la violencia física; además, el ser mujer incrementa la probabilidad de sufrir maltrato psicológico. En el contexto nacional, la violencia física puede ser asumida como un comportamiento aceptable por gran parte de la población, y cuanto menor sea la edad del adolescente maltratado, sumado a su escasa capacidad de protección, este patrón podría reforzarse.


Objective: To estimate the factors associated with psychological and physical domestic violence against Peruvian adolescents considering the ecological model of violence. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study based on a secondary analysis of the 2015 National Survey on Social Relations (ENARES) database. A three-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted with 1,500 adolescents. The main variables were physical and psychological violence. The associated variables were also analyzed following the ecological model and using logistic regression for determining odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Results: From among the surveyed adolescents, 23.73 % experienced severe psychological violence and 42.47 % severe physical violence. Men were less exposed to psychological violence (OR = 0.60; 95 % CI: 0.41 - 0.86) compared to women. Witnessing constant fights between parents always or almost always exposed adolescents to physical violence, as opposed to those who almost never experienced parental fighting (OR = 5.80; 95 % CI: 2.47 - 13.60). Those who assumed that disobeying their parents was a reason for physical violence were exposed to it almost twice (OR = 1.27; 95 % CI: 1.01 - 1.59) as much as those who did not think that way. Conclusions: Regarding life experience, the younger the adolescent, the more prone to physical violence. Additionally, being a woman increases the probability of receiving psychological abuse. In the national context, physical violence may be considered an acceptable behavior by a large part of the population. Moreover, the younger the abused adolescents are, together with their incapacity to protect themselves, the worse this behavior pattern could be.

6.
Neuroscience Bulletin ; (6): 533-547, 2022.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-929102

ABSTRACT

People as third-party observers, without direct self-interest, may punish norm violators to maintain social norms. However, third-party judgment and the follow-up punishment might be susceptible to the way we frame (i.e., verbally describe) a norm violation. We conducted a behavioral and a neuroimaging experiment to investigate the above phenomenon, which we call the "third-party framing effect". In these experiments, participants observed an anonymous perpetrator deciding whether to keep her/his economic benefit while exposing a victim to a risk of physical pain (described as "harming others" in one condition and "not helping others" in the other condition), then they had a chance to punish that perpetrator at their own cost. Our results showed that the participants were more willing to execute third-party punishment under the harm frame compared to the help frame, manifesting a framing effect. Self-reported anger toward perpetrators mediated the relationship between empathy toward victims and the framing effect. Meanwhile, activation of the insula mediated the relationship between mid-cingulate cortex activation and the framing effect; the functional connectivity between these regions significantly predicted the size of the framing effect. These findings shed light on the psychological and neural mechanisms of the third-party framing effect.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Empathy , Gyrus Cinguli , Neuroimaging , Pain , Punishment/psychology
7.
Saúde Soc ; 31(2): e200043es, 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1377352

ABSTRACT

Resumen Este artículo propone debatir la noción de responsabilidad respecto a las ideas judeocristianas de confesión y arrepentimiento utilizadas por los profesionales del sistema penal juvenil uruguayo. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo mediante un proceso de investigación empírico y contextualizado, sustentado en el análisis de discurso de una muestra de expedientes judiciales y de entrevistas. Los resultados muestran la coexistencia de distintas concepciones teórico-metodológicas entre los técnicos, en los que prima la culpabilización parental por la infracción adolescente, la búsqueda de la responsabilización por el acto cometido que se asocia a la confesión tanto como al arrepentimiento, en contraposición a un modelo que promueve la reflexividad sin imposiciones adultas y actitud de escucha paciente de los tiempos adolescentes. Se concluye que, en un país tempranamente secularizado como Uruguay, la concepción de responsabilidad es empleada como sinónimo de la idea religiosa de culpa, con sus correlatos de confesión y arrepentimiento con consecuencias sobre las formas de castigo judicialmente impuestas, percibidas como expiatorias de la infracción adolescente a la ley penal.


Abstract The article debates the notion of responsibility regarding the Judeo-Christian ideas of confession and repentance used by professionals of the Uruguayan juvenile justice system. The study follows a critical model of qualitative studies through an empirical and contextualized research process, based on discourse analysis of a sample of case files and interviews. Results show the coexistence of different theoretical-methodological conceptions among the technicians, in which parental blame for the adolescent offense prevails, search for responsibility for the act committed associated with confession and repentance, opposed to an attitude of patient listening of a person going through adolescence, promoting reflexivity without adult impositions. The conclusion is that, in an early secularized country like Uruguay, the conception of responsibility is used as a synonym of the religious idea of guilt, with its correlates of confession and repentance with consequences on the judicially imposed forms of punishment, perceived as expiatory of the adolescent infraction to penal law.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Prisons , Punishment , Liability, Legal , Adolescent , Sanction , Qualitative Research
8.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 59(4): 269-279, dic. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388407

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Tomando en consideración el concepto de Susceptibilidad al Castigo de la teoría de Sensibilidad al Refuerzo de Gray y la actividad lingüística-verbal interna propia del ser humano, se propone el concepto Susceptibilidad al Castigo Anticipado (SCA) debido a que no existe ningún instrumento para evaluarlo. El Objetivo: es diseñar y estudiar la bondad de los ítems, la estructura interna y la confiabilidad la Escala de Susceptibilidad al Castigo Anticipado (ESCA). Además, se presentan datos descriptivos de la ESCA. MÉTODO: Primero se elaboraron los ítems en función de la definición del concepto, después fueron valorados por expertos. En la fase piloto se administró la versión inicial de la ESCA a 240 personas adultas con las que se realizó la depuración y primer estudio de la consistencia a partir de un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Posteriormente, se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio con la versión final en una muestra de 960 estudiantes universitarios, se corroboró la bondad de los ítems y se estudió la confiabilidad de la ESCA. RESULTADOS: Todos los ítems de la versión final resultaron adecuados. Se observó y corroboró en la fase final una estructura interna de tres factores (y uno de segundo orden). Los factores y la escala total mostraron adecuados valores de consistencia interna. CONCLUSIONES: La ESCA, a pesar de las limitaciones derivadas en gran parte al tratarse de un nuevo constructo, es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar la susceptibilidad al castigo anticipado en población universitaria de Michoacán (México).


INTRODUCTION: Taking into consideration the concept of Susceptibility to Punishment of Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity theory and the internal linguistic-verbal activity of the human being, the concept of Susceptibility to Early Punishment (SEP) is proposed, because there is no instrument to evaluate it. The Objective: To Design and study the goodness of the items, the internal structure and the reliability of the Susceptibility to Early Punishment Scale (SEPS). In addition, descriptive data from SEPS are presented. METHOD: The items were first elaborated based on the definition of the concept, and were valued by experts. In the pilot phase, the initial version of the SEPS was administered to 240 adult people where information was filtered and the first study of consistency was done based on an Exploratory Factor Analysis. Subsequently, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed with the final versión of the scale, in a sample of 960 university students. The goodness of the items was corroborated, and the reliability of the SEPS was studied. RESULTS: All the items of the final version were adequate; an internal structure of three factors (and one of the second order) was observed and corroborated in the final phase. The factors and the full scale revealed adequate internal consistency values. CONCLUSIONS: The SEPS, despite the limitations derived largely from being a new construct, is an adequate instrument to assess the susceptibility to early punishment in the university population of Michoacan (Mexico).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Psychometrics/methods , Punishment , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Mexico
9.
Acta colomb. psicol ; 24(1): 154-166, Jan.-June 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1278131

ABSTRACT

Resumen La violencia en el noviazgo es un fenómeno multifactorial que requiere de estudios que profundicen respecto a los efectos que tienen las creencias culturales en el comportamiento tanto del agresor como de la víctima. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la relación entre las creencias acerca de la violencia y la prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 420 estudiantes de dos universidades públicas mexicanas que respondieron el Inventario de creencias acerca de la violencia hacia la esposa, el Inventario de conflictos en las relaciones de noviazgo, y un cuestionario de información sociodemográfica. Los datos recolectados fueron examinados por medio de un análisis de correlación canónica, y los resultados mostraron que el modelo en general fue estadísticamente significativo (Wilks X = .654, F(20, 677.54) = 4.626,p < .05); que el tamaño del efecto del modelo general fue de .346, lo que indica que este explicó el 34.6 % de la varianza compartida por los dos conjuntos de variables; y que, específicamente en la primera función, el coeficiente de mayor magnitud fue el de la variable de justificación de la violencia (r2 s = 76.2; h 2 = 90.0), seguido por la del apoyo que se le puede brindar a la víctima (r2 s = 57.1; h2 = 94.5).


Abstract Dating violence is a multifactorial phenomenon that requires in-depth studies regarding the effects that cultural beliefs have on the behavior of both the aggressor and the victim. With this in mind, the objective of this research was to determine the relationship between beliefs about violence and the prevalence of dating violence. To this end, a sample of 420 students from two Mexican public universities answered the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Violence, the Inventory of Conflicts in Dating Relationships, and a sociodemographic information questionnaire. The data collected were examined through a canonical correlation analysis, and the results showed that the overall model was statistically significant (Wilks X = .654, F (20, 677.54) = 4.626, p < .05); that the effect size of the overall model was .346, indicating that it explained 34. 6 % of the variance shared by the two sets of variables; and that, specifically in the first function, the coefficient of greatest magnitude was that of the variable of justification of the violence (r2 s = 76.2; h2 = 90.0), followed by that of the support that can be given to the victim (r2 s = 57.1; h2 = 94.5).

10.
Rev. Psicol., Divers. Saúde ; 10(1): 207-220, Março 2021.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1283119

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Este artigo visa, por meio de um ensaio teórico, pensar relações entre Psiquiatria, espaços de segregação nos estudos de Foucault, a partir de cursos, conferências, entrevistas, aulas, livros e por meio de alguns comentadores de Michel Foucault, no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Analisar os espaços de controle dos corpos em hospitais e prisões fez parte dos objetivos deste texto, considerando uma análise conceitual como metodologia. As práticas punitivas e psiquiátricas são entrecruzadas nesta analítica sob o eixo das relações de poder e saber ligadas ao espaço. CONCLUSÕES PROVISÓRIAS: Problematizar este campo de uma história política da verdade, no presente, é um ponto de preocupação e ativação da escrita operatória deste artigo com análises teórico-conceituais com a interface da Psiquiatria com os espaços de segregação, internação e aprisionamento.


OBJECTIVES: This article aims, through a theoretical essay, to think about relations between Psychiatry, spaces of segregation in Foucault's studies, from courses, conferences, interviews, classes, books, and through some commentators by Michel Foucault, in Brazil. METHODS: Analyzing the control spaces of bodies in hospitals and prisons as part of the objectives of this text, considering a conceptual analysis as a methodology. Punitive and psychiatric practices are intertwined in this analysis under the axis of power and knowledge relations linked to space. PROVISIONAL CONCLUSIONS: To problematize this field of the political history of truth, at present, is a point of concern and activation of the operative writing of this article with theoreticalconceptual analyzes with the interface of Psychiatry with the spaces of segregation, hospitalization, and imprisonment.


Subject(s)
Psychiatry , Punishment , Admitting Department, Hospital
11.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 41(spe3): e207756, 2021. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1340443

ABSTRACT

A prevalência dos castigos físicos em crianças/adolescentes é muito elevada. Sua aceitação social é ampla, sendo que as legislações brasileiras criam brechas para sua ocorrência. Entre os cientistas, há dissenso quanto aos limites entre castigos e abusos físicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi contribuir com as discussões nesse âmbito, buscando verificar se grupos de pais/responsáveis sem e com histórico de notificação ao sistema de proteção por abuso físico se diferenciariam quanto à forma de punir/castigar e quanto a variáveis psicossociais consideradas fatores de risco para abuso físico. A abordagem adotada no estudo foi quantitativa, com delineamento transversal e comparativo. Participaram do estudo pais/cuidadores que faziam utilização da punição corporal: 47 sem histórico de notificação e 40 com histórico de notificação por abuso físico. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: Questionário de Caracterização Sociodemográfica, Roteiro de Entrevista sobre Prática Parental, Inventário de Potencial de Maus-Tratos Infantil (Child Abuse Potential Inventory - CAP). Os pais notificados relataram punições corporais mais graves (ou seja, mais frequentes, mais gravosas e em regiões do corpo mais vulneráveis) e mais angústia, rigidez, infelicidade, problemas com a criança, problemas com os outros e solidão. Todavia, em ambos os grupos, segundo o reportado, a raiva moveria o ato de punir. Esses resultados reiteram a ideia de que todas as formas de punição física são maus-tratos (expressões de violência), pois decorrem das necessidades dos cuidadores ("descarga emocional"). Remetem, porém, a um fenômeno heterogêneo, em termos de gravidade e de fatores associados, que precisa ser assim considerado na proposição de programas de prevenção e de tratamento.(AU)


Physical punishment of children / adolescents is highly prevalent and socially accepted, with a series of loopholes in the Brazilian legislation that favor this practice. Scientists tend to disagree in regard to the limits between physical punishment and physical abuse. This study aimed to contribute to the discussions around this theme, verifying whether practices of physical punishment and psychosocial variables considered risk factors for physical abuse differ among parents / caregivers with and without history of physical abuse notifications to protection agencies. The study was conducted with parents / caregivers who adopt practices of corporal punishment, 47 of whom without and 40 with history of physical abuse notification. Data were collected by means of Characterization Questionnaire, Parental Practice Interview, and Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP). Notified parents reported more severe corporal punishments (more frequent, more dangerous, in more vulnerable body regions) and more distress, severity, unhappiness, problems with the child and other people, and loneliness. Both groups reported that the act of punishing was moved by anger. These results reiterate the notion that all forms of physical punishment are maltreatment (expressions of violence) resulting from the needs of the caregivers ("emotional discharge"). However, these practices refer to a heterogeneous phenomenon in terms of severity and associated factors, which must be considered when proposing prevention and treatment programs.(AU)


Los castigos corporales de niños/adolescentes tiene una prevalencia muy elevada. Su aceptación social es amplia, y las legislaciones brasileñas no logran abarcar las puniciones adecuadas para esta práctica. No existe un consenso entre los científicos en cuanto a los límites entre punición corporal y maltrato físico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue contribuir con las discusiones sobre ese tema, verificando si grupos de padres/responsables sin y con antecedentes de notificación al Sistema de Protección por maltrato físico se diferenciarían en la forma de castigar/punir y en variables psicosociales consideradas factores de riesgo para maltrato físico. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, de tipo transversal y comparativo. Participaron en el estudio padres/cuidadores que hacían uso del castigo corporal: 47 sin antecedentes de notificación al sistema; 40 con antecedentes de notificación por maltrato físico. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recolección de datos fueron: Cuestionario de Datos Sociodemográficos, Entrevista sobre Práctica Parental, Inventario de Potencial de Maltrato Infantil (Child Abuse Potential Inventory - CAP). Los padres notificados reportaron castigos corporales más graves (es decir, más frecuentes, más graves, en regiones del cuerpo más vulnerables) y más angustia, rigidez, infelicidad, problemas con el niño, problemas con los demás y soledad. Según el reportado, en ambos grupos, la rabia movería el acto de castigar. Estos resultados reiteran la idea de que todas las formas de castigo físico son maltrato (manifestación de violencia), pues se derivan de las necesidades de los cuidadores ("descarga emocional"). Sin embargo, remiten a un fenómeno heterogéneo, en términos de gravedad y de factores asociados, que necesita considerarse en la propuesta de programas de prevención y de tratamiento.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Punishment , Child Abuse, Sexual , Child Rearing , Domestic Violence , Poverty , Rabies , Violence , Child Abuse , Consensus , Physical Abuse , Anger
12.
Estud. Psicol. (Campinas, Online) ; 38: e190088, 2021. tab
Article in English | INDEXPSI, LILACS | ID: biblio-1133861

ABSTRACT

Physical punishment - corporal punishment - of children/adolescents is highly prevalent. The objective of this study was to verify if, in a sample of parents/caregivers, there would be subgroups that would differentiate themselves regarding the behavior of physically punishing the children, in terms of modalities, frequency, body parts of the child affected, and presence of parental anger in the act of punishing, denoting severity levels associated with differences in the psychosocial variables pointed out in the literature as risk factors for physical abuse. A quantitative approach was adopted, with a cross-sectional design and cluster method. The study included 87 parents/caregivers who practice physical punishment. The analyses indicated the existence of three clusters that differed in the level of severity of corporal punishment and some of the psychosocial variables, denoting the importance of developing services/programs to cope with violence against children/adolescents and specific psychosocial intervention strategies.


A punição física - castigos corporais - de crianças/adolescentes é altamente prevalente. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se em uma amostra de pais/cuidadores existiriam subgrupos que se diferenciariam quanto ao comportamento de punir/castigar fisicamente os filhos. As modalidades analisadas foram de frequência com que a punição ocorria, de partes do corpo da criança que se punia e de presença de sentimento de irritação/raiva durante o castigo físico, denotando níveis de gravidade associados a diferenças em variáveis psicossociais apontadas como fatores de risco para os abusos físicos. Adotou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, com delineamento transversal e método de clusterização. Participaram 87 pais/cuidadores adeptos a práticas de punição física. As análises indicaram a existência de três agrupamentos que se diferenciaram no tocante à gravidade da punição corporal e em algumas das variáveis psicossociais, denotando a importância de os serviços/programas voltados ao enfrentamento da violência contra as crianças/adolescentes considerarem estratégias de intervenção psicossocial distintas e específicas a cada grupo.


Subject(s)
Punishment , Social Work , Child Abuse , Family Relations
13.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 52: 235-242, June 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1251898

ABSTRACT

Resumen La participación cívica es fundamental para abstenerse y sancionar a quienes se benefician de la corrupción. Experimentos muestran que el castigo altruista (pagar para castigar a quienes no cooperan), mantiene cooperando a los transgresores, pero en la vida real se les sanciona poco, siendo necesario identificar los factores que disminuyen esa disposición. Se encuestaron 622 ciudadanos mexicanos, población general, para analizar los efectos de creencias que justifican la corrupción y el apoyo percibido sobre la disposición a actuar contra la corrupción sancionando y absteniéndose de ella. Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales confirma efectos negativos de las creencias de justificación de la corrupción y positivos del apoyo percibido, además de un efecto negativo indirecto de las creencias de justificación de la corrupción a través de un efecto negativo sobre el apoyo percibido, explicando en conjunto el 47% de la varianza de la disposición a actuar contra la corrupción en un modelo que muestra indicadores que reflejan una adecuada bondad de ajuste.


Abstract Civic participation is essential to abstain and punish the corrupt people. Experimental studies that show altruistic punishment, paying for those who do not cooperate to be punished, keep offenders cooperating, but in real life they are little penalized, being necessary to identify the factors that diminish that disposition. 622 Mexican citizens were surveyed to analyze the effects of beliefs that justify corruption and perceived support on willingness to act against cor ruption by sanctioning and abstaining from it. A model of structural equations confirmed negative effects of corruption justification beliefs and positive perceived support effects, in addition to an indirect negative effect of corruption justification beliefs through a negative effect on perceived support, together explaining for 47% of the variance of the willingness to act against corruption in a model that shows indices of adequate goodness of fit.


Subject(s)
Altruism , Corruption , Punishment , Social Norms
14.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 36(12): e00215719, 2020.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1142639

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Quando dão à luz durante o período de aprisionamento, as mulheres presas têm o direito de conviver com seus filhos em unidades específicas para mães e bebês, pelo período mínimo de seis meses. Essa convivência tem como foco o cuidado e a proteção da criança, mas ocorre em um ambiente ordenado pela ordem prisional. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o exercício das práticas de cuidado materno na prisão. Foram realizadas seis entrevistas narrativas no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: duas com mulheres que vivenciaram a experiência de maternagem no período de aprisionamento na Unidade Materno Infantil do Complexo Penitenciário de Gericinó e quatro com profissionais de organizações não governamentais que trabalharam com mulheres que tiveram seus bebês no período de encarceramento. A análise das narrativas foi feita a partir da interpretação dos papéis e das relações entre as personagens narradas e a forma como suas interações modelam as histórias contadas. Por fim, realizou-se a articulação interpretativa entre as narrativas e o referencial teórico sobre gênero e prisões. Concluiu-se que as normas prisionais e as normas de cuidado se tensionam e convergem em uma dinâmica que busca beneficiar o bebê, sem deixar de punir a mulher. Dessa maneira, a experiência de maternagem na prisão atua como forma de reafirmar uma moralidade de gênero, definida no papel de boa mãe.


Abstract: When women inmates in Brazil give birth during their incarceration, they have the right to stay with their children in specific units for mothers and infants for at least six months. The focus of this living experience is care and protection of the child, but it takes places in a setting determined by the prison order. This study aims to analyze the exercise of motherhood in prison. Six narrative interviews were performed in Rio de Janeiro: two with women who experienced motherhood while in prison in the Maternal and Child Unit at the Gericinó Prison Complex, and four with staff members of nongovernmental organizations working with women who had given birth during incarceration. The narratives were analyzed via interpretation of the roles and relations between the narrated characters and the way their interactions shape the stories. Finally, an interpretative linkage was established between the narratives and the theoretical frame of reference on gender and prisons. The study concludes that the prison rules and standards of care produce tensions and convergences in a dynamic that seeks to benefit the infant without failing to punish the woman. Motherhood in prison thus acts as a way of reaffirming a gender morality, defined as the role of good mother.


Resumen: Cuando dan a luz durante el período de encarcelamiento, las mujeres presas tienen el derecho de convivir con sus hijos en módulos específicos para madres y bebés, durante un período mínimo de seis meses. Esta convivencia tiene como objetivo el cuidado y la protección del niño, pero se produce en un ambiente establecido por el reglamento carcelario. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el ejercicio de las prácticas de cuidado materno en prisión. Se realizaron seis entrevistas narrativas en Río de Janeiro, Brasil: dos con mujeres que vivieron su maternidad durante su período de encarcelamiento en la Unidad Materno Infantil, en el Complejo Penitenciario de Gericinó, y cuatro con profesionales de organizaciones no gubernamentales, que trabajaron con mujeres que dieron a luz a sus bebés durante el período de encarcelamiento. El análisis de los relatos se realizó a partir de la interpretación de los papeles y de las relaciones entre los personajes narrados y la forma en la que sus interacciones modelan las historias contadas. Finalmente, se realizó la articulación entre los relatos y el marco de referencia teórico sobre género y prisiones. Se concluyó que las normas carcelarias y las normas de cuidado entran en tensión y convergen en una dinámica que busca beneficiar al bebé, sin dejar de castigar a la mujer. De este modo, la experiencia de la maternidad en prisión actúa como una forma de reafirmación de una moralidad de género, definida dentro del papel de lo que se considera una buena madre.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant , Child , Prisons , Prisoners , Brazil , Parturition , Mothers
15.
Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University(Medical Sciences) ; (6): 961-965, 2020.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-843836

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the effects of motivation of rewards and punishments on inhibitory control on college students with trait anxiety and non-trait anxiety. Methods: In the current study, stroop task was used to induce the cognitive conflic and then performance comparison was made between traitanxiety and non-trait anxiety college students in completing Stroop tasks with or without rewards and punishments. Results: The results showed that the response time of the trait anxiety group was shorter than that of the non-trait anxiety group. For both trait and non-trait anxiety subjects, the reaction time under the incongruent condition was significantly longer than that under the congruent and unrelated condition; the reaction time under the congruent condition was significantly shorter than that under the unrelated condition. For all subjects, the reaction time under the reward and punishment condition was significantly shorter than that under the non-reward and punishment condition. The Stroop effect under reward and punishment condition was significantly smaller than that under no reward and punishment condition. The response time of the trait anxiety group under the condition of punishment was significantly shorter than that under the condition of non-reward and punishment and the condition of reward. The response time of the non-trait anxiety group under the reward condition was significantly shorter than that under the punishment condition and the non-reward and punishment condition. Conclusion: Trait anxiety individuals were sensitive to punishments, while non-trait anxiety individuals were sensitive to rewards. Both reward and punishment could strengthen the inhibition control of the individuals.

16.
Rev. latinoam. cienc. soc. niñez juv ; 17(2): 339-369, jul.-dic. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1043055

ABSTRACT

Resumen (descriptivo) El objetivo de este trabajo es dar cuenta de los discursos de jóvenes bajo medidas alternativas a la privación de libertad sobre el castigo en el encierro y el castigo en libertad. El análisis tiene lugar a través de un estudio de caso radicado en un Centro de Referencia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires en 2015. Para ello, se emplea una metodología cualitativa que se vale de técnicas de entrevista en profundidad y se analizan los discursos desde una perspectiva cultural de la cuestión criminal. Algunos resultados del estudio nos permiten afirmar que los jóvenes perciben a las medidas alternativas como un castigo preferible a la privación de libertad no solo por su ineficacia resocializadora sino por los efectos altamente estigmatizantes que supone el encierro penal.


Abstract (descriptive) The objective of this study is to account for the discourses of youth in juvenile detention centers about punishment in jail and punishment when they are free. The analysis is produced through a case study from a Referral Centre located in Buenos Aires province in 2015. The authors use a qualitative methodological approach that involves in-depth semi-structured interviews and discourses are analyzed based on seeing criminality through a cultural perspective. The results of the study allow us to affirm that young people perceive alternative measures as a preferable punishment to being confined in a juvenile detention centre, not just because it is inefficient in achieving its goal of re-socialization, but also because of the high level of stigmatization associated with criminal imprisonment.


Resumo (descritivo) O objetivo deste trabalho é dar conta dos discursos de jovens, sob medidas alternativas à privação da liberdade sobre punição no confinamento e punição em liberdade. A análise se dá por meio de um estudo de caso baseado em um Centro de Referência da Província de Buenos Aires em 2015. Para isso, utiliza-se uma metodologia qualitativa que utiliza técnicas de entrevista em profundidade e os discursos são analisados a partir de uma perspectiva cultural da questão penal. Alguns resultados do estudo nos permitem afirmar que os jovens percebem medidas alternativas como uma punição preferível à privação de liberdade não apenas por causa de sua ineficácia na ressocialização, mas também por causa dos efeitos altamente estigmatizantes da prisão criminal.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Punishment , Adolescent
17.
Rev. Psicol. Saúde ; 11(1): 73-88, jan.-abr. 2019.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-990425

ABSTRACT

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o caráter punitivo no tratamento para usuários de drogas em Comunidades Terapêuticas na região Sul do Brasil. Para isso analisamos os projetos terapêuticos dessas instituições que abordam a especificidade do tratamento de usuários de álcool e outras drogas pela vivência prescrita pelos doze passos. Tomando as concepções foucaultianas sobre poder psiquiátrico, disciplina e punição problematizamos o modo como essas instituições fundamentam e estruturam o modelo terapêutico sustentando-se numa lógica proibicionista a partir da moral do trabalho, da família e da religião. Apontamos, assim, as práticas punitivas no tratamento para usuários de drogas como uma biopolítica que compõem a política nacional no que tange aos cuidados de saúde no contexto das Comunidades Terapêuticas.


This article has as goal argue the punitive treatment for drugs users in therapeutic community licensed under the Single Health System in Brazil's Southern region. For that analyzed the therapeutic projects of these institutions that treat the specificity of the treatment of young users of alcohol and other drugs by the experience prescribed by the twelve steps. Taking the conceptions Foucauldian of psychiatric power, discipline and punishment we problematize the way how these institutions justify and structure the therapeutic model of supporting itself in a prohibitionist logic based on morality of work and the family and institution religion values. We point this way the punitive practices in treatment for drugs users as a biopolitics that make up the health national policies in the context of in therapeutic community.


Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el carácter punitivo en el tratamiento para usuarios de drogas en Comunidades Terapéuticas en la región Sur de Brasil. Para ello analizamos los proyectos terapéuticos de esas instituciones que abordan la especificidad del tratamiento de usuarios de alcohol y otras drogas por la vivencia prescrita por los doce pasos. Tomando las concepciones foucaultianas sobre poder psiquiátrico, disciplina y castigo problematizamos el modo en que esas instituciones fundamentan y estructuran el modelo terapéutico sosteniéndose en una lógica prohibicionista a partir de la moral del trabajo, de la familia y de la religión. Por lo tanto, señalamos las prácticas punitivas en el tratamiento para usuarios de drogas como una biopolítica que componen la política nacional en lo que se refiere a la atención de salud en el contexto de las Comunidades Terapéuticas.

18.
Rev. bioét. (Impr.) ; 27(1): 18-28, jan.-mar. 2019.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041964

ABSTRACT

Abstract Abuses of medicine have taken place over past decades in the context of torture and the death penalty. Serious and totally unacceptable breaches of medical ethics and human rights have occurred in institutions caring for vulnerable people. And yet there is still a need to make visible the whole spectrum of violence and breaches of human rights and to challenge them. This paper discusses a wide range of abuses in which medical professionals may take part whether as witnesses, bystanders or participants. It also addresses changes that are needed to benefit citizens at risk of abuse and to strengthen the ethical practice of medicine. The frequently-used term "empowerment" as applied to populations at risk signals a step in the right direction but usually involves the top-down giving of limited power to people. What oppressed people need is to claim their human rights - to emancipate themselves.


Resumen Los abusos de la medicina han tenido lugar en las últimas décadas en el contexto de la tortura y la pena de muerte. Faltas graves y totalmente inaceptables a la ética médica y a los derechos humanos se han producido en instituciones que atienden a personas vulnerables. E, incluso, existe además la necesidad de hacer visible todo el espectro de violencias y de violaciones a los derechos humanos que los ponen en entredicho. Este artículo analiza una amplia gama de abusos que los profesionales médicos pueden enfrentar ya sea como testigos, espectadores o participantes. También se ocupa de los cambios que son necesarios para beneficiar a los ciudadanos en riesgo de abuso y para fortalecer la práctica ética de la medicina. El frecuentemente utilizado término "empoderamiento", aplicado a las poblaciones en riesgo señala un paso en la dirección correcta, pero por lo general implica un movimiento de arriba hacia abajo, otorgando un poder limitado a las personas. Lo que las personas oprimidas necesitan es reivindicar sus derechos humanos para emanciparse.


Resumo Abusos médicos têm ocorrido nas últimas décadas no contexto da tortura e da pena de morte. Violações graves e totalmente inaceitáveis de ética médica e dos direitos humanos ocorreram em instituições que cuidam de pessoas vulneráveis. E, no entanto, ainda há uma necessidade de tornar visível todo o espectro de violência e violações dos direitos humanos e desafiá-los. Este artigo discute uma ampla gama de abusos que os profissionais médicos podem enfrentar, seja como testemunhas, espectadores ou participantes. Também são abordadas as mudanças necessárias para beneficiar os cidadãos em risco de abuso e fortalecer a prática ética da medicina. O termo "empoderamento", frequentemente aplicado a populações em risco, sinaliza um passo na direção certa, mas normalmente envolve a concessão limitada de poder às pessoas, "de cima para baixo". O que as pessoas oprimidas precisam é reivindicar seus direitos humanos - emancipar a si mesmas.


Subject(s)
Torture , Bioethics , Capital Punishment , Human Rights Abuses , Ethics
19.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-203859

ABSTRACT

Background: The aim of the study is to analyze the nature, extent and associated factors of disciplinary practices used by school teachers.Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study. Subjects: 165 school teachers. Methods: Teachers completed a structured questionnaire, which included nature and extent of disciplinary methods used and their views on the issue. Statistical analysis was done through Chi square test.Results: 70.9% Teachers felt that physical punishment is needed to discipline school children. 58.2% of teachers indulged in the same though of these 84.2% opinioned that it may be harmful. Methods used were: counselling followed by physical punishment 41.67 % , slapping (14.6%), angry shouting (11.5), shaking (9.4), swearing (6.2), and skin pinch (3.1). Common reasons for punishment included: telling a lie (31.3%), not good at studies (28.1%),disobeying (14.6%),tantrums (7.3%) and stealing (3.1%). Teachers disclosed that they learned it from personal experience (55.2%) and schools (29.2%).Stressful events were present in 47.3%. Physical punishment was significantly more in this category (Chi square 3.84,p 0.05). Almost 77% of teachers had received punishment during childhood. The modal age for getting last punishment was 14 years. Significantly greater number of teachers getting punishment during childhood opinioned in favor of punishing children(Chi square 5.769,p 0.016) and were also involved in this activity(Chi square 6.534,p o.o11).Conclusions: Physical punishment of school children by teachers is common. Stress in the family and punishment during childhood were significant risk factors.

20.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 32: 16, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1020217

ABSTRACT

One of the primary means of communicating with a baby is through touch. Nurturing physical touch promotes healthy physiological development in social mammals, including humans. Physiology influences wellbeing and psychosocial functioning. The purpose of this paper is to explore the connections among early life positive and negative touch and wellbeing and sociomoral development. In study 1, mothers of preschoolers (n = 156) reported their attitudes toward positive/negative touch and on their children's wellbeing and sociomoral outcomes, illustrating moderate to strong positive correlations between positive touch attitudes and children's sociomoral capacities and orientations and negative correlations with psychopathology. In study 2, we used an existing longitudinal dataset, with at-risk mothers (n = 682) and their children to test touch effects on moral capacities and social behaviors in early life. Results demonstrated moderate to strong relationships between positive/negative touch and concurrent child behavioral regulation and positive correlations between low corporal punishment and child sociomoral outcomes. In a third study with adults (n = 607), we found significant mediation processes connecting retrospective reports of childhood touch to adult moral orientation through attachment security, mental health, and moral capacities. In general across studies, more affectionate touch and less punishing touch were positively associated with wellbeing and development of moral capacities and engaged moral orientation. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Punishment/psychology , Social Behavior , Touch , Moral Development , Maternal Behavior/psychology , Parent-Child Relations , Child Development , Cross-Sectional Studies , Longitudinal Studies
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