Reasons for the use of masks in open areas after the Peruvian government announced that it will no longer be mandatory in the context of COVID-19 in 2022

Introduction: In Peru, a high proportion of fully immunized people against COVID-19 has been achieved, which has mitigated the severity of the disease. Thus, under the recommendation of experts, the Peruvian government issued Supreme Decree 118-2022-PCM, which indicated that the use of masks is optional in open and ventilated enclosed spaces as of October 1, 2022. Objective: The aim of the present study was to find out the reasons why people continued to wear masks even though it was not mandatory in outdoor environments. Methods: A total of 335 people participated, with an average age of 26.11 years (73.1% women). A data collection form was prepared where sociodemographic and health information was requested; in addition, the question "Why do you continue to wear mask despite it being optional in open and closed ventilated spaces?" was included. The data obtained from the last open question of the instrument was analyzed by means of a discursive textual analysis (DTA) and an exploratory analysis through IRAMUTEQ. Results: Results indicate that people continue to wear masks, despite the lifting of the restrictions, to avoid contagion of COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. In addition, the prevention of possible infection and transmission of the virus also focused on the family and vulnerable people. Discussion: It is concluded that the practice of wearing masks may be influenced by individual perceptions of risk and interpretations of responsibility and solidarity towards others.

Introducción: En el Perú, se logró una alta proporción de personas completamente inmunizados contra COVID-19 que ha mitigado la severidad de la enfermedad. Es así que, bajo la recomendación de expertos el gobierno peruano emitió el Decreto Supremo 118-2022-PCM, donde se indicó que el uso de la mascarilla es opcional en espacios abiertos y espacios cerrados ventilados a partir del 1 de octubre del 2022. Objetivo: El presente estudio fue conocer las razones por las cuales las personas continuaron usando mascarilla a pesar de que no era obligatorio en ambientes exteriores. Metodología: Participaron un total de 335 personas con un promedio de edad de 26.11 años (73.1% mujeres). Se elaboró una ficha de recolección de datos donde se solicitó información sociodemográfica y de salud; además, se incluyó la pregunta "¿por qué sigue utilizando la mascarilla a pesar de que es opcional en espacios abiertos y cerrados ventilados?" Los datos obtenidos de la última pregunta abierta del instrumento se analizaron mediante un análisis textual discursivo (ATD) y un análisis exploratorio a través de IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que, las personas seguían utilizando mascarillas, a pesar de estar levantadas las restricciones, para evitar contagios de la COVID-19 y de otras enfermedades respiratorias. Además, esta prevención de una posible infección y transmisión del virus es enfocada también a la propia familia y personas vulnerables. Discusión: Se concluye que, la práctica de usar mascarillas puede estar influenciada por las percepciones individuales del riesgo y las interpretaciones de responsabilidad y solidaridad frente a los demás.

Elección de pareja: Implicaciones y complicaciones / Mate Choice: Implications and Complications

Resumen La soledad individualista humana impele a vivir en pareja y a alcanzar complementariedad hombre/mujer, afecto y reci procidad. El periodismo científico de este artículo parafrasea el contenido de su bibliografía al revisar la elección de pareja, su satisfacción y complicaciones e instrucción preventiva de circunstancias que ocasionan ruptura. La falla -desde la elección-, desconoce los mecanismos entre razón e instinto sexual. El problema del amor no es ser amado sino desarrollar tal capacidad, pues lo extingue la inadaptación y monotonía. Se describe el acto elector/elegido y sus razones simultáneas: conscientes (homogeneidad/heterogeneidad del encuentro; emulación del modelo animal; tipo, dinámica vincular y redes sociales; aspectos sociodemográficos; ubicación geográfica y accesibilidad; compartición sexual y expectativas inmediatas/ futuras), e inconscientes (problemática electora, interacción diádica y antecedentes parentales; mecanismos de defensa, intercambio de disociaciones; idealización; reciprocidad negativa, lucha de poder, identificación proyectiva, búsqueda de aprecio por el otro; narcisismo, falso sí mismo, mecanis mos de dilación/evasión de responsabilidad, inseguridad, intrusión y colusión). Una pareja saludable, entiende/atiende la creación y mantenimiento del "nosotros", elimina la lucha de poder y produce conciliación permanente. El acuerdo y comprensión tolerante son indispensables para una relación emocional satisfactoria, estable y duradera.

Abstract Human individualistic loneliness impels us to live as a couple and achieve complementarity between man and woman, af fection, and reciprocity. The science journalism of this article reviews the choice of partner, their satisfaction and complications, and preventive instruction of circumstances that cause rupture. The failure from the election ignores the mechanisms between reason and sexual instinct. The problem of love is not to be loved but to develop such a capacity, for it is extinguished by maladjustment and monotony. The voting/elected act and its simultaneous reasons are described: Conscious (homogeneity/heterogeneity of the encounter; emulation of the animal model; type, dynamic link and social networks; Sociodemographic aspects; sexual sharing and immediate/future expectations). Unconscious (electoral problems, dyadic interaction, and parental background; defense mechanisms, exchange of dissociations; idealization; negative reciprocity, power struggle, projective identification, search for appreciation for the other; narcissism, false self, mecha nisms of procrastination/evasion of responsibility, insecurity, intrusion, and collusion). A healthy couple, understands/at tends to the creation and maintenance of the "we", eliminates the power struggle and produces permanent conciliation. Tolerant agreement and understanding are indispensable for a satisfying, stable, and lasting emotional relationship.

Suporte Familiar, Traço/Estado Depressivo e Motivos para Viver em Usuários da Atenção Primária/Secundária / Family Support, Depressive Traits/Conditions and Reasons For Living in Primary/Secondary Care Users / Lo Apoyo Familiar, Rasgos/Condiciones Depresivos y Razones Para Vivir en Usuarios de la Atención Primaria/Secundaria

A depressão pode ser desenvolvida, agravada e/ou prevenida em função de alguns fatores como suporte familiar e motivos para viver, além da possibilidade de ser concebida como traço e estado depressivo. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi testar um modelo teórico preditivo (path analysis) do suporte familiar sobre traço/estado depressivo e sobre os motivos para viver, em uma amostra de 123 participantes, composta por dois grupos: pacientes do CAPS-AD e da ESF e, posteriormente, verificar as diferenças desses aspectos na amostra estudada. Foram aplicados uma ficha sociodemográfica, a Escala Baptista de Depressão - Adulto (EBADEP-A), Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF), Escala de Traço e Estado Depressivo (ETED) e Escala Brasileira de Motivos para Viver (BEMVIVER). O resultado da path analysis indicou que os motivos para viver são explicados pelo estado e traço depressivo e pelo suporte familiar. Os pacientes do CAPS-AD, tinham maiores níveis de sintomatologia depressiva e estado depressivo do que o grupo do ESF. Pacientes do ESF apresentaram médias maiores de suporte familiar e motivos para viver. Conclui-se que investir em estratégias que potencializem os motivos para viver e o suporte familiar podem reduzir os riscos de sintomatologia depressiva.

Depression can be developed, worsened and/or prevented depending on some factors such as: family support and reasons for living, in addition to the possibility of being conceived with a depressive trait and state. The main objective of this research was to test a predictive theoretical model (path analysis) of family support on the depressive trait/state and reasons for living, in a sample of 123 participants, composed of two groups: patients from the Psychosocial Care Center- Alcohol and Drugs (CAPS-AD) and the Family Health Strategy (ESF) and verify the differences of these aspects in the studied sample. A sociodemographic form, the Baptista Depression Scale -Adult (EBADEP-A), the Perceived Family Support Inventory (IPSF), Trait and Depressive State Scale (DTS) and the Brazilian Scale of Reasons to Live (BEMVIVER) were applied. The result of the path analysis indicated that the reasons for living are explained by the depressive state and trait and family support. CAPS-AD patients had higher levels of depressive symptoms and depressive state than the ESF group. ESF patients presented higher means of family support and reasons to live. It is concluded that investing in strategies that enhance the reasons to live and family support can reduce the risks of depressive symptoms.

La Depresión puede desarrollarse, agravarse y prevenirse dependiendo de factores como: apoyo familiar y razones para vivir, además puede de ser concebido con un rasgo y estado depresivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue probar un modelo teórico predictivo del apoyo familiar sobre el rasgo/estado depresivo y las razones de vivir y verificar las diferencias de esos aspectos en la muestra estudiada, de 123 participantes compuesta por dos grupos: pacientes del Centro de Atención Psicosocial - Alcohol y Drogas (CAPS-AD) y la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ESF). Se aplicó un formulario sociodemográfico, Escala de Depresión de Baptista - Adulto (EBADEP-A), Inventario de Apoyo Familiar Percibido (IPSF), Escala de Rasgo y Estado Depresivo (DTS), Escala Brasileña de Razones para Vivir (BEMVIVER). El resultado del análisis indicó que las razones para vivir a ser explicadas por el estado y rasgo depresivo y por el apoyo familiar. Los pacientes CAPS-AD tenían niveles más altos de síntomas y estado depresivo que el grupo ESF. Los pacientes ESF presentaron mayores medios de apoyo familiar y razones para vivir. Se concluye que invertir en estrategias que potencien estas razones y apoyo familiar puede en la reducción de los riesgos de síntomas depresivos.

Estilos parentais e vinculação aos pares fazem a diferença nos motivos do consumo de álcool em jovens universitários? / ¿Los estilos parentales y el apego a los compañeros marcan la diferencia en los motivos de consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios? / Do Parenting Styles and Peer Attachment Make a Difference in the Reasons for Alcohol Consumption in University Students?

A literatura suporta a importância da relação entre os jovens e as figuras parentais para um desenvolvimen-to adaptativo, nomeadamente capacidades pró-sociais e menor envolvimento em comportamentos de risco. A qualidade das relações com os pares pode também desempenhar um papel protetor no que respeita ao consumo de álcool. O objetivo deste estudo foca-se na análise do efeito dos estilos parentais e da vinculação aos pares nos motivos de consumo de álcool. Participaram 1.044 estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 25 anos (m= 19.78; dp= 1.68). De forma a recolher os dados recorreu-se a um questionário sociodemográfico, ao Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire: Short Version (psdq), ao Inventory of Peer and Parental Attachment (ippa-peer), ao Drinking Motives Questionnaire ­ Revised (dmq-r) e ao Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (audit). Os resultados apontam para um efeito preditor positivo dos estilos parentais autoritários e permissivos e da alienação aos pares face aos motivos de consumo de álcool e um efeito preditor negativo do estilo parental democrático e de uma vinculação aos pares pautada por comunicação e confiança. As mulheres apresentam maior qualidade relacional com os pares comparativa-mente com os jovens do sexo masculino. Os rapazes apre-sentam uma maior diversidade de motivos de consumo de álcool. Os resultados são discutidos considerando a relevância dos estilos parentais e qualidade das relações com os pares no desenvolvimento pessoal e as motivações dos jovens adultos, em contexto universitário, para a assunção de comportamentos de risco.

La literatura apoya la importancia de la relación entre los jóvenes y las figuras parentales para un desarrollo adaptativo, es decir, habilidades prosociales y menor involucramiento en conductas de riesgo. La calidad de las relaciones con los compañeros también puede desempeñar un papel protector con respecto al consumo de alcohol. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el efecto de los estilos de crianza y el apego entre pares, sobre las razones para el consumo de alcohol. Participaron 1.044 estudiantes universitarios de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 25 años (m= 19.78; ds= 1.68). Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire: Short Version (psdq), el Inventory of Peer and Parental Attachment (ippa-peer), el Drinking Motives Questionnaire ­ Revised (dmq-r) y el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (audit). Los resultados indican un efecto predictivo positivo de los estilos parentales autoritarios, permisivos y de alienación de los pares ante los motivos del consumo de alcohol, y un efecto predictivo negativo del estilo paren-tal democrático y de apego a los pares basado en la comunicación y la confianza. Las mujeres tienen más calidad relacional con sus compañeros que los hombres jóvenes. Los hombres tienen una mayor diversidad de motivos para el consumo de alcohol. Los resultados se discuten considerando la relevancia de los estilos de crianza y la calidad de las relaciones con los pares en el desarrollo personal, y las motivaciones de los jóvenes en un contexto universitario para asumir con-ductas de riesgo.

The importance of the relationship between young people and their parental figures for adaptative de-velopment has been supported by literature, namely prosocial capacities and less involvement in risk beha-viors. The quality of peer relationships may also play a protective role regarding alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of parenting styles and peer attachment on the reasons for alcohol consumption. Participants were 1.044 university stu-dents of both sexes, between 18 and 25 years of age (m = 19.78; sd = 1.68). For data collection, a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire: Short Version (psdq), the Inventory of Peer and Parental Attachment (ippa-peer), the Drinking Motives Questionnaire ­ Revised (dmq-r), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (audit) were used. The results reveal a positive predictive effect of negative parenting styles (authoritarian and permissive) and alienation with peers on the reasons for alcohol consumption and a negative predictive impact on democratic parenting style and peer attachment ba-sed on communication and trust. Women have a better relational quality with their peers compared to males. Men have a greater diversity of reasons for consuming alcohol. Results are discussed considering the relevance of parenting styles, the quality of peer relationships in personal development, and the motivations of young adults, in a university context, for risk-taking behavior.

Clinical and demographic profile of patients less than 40 years of age presenting to glaucoma services at a tertiary care eye hospital in South India

Purpose: To study the clinical and demographic profile of patients less than 40 years of age presenting to glaucoma services including the reasons for referral. Methods: Patients in the age group of 5 to 39 years, visiting the glaucoma clinic, who were either suspected to have glaucoma or who had been newly/previously diagnosed with glaucoma were included in the study. After informed written consent, basic demographic details of the participants including age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and family history were obtained. A comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation was performed by glaucoma specialists. Results: The proportion of glaucoma in the study population (n = 384) was found to be 31.25%, and the incidence of glaucoma among new patients was found to be 11.9%. Among all glaucomas (n = 120), 44.2% of patients had secondary glaucomas, 27.5% had primary glaucomas, and 28.3% had congenital glaucomas. Also, 67.3% of all glaucoma patients were males. Newly diagnosed glaucoma patients presented with a mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of 32.9 mmHg and mild–moderate disc damage with a mean cup?disc ratio of 0.65. Nearly one?third of them had a presenting visual acuity worse than 5/60. The most common reason for referral was raised IOP. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the odds of developing glaucoma were less in females (P = 0.04) and in patients with a higher standard of living index (P < 0.001). Conclusion: One?third of the patients had glaucoma and another one?third were suspects. Secondary glaucomas are more common than primary/congenital glaucomas. A comprehensive eye evaluation is a must, especially in those with predisposing factors.

TO STUDY ASSOCIATION OF POST-MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS AND CLINICO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Age at menopause influences the severity of post-menopausal symptoms to determine the symptoms and clinicodemographic links in post menopauseal women in a representative population from eastern Uttar Pradesh. All postmenopausal women presenting with symptoms in the Gynaecological Emergency Department for a period of one year were enrolled. Age and clinicodemographic details, symptoms severity, and reasons for delay in seeking treatment were noted. The data was analysed using Chi-square test. Overall 990/17,927 (5.52%) women visiting the gynaecological OPD presented with post-menopausal complaints. Among menopausal women, the mean age ranged from 40 to 60 years old with a mean age of 46.6012.48 years. Majority were para 3-4 (52.5%), age at menarche were >13 years (58.3%), uneducated (58.8 %) , lower/upper lower SES (57.5%), married (77.3%) and had BMI<18.5kg/m2 (62.1%). Tobacco/smoking addiction was reported in 55 (5.6%) women. A total of 145 (14.6%) were working women. Severity of symptoms was mild, moderate and severe in 57.2%, 28.3% and 14.5% cases. Majority had onset of symptoms for 4- 5 years (56.4%) after menopause. Joint pains and Backache/body ache were the most common presenting complaints (81.8%). A significant association of age at presentation was seen with parity, age at menarche, BMI category and occupational status. Severity of symptoms showed a significant association with age at presentation, parity, age at menarche, BMI category, occupational status and tobacco/smoking use. Most common reasons for delayed treatment were financial problems (22.2%), family problems (18.2%) and commonness of problem (12.6%). Only 2.1% women were aware about HRT. Among the relatively less informed members of our study population, low socioeconomic status, underweight, and menopause age were all influenced by clinicodemographic factors.

Sofrimento de meninas adolescentes na série 13 Reasons Why: um estudo psicanalítico / Sufrimiento de las adolescentes en por Trece Razones: un estudio psicoanalítico / Suffering among adolescent girls in 13 Reasons Why: a psychoanalytic study

Objetiva-se investigar o sofrimento de meninas adolescentes na perspectiva da psicologia psicanalítica concreta, referencial que se define pelo uso do método psicanalítico e de teorizações de tipo relacional. Justifica-se na medida em que há indícios de que a adolescência feminina corresponde a uma fase potencialmente vulnerável ao sexismo e à violência, que geram efeitos traumáticos. Organiza-se metodologicamente por meio do estudo psicanalítico da série televisiva 13 reasons why, que tematiza manifestamente a questão. Exposições ao material, em estado de atenção flutuante e associação livre de ideias, permitiram a interpretação de dois campos de sentido afetivo-emocional: "Vadias ou certinhas" e "Sem aprovação não sou ninguém". O quadro geral revela imaginários conservadores e opressores que, ao incitarem a submissão feminina, atacam a tendência humana básica de posicionar-se de modo espontâneo diante da própria existência, determinando efeitos nocivos sobre a subjetividade da menina adolescente.

This study's objective was to investigate suffering among adolescent girls from the concrete psychoanalytic psychology perspective, a theoretical framework that adopts the psychoanalytic method and theorizations from a relational perspective. It is a relevant endeavor considering evidence that adolescence among girls is a phase potentially vulnerable to sexism and violence, which may cause traumatic effects. It is methodologically organized in a psychoanalytic study of the television series 13 reasons why, which manifestly addresses this research topic. The material was addressed in a freefloating-attention state, from which two affective-emotional meaning fields emerged: "sluts or prudes" and "I am a nobody without approval". In general, the plot reveals conservative and oppressive imaginaries, inciting female submission, attacking the basic human tendency to spontaneously express toward life, harmfully affecting the subjectivity of adolescent girls

El objetivo es investigar el sufrimiento de las adolescentes desde la perspectiva de la psicología psicoanalítica concreta, referencia que se define por el uso del método psicoanalítico y teorizaciones de tipo relacionales. Hay indicios de que la adolescencia femenina corresponde a una fase potencialmente vulnerable al sexismo y violencia, que pueden generar efectos traumáticos. Se organiza metodológicamente mediante el estudio psicoanalítico de la serie televisiva Por trece razones, que aborda claramente el tema. Las exposiciones al material, en estado de atención fluctuante y libre asociación de ideas, permitieron la interpretación de dos campos del sentido afectivo-emocional: "Perras o comportadas" y "Sin aprobación no soy nadie". El panorama general revela imaginarios conservadores y opresivos que, al incitar a la sumisión femenina, atacan la tendencia humana básica a posicionarse espontáneamente antes de su propia existencia, determinando los efectos nocivos en la subjetividad de la adolescente.

Towards Precision Health in Weight Reduction: Thematic Content Analysis of an Open-Ended Survey on Reasons Why Morbidly Obese Patients Want to Lose Weight

@#Introduction: Addressing motivation to lose weight among morbidly obese patients increases successful weight management outcomes. We aimed to understand the motivations and reasons why morbidly obese patients attending hospital-based weight management programmes wanted to lose weight. Methods: A qualitative thematic content analysis was used to analyse responses from a self-administered open-ended question, “What is the main factor why you want to lose your weight?”. A total of 225 new patients attending obesity clinics program run by endocrinologists, dietitians and occupational therapists in two tertiary hospitals in Klang Valley responded to the questionnaire. Results: Patients’ mean BMI was 45.6±8.05 kg/m2 . Four themes emerged and they are health, function, appearance and perceived stigma. Health, the most commonly inferred theme (84%), highlighted concerns over obesity complications and concomitant morbidities, which include infertility, impact on surgical procedures as well as general physical and psychological well-being. Patients regard being functional to care for themselves, family members, religious and career needs as the next most crucial theme (25.8%). They relate to the theme appearance (12.9%) by wanting to look and feel beautiful. The theme perceived stigmatization recount the time when they were mocked and laughed at for their appearance (3.1%). Conclusion: Patients with morbid obesity in this study had expressed their main personal motivational reasons to lose weight. Identifying and addressing these unique personal motivations in a focused approach is vital for health care professionals to manage the complexity of the health, social and psychological needs among patients with morbid obesity.

Analysis of adverse drug reactions and reasons for drug discontinuation during acitretin therapy in 171 patients with psoriasis vulgaris / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To analyze adverse drug reactions (ADR) and reasons for drug discontinuation during acitretin therapy in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.Methods:A total of 292 patients with psoriasis vulgaris treated with acitretin were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from 2014 to 2019. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 193 patients who received periodic follow-up were included in this study, clinical data were collected from these patients and retrospectively analyzed. ADRs occurring during the acitretin treatment and reasons for drug discontinuation were analyzed.Results:Totally, 519 cases of ADRs occurred in 171 of the 193 patients, with the incidence rate being 88.6%. Of these cases, 174 (33.5%) involved the epithelial tissues, 126 (24.3%) the endocrine system, 1 (0.2%) the reproductive system, 29 (5.6%) the motor system, 77 (14.8%) the circulatory system, 3 (0.6%) the nervous system, 71 (13.7%) the digestive system, and 38 (7.3%) involved the urinary system. Relatively common ADRs included dryness of skin and mucous membranes, as well as musculoskeletal pain, and common biochemical changes included dyslipidemia, elevated platelets, and abnormal aminotransferase levels. Most ADRs (81.6%) were reported within 1 month after the start of acitretin therapy. Rare ADRs included alopecia, tinnitus, paronychia, myasthenia, sensory abnormalities, headache, menstrual disorders and hyperbilirubinemia, which were mainly (70.6%) reported within 1 to 6 months after the start of therapy. Of the 519 cases of ADRs, 324 could be alleviated or subsided without drug intervention, 195 were alleviated or subsided after drug withdrawal and/or drug intervention, and there were no cases of serious illness or death. Among the 193 patients, 186 had discontinued acitretin therapy, of whom 116 (62.4%) discontinued due to improvement in disease condition, 35 (18.8%) discontinued due to ADR-induced poor medication compliance, 27 (14.5%) discontinued under the guidance of clinicians due to ADRs, and 8 (4.3%) discontinued due to poor disease control.Conclusion:The incidence of adverse reactions to acitretin is high in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris, but most of them have a good prognosis.

Psychosocial consequences and reasons for illicit drug use among police officers in a northern Nigerian city: A mixed-method study

Harmful use of drugs is one of the principal risk factors affecting population health worldwide. Chronic use has been linked to medical, psychological and socioeconomic consequences. This study assessed the psychosocial consequences and reasons for illicit drug use among police officers in Kano, Nigeria. Using a mixed method of data collection, quantitative data was obtained from a cross-section of 275 officers using the Shortened Inventory of Problems-Drug Use (SIP­DU) and a pretested adapted questionnaire. In-depth interviews with 10 officers who used illicit drugs provided additional information. Almost half of the respondents (46.5%, n=128) were in their fourth decade of life with a mean age (±SD) of 35.1 ± 7.7 years. Over a quarter of the respondents (n=75) reported ever using illicit drugs, out of which 14.9% (n=41) were current users. Among the current drug users, 80.5% (n=33) attested to having money problems, 61.0% (n=25) agreed that they had spent too much money, and 56.1% (n=23) failed to do what was expected of them as a result of drug use and have hurt their family. Helping to stay awake and improving confidence were the major reasons (100%, n=41) for drug use mentioned by the respondents. The Nigerian Police Force should look into easing shifts and introducing stress-relieving activities. There is also the need to strengthen substance education and counselling and support officers with confidence issues, sleep disorders, and treat those with mood disorders.

Reasons for delay in accessing free treatment of obstetric fistula in South-East Nigeria ­ A qualitative study

Obstetric fistula continues to be a menace in Nigeria and other low- and middle-income countries. The national policy for its elimination makes surgical repair free in dedicated national centres. However, the majority of the clients present late for repair. The aim of the study was to explore the reasons for this delay in seeking treatment. It was a qualitative (exploratory) study carried out at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre (NOFIC), Abakaliki, Nigeria among obstetric fistula patients who presented for treatment with a duration of leakage of over six months. A consecutive sampling technique was used for patient recruitment. Data was collected from twenty patients using in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis of the responses and recurring patterns was done, with themes illustrated using the word cloud. The mean age of the participants was 37.1 years (range = 21-75 years) while the mean duration of leakage was 64.3 months (range = 8-564 months). Reasons for delay in accessing treatment of obstetric fistula were lack of awareness of the availability of free treatment in a specialized centre, delay in referral from index health care facilities, wrong information from health care workers, failed repairs at other health facilities, secondary delay due to transportation challenges, cultural beliefs and other issues peculiar to the patients. The commonest reason for the delay in accessing treatment for obstetric fistula is a lack of awareness on the part of patients, the public, and health workers. We recommend improved campaigns, advocacy, and community mobilization.

Motivos de la inactividad física infantil: Una visión de niños, padres y entrenadores / Reasons for Child Physical Inactivity: A View from Children, Parents, and Coaches

Resumen La realización de actividad física desde la infancia y a lo largo de la vida adulta, permite que se mantenga un perfil de riesgo bajo respecto a numerosos padecimientos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las dificultades que generan la inactividad física en niños, para lo cual se contó con una muestra de 2,621 niños y niñas de 13 ciudades del país, 3,754 padres de estos niños, y 134 entrenadores de diferentes escuelas presentes en la República Mexicana. Para obtener la información de esta población, se utilizó un cuestionario de 17 preguntas abiertas y cerradas, el cual fue una adaptación del instrumento: State of Play: Youth Sports Survey (The Aspen Institute, 2018), mientras que a los padres y madres de familia se les preguntó cuáles consideraban que podrían ser las principales dificultades que enfrentaban para fomentar la actividad física y/o deportiva en sus hijos e hijas, finalmente a sus entrenadores se les preguntaron las razones principales por la que los niños no practican deportes o actividad física. Los resultados mostraron que, en la muestra general de niños, el aspecto principal que genera su inactividad física se relaciona con el cumplimiento de responsabilidades; los padres mencionaron como causa principal la falta de tiempo, y los entrenadores el mal uso de la tecnología.

Abstract Physical activity from childhood and throughout adult life allows a low-risk profile to be maintained compared to many conditions. This study aimed to identify the difficulties that lead to physical inactivity in children. For the study, there was a sample of 2,621 children from 13 cities in the country, 3,754 parents of these children, and 134 coaches from different schools in the Mexican Republic. A questionnaire of 17 open and closed questions was used to obtain children's information; the questionnaire was an adaptation of the instrument State of Play: Youth Sports Survey (The Aspen Institute, s.f.). Parents were asked what they felt might be the main challenges they had in fostering physical and/or sporting activity in their children. Finally, coaches were asked the main reasons why children do not play sports or physical activity. In the general sample of children, the results showed that the main aspect of their physical inactivity relates to responsibilities; parents mentioned, as the main cause, the lack of time, and coaches reported misused the technology.

Resumo A realização de atividade física desde a infância e ao longo da vida adulta, permite que seja mantido um perfil de baixo risco em relação a muitas doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as dificuldades que a inatividade física gera nas crianças, para a qual houve uma amostra de 2.621 crianças de 13 cidades do país, 3.754 eram os pais dessas crianças, e 134 eram treinadores de diferentes escolas presentes na República Mexicana. Para a obtenção das informações das crianças, foi utilizado um questionário com 17 questões abertas e fechadas, que foi uma adaptação do instrumento: Estado do jogo: Youth Sports Survey (The Aspen Institute, sd), enquanto os pais eram questionados sobre o que eles consideravam ser as principais dificuldades que enfrentavam para promover a atividade física e/ou esportiva entre seus filhos, e finalmente, os treinadores foram questionados sobre os principais motivos pelos quais as crianças não participam de esportes ou atividade física. Os resultados mostraram que, na amostra geral de crianças, o principal aspecto que gera sua inatividade física está relacionado ao cumprimento de responsabilidades; os pais citaram a falta de tempo como a principal causa e o uso indevido da tecnologia pelos treinadores.

Efectos adversos y motivos de retiro de implante subdérmico Jadelle® en usuarias de Policlínica de salud Sexual y Reproductiva del Hospital de Clínicas en período junio 2015- diciembre 2017 / Adverse effects and reasons of remove of subdermico implant Jadelle® in users of Sexual and Reproductive Health Clinics of Hospital de Clinicas in period june 2015-december 2017

INTRODUCCIÓN: La anticoncepción hormonal, a través de implantes subdérmicos, es uno de los métodos anticonceptivos reversibles de larga duración más eficaces en la actualidad que está disponible en nuestro país en forma gratuita en el sistema público. OBJETIVO: Reconocer los efectos adversos y los motivos de retiro del Implante Jadelle® en usuarias del Hospital de Clínicas, así como evaluar la información recibida por las usuarias al momento de la colocación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 160 pacientes participaron en el estudio a través de una encuesta previo consentimiento informado. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva en números absolutos y porcentuales. Resultados: Previo al uso, recibieron información sobre los probables efectos adversos del método el 83% de ellas, y acerca de la efectividad del método el 89 %. En cuanto a efectos adversos los presentaron el 80,6% de las usuarias, siendo la irregularidad de la menstruación la causa más frecuente constituyendo un 61%. CONCLUSIONES: Es alta la frecuencia de pacientes que presentan efectos adversos y que solicitan retiro del implante antes del tiempo a causa de ello, 35% de las usuarias, siendo el principal motivo la irregularidad menstrual en un 43% de los casos. Es recomendable realizar un correcto asesoramiento previo a la colocación e incentivar a las pacientes a concurrir a los controles médicos, luego de la colocación, para brindar asesoramiento y tratamiento si se presentara algún efecto adverso, con el fin de obtener una mejor continuidad de uso del método.

INTRODUCTION: Hormonal contraception, through subdermal implants, is one of the most effective long active reversal contraceptive methods currently available in our country for free in the public system. OBJETIVE: Recognize the adverse effects and the reasons for its withdrawal in users of the Hospital de Clínicas as well as to evaluate the information received by the users at the time of placement. METHODOLOGY: A total of 160 patients participated in the work with prior informed consent through a survey. Descriptive statistics were used in absolute and percentage numbers. They received information on the probable adverse effects of the 83% pre-use method, about the effectiveness of the 89% method. RESULTS: Regarding adverse effects, they were present in 80.6% of the users; the being irregularity of menstruation is the most frequent, constituting 61%. Concluding that the frequency of patients presenting with adverse effects and requesting removal of the implant before the time is high because of it, 35% of the users who requested removal menstrual irregularities were the main reason for 43% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: It is advisable to make a correct advice prior to placement and encourage patients to attend medical controls, after placement, to provide advice and treatment if any adverse effect occurs, in order to give better use in terms of method time.

Desarrollo y validación de la Escala de Evaluación Cognitiva de la Infidelidad (ECI) para muestras colombianas / Development and validation of the Cognitive Infidelity Assessment Scale for Colombian samples

Resumen Objetivo: El presente estudio de tipo instrumental tuvo como objetivo diseñar y validar una escala cuya finalidad es evaluar la percepción de las personas frente a las cuatro dimensiones de la infidelidad-sexual, emocional, cognitiva y virtual-, a través de dos subdimensiones de la cognición -motivos y consecuencias- Método: Para ello se realizó una tabla de especificaciones y se construyeron los ítems, los cuales fueron sometidos a validación por jueces. Se realizó el ajuste a la escala y esta fue aplicada a una muestra voluntaria de 301 participantes con edades entre los 18 y 70 años ( = 29.84; DE = 14.07), y que además contaran con habilidades cognitivas básicas de comprensión lectora. Resultados: Tras realizar el análisis factorial exploratorio, se encontraron siete factores que explican el 48,64 % de la varianza total acumulada, y el índice de extracción permitió la conservación de todos los ítems, modelo factorial confirmado, con adecuados niveles de bondad de ajuste (CFI = .910; RMSEA = .049). Además de ello, con el Alfa de Cronbach general de .84 se evidenció una alta confiabilidad de la escala y con un coeficiente de dos mitades de Guttman de .87 se encontró una fuerte relación entre dos mitades. Conclusión: la Escala de Evaluación Cognitiva de Infidelidad es un instrumento pionero que permite evaluar con criterios de validez y confiabilidad el fenómeno de la infidelidad.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this instrumental study was to design and validate a scale that assesses people's perception regarding the four infidelity dimensions-sexual, emotional, cognitive, and virtual- through two cognition sub-dimensions: reasons and consequences. Method: To do this, a specifications table was made, and the items were built, which were subjected to judges' validation. The scale was adjusted and implemented for a voluntary sample of 301 participants, aged 18-70 ( = 29.84, DE = 14.07), who had basic reading comprehension cognitive skills. Results: After the exploratory factor analysis, seven factors were found that explained 48.64% of the total cumulative variance, and the extraction rate allowed all items to remain and confirmed factorial model, with adequate goodness of fit levels of adjustment (CFI = 0.910, RMSEA = 0.049). In addition, the general Cronbach Alpha of 0.84 showed a high reliability of the scale, and with a coefficient of two Guttman halves of .87, a strong relationship was found between the two halves. Conclusion: The Cognitive Infidelity Assessment Scale is a pioneering tool that allows the evaluation of the infidelity phenomenon with valid and reliable criteria.

Motivos y hábitos que inciden sobre la práctica de actividad física en estudiantes de secundaria / Motivos e hábitos que incidem sobre a prática da atividade física nos estudantes de secundária / Reasons and habits that affect the practice of physical activity in high school students

Resumen La práctica de actividad física presume de numerosos beneficios en virtud de la forma en que se lleve a cabo, además de los propósitos que se desean alcanzar, a partir de los objetivos conocer y analizar, los motivos y hábitos con respecto a la práctica de actividad física en estudiantes de tercer grado de nivel secundario de una escuela de ciudad Obregón, Sonora. El diseño de la presente investigación es mixto. Se utilizó un muestreo por conveniencia que estuvo conformado por 96 estudiantes del tercer grado de secundaria; todos con 14 años de edad. Se utilizó el cuestionario "Yesterday Activity Cheklist", adaptado para jóvenes de 10 a 16 años, así como la revisión documental y la observación. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se tiene que la frecuencia con la que las niñas realizan actividad física es menor al ser comparada con los niños, lo que resulta bajo en ambos casos. El motivo determinante por el que practican actividad física es porque les gusta y se divierten; un dato alarmante es que parte de la población no practica actividad física por falta de tiempo y el mayor porcentaje predomina en los niños. A partir de todos estos resultados, se pretende que docentes y padres de familia promuevan la actividad física con sus alumnos e hijos para favorecer la calidad de vida de estos.

Resumo A prática da atividade física pressupõe inúmeros benefícios em virtude da forma como é praticada, para além dos propósitos que se pretendem atingir, com base nos objectivos de conhecer e analisar, os motivos e hábitos relativos à prática da atividade física nos alunos do 3º ano de uma escola da cidade de Obregon, Sonora. A concepção do presente inquérito é mista. Foi utilizada uma amostragem de conveniência, que foi conformada por 96 alunos do terceiro ano do ensino secundário; todos com 14 anos de idade. Foi utilizado o questionário "Yesterday Activity Cheklist", adaptado para jovens dos 10 aos 16 anos de idade, bem como a revisão e observação documental. Entre os resultados obtidos, a frequência com que as raparigas realizam atividade física é menor quando comparada com a dos rapazes, o que é baixo em ambos os casos. A razão determinante para praticarem atividade física é porque gostam dela e se divertem; um facto preocupante é que parte da população não pratica atividade física devido à falta de tempo e a maior percentagem predomina nos rapazes. Com base em todos estes resultados, espera-se que os professores e os pais promovam a atividade física com os seus alunos e filhos para melhorar a sua qualidade de vida.

Abstract The practice of physical activity presumes numerous benefits by virtue of the way in which it is carried out, in addition to the purposes that are desired to achieve, based on the objectives to know and analyze, the reasons and habits with respect to the practice of physical activity in third grade students of a school in Obregon City, Sonora Mexico. The design of this research is mixed. A convenience sampling was used, which was conformed by 96 students of the third grade of high school; all of them with 14 years of age. The questionnaire "Yesterday Activity Cheklist" was used, adapted for young people from 10 to 16 years old, as well as documentary review and observation. Among the results obtained, the frequency with which girls perform physical activity is lower when compared to boys, which is low in both cases. The determining reason why they practice physical activity is because they like it and have fun, and an alarming fact is that part of the population does not practice physical activity due to lack of time and the greater percentage predominates in boys. Based on all these results, the aim is for teachers and parents to promote physical activity with their students and children in order to improve their quality of life.

Evaluation of reasons for participation refusal among pregnant women in a perinatal outcome research

Background: The number of protocol-eligible patients, refusing to participate in a biomedical research is often not mentioned in the results of the studies. There are no studies that have looked at the data on willingness to participate in a research among pregnant women in India. The aim of this study is to report the number of pregnant women who refused to participate and to evaluate the reasons for not participating in a research that was concerned with swabbing of the genital tract for culture.Methods: A prospective research study was done among healthy pregnant women, that required collection of vaginal swabs for culture to study the vaginal flora. The women eligible to participate in the study were approached for their willingness to participate in the study. The details of women who refused to participate in the study and the various self-reported reasons for their refusal were documented and analysed.Results: A total 48.2% of the total protocol-eligible group refused to participate in the study and the refusal rate was alarmingly higher than expected. Some of the common responses for their refusal include reasons such as the study involved tests from their private parts, lack of interest to participate and the need to discuss with their partner or that their partner wound not allow them to participate in research.Conclusions: It is important for research studies to include data on the refusal to participate and also the reasons why people refuse to participate in research so as to formulate strategies to improve the acceptance rate for participation in research.

ABC’s of Publishing a Scientific Paper in a Journal for the Novice Researchers

Writing a scientific paper, choosing a journal, submitting/uploading the paper in the journal website, the peer review process, revising the paper based on the reviewer's comments, and galley proofreading after the acceptance of the paper are the essential components of publishing a paper. Publishing is the ultimate goal of all researchers. Writing a scientific paper requires an extensive literature search, collection of reference articles, acquisition of data of research work, analysis of data and discussing the results comparing with other findings published in similar papers. The final version of the paper should be read by all authors and approved before the submission of the manuscript. One has to select the journal and edit the paper as per the author's instructions of that journal before submission. The article will be reviewed by two experts in that field and they will send their comments about the contents of the paper. The comments should be answered point by point, and the revised paper should be sent again to the editor. If required one has to be prepared to do more than one revision of the paper. If the paper is rejected, one should not be disappointed. You can further improve the quality of the paperby including the answers for the deficiencies and send the revised paper to another suitable journal. Finally, when it is accepted, the galley proof of the article should be read carefully and send the corrected proof to the editor in-time. The 'pdf' copyof the published paper should be kept for sending a copy to the people who request a reprint of your article.

Awareness of post partum intra uterine contraceptive device and reasons for its low acceptance in an urban Indian population

Background: The safety and efficacy of the Post-Partum Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device (PPIUCD) has been documented worldwide. With increasing institutional deliveries and greater sensitization, the aim is to increase PPIUCD insertions. Many areas still report poor acceptance.  Objectives of this study to determine the proportion of antenatal women willing to accept PPIUCD insertion and the reasons behind refusal to accept this method.Methods: A prospective questionnaire study was done between January 2019 to June 2019 of 200 women. Inclusion criteria were antenatal women in the 2nd/3rd trimester. Exclusion criteria were those opting for a permanent method of contraception and those with a contra-indication.Results: Eighty-four women (42%) had never used any method of contraception. Earlier Intrauterine device (IUD) use (including both interval and PPIUCD) was in only 18.9% of all contraceptive users. Only 2 women in the group had ever used PPIUCD. 79% of women were aware of IUDs. Those unaware were mainly nulliparous. Amongst those aware of an IUD, 88 (56%) were aware it could be inserted postpartum. Only 18% were aware it could be inserted intra-cesarean. All women who participated were offered the option for a PPIUCD. Fifty-nine (29.5%) of all women expressed their willingness but on follow up till delivery only 18 of these women got a PPIUCD inserted.  Amongst those not willing for the PPIUCD insertion the commonest reason was general apprehension (39%) followed by partner refusal (33%) and fear of complications (31%). Six women (4.2%) gave history of complications following earlier use and were unwilling for its repeat use. Conclusion: The large unmet need for contraception in India can be solved through repeated counselling and discussions with the woman during her antenatal visits. Alleviating apprehension and addressing concerns of the couple will increase PPIUCD acceptance.

Reasons for Third Molars Extraction by Different Health Care Providers

Background: Third molars extraction is one of the most common surgical procedures in daily dental practice.However, the reasons for extraction varies in the literature. Objectives: The primary objective of this study wasto investigate the reasons for the extraction of third molars. The secondary objectives were to evaluate if patientand dentist- related factors affect the reasons for extraction. Methodology: A questionnaire was completed byhealth care providers in four dental centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 195 patients (118 females and 77males), who had their third molars extracted (n=227) were included in this study. Statistical analysis wasperformed using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Caries (42.3%) and prophylaxis (39.2%) were the most commonreasons for the extraction of third molars. Extraction for prophylactic reasons was significantly higher amongfemale patients and patients younger than 40 years old (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, thedecision to extract for prophylactic reasons was significantly higher among specialists or consultants ascompared to students, interns or residents (74.0% vs. 26.0%; p<0.001). No difference was found betweenmaxillary and mandibular third molars extraction. Conclusion: This study identified caries and prophylaxis asthe most common causes of third molars extraction. It was also found that patients' age, gender, as well as dentists'qualification were factors influencing the reasons for extraction.

Compromiso, Autorregulación e Intimidad en Parejas en Cohabitación: un Estudio Exploratorio en Bogotá, Colombia / Commitment, Self-regulation, and Intimacy in Cohabiting Couples: An Exploratory Study in Bogotá, Colombia / Compromisso, Autorregulação e Intimidade em Casais em Coabitação: Um Estudo Exploratório em Bogotá, Colômbia

Resumen Este estudio exploratorio examinó los efectos de razones para cohabitar, residencia antes de cohabitar, y duración de la relación en la autorregulación relacional, compromiso, e intimidad en uniones consensuales en Bogotá, Colombia. Una muestra autoseleccionada de 60 individuos (26 hombres y 34 mujeres) respondieron a cuestionarios de autorreporte en línea. Los resultados del MANOVA indicaron efectos de tres interacciones significativas (sexo*razones; sexo*residencia; residencia*razones) sobre la autorregulación. La duración de la relación tuvo un efecto significativo en el compromiso de tipo restricciones. Se presentan las implicaciones de estos resultados tanto para la investigación sobre cohabitación, como para las intervenciones clínicas para parejas que cohabitan.

Abstract This exploratory study examined the effects of reasons to cohabitate, residence prior to cohabitation, and relationship length on relational self-regulation, commitment, and intimacy in cohabitating unions in Bogotá, Colombia. A self-selected sample of 60 individuals (26 men and 34 women) answered online self-report questionnaires. MANOVA results showed effects of three significant interactions (Sex*Reasons; Sex*Residence; Residence*Reasons) on self-regulation. Relationship length had a significant effect on commitment, of the restrictions type. The article discusses the implications of these results for both research on cohabitation and clinical interventions for cohabiting couples.

Resumo Este estudo exploratório examinou os efeitos de razões para coabitar, residência antes de coabitar e duração da relação na autorregulação relacional, compromisso e intimidade em uniões estáveis em Bogotá, Colômbia. Uma amostra autossele-cionada de 60 indivíduos (26 homens e 34 mulheres) responderam a questionários de autorrelato on-line. Os resultados do MANOVA indicaram efeitos de três interações significativas (Sexo*Razões; Sexo*Residência; Residência*Razões) sobre a autorregulação. A duração da relação teve um efeito significativo no compromisso de tipo restrições. São apresentadas as implicações desses resultados tanto para a pesquisa sobre coabitação quanto para as intervenções clínicas para casais que coabitam.