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Objective:To explore an assay that can concisely, rapidly, and accurately quantify the amount of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells in the bone marrow or peripheral blood of patients after CAR-T cell immunotherapy by morphological analysis and flow cytometry assay, providing timely and accurate feedback for clinical treatment.Methods:We analyzed the CAR-T cell detection results in peripheral blood and bone marrow of 256 patients who received CAR-T cell immunotherapy in the Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from August 2016 to August 2021. All 256 patients survived more than one month after CAR-T cell infusion. Among them, there were 118 patients with multiple myeloma, 68 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 70 patients with lymphoma. The morphological characteristics, positive rate and detection rate of CAR-T cell in peripheral blood and bone marrow were analyzed by morphological methods. The positive rate and detection rate of CAR-T in peripheral blood and bone marrow were analyzed by flow cytometry protein L detection. χ 2 test was used to comprehensively analyze the difference between the detection rate of the combined analysis of the two methods and the detection rate of the single method. Results:CAR-T cells have significant morphological characteristics, and there are obvious morphological differences from normal lymphocytes. The detection rates of CAR-T cells in peripheral blood or bone marrow by morphological methods and flow cytometry were 88.28%(226/256) and 79.29% (203/256), respectively. When the two methods were combined, the detection rate of CAR-T cells can reach 99.22%, with statistically significant difference comparing to that of single method( P<0.05). Through the analysis of the detection results of peripheral blood at different time points, it was found that the average detection rates of morphology and flow cytometry in 118 patients with multiple myeloma were 9.50% and 10.23% on the 7th day, and 13.50% and 15.19% respectively on the 15th day. On the 21st day, the average detection rates of morphology and flow cytometry were 8.00% and 10.07%, respectively. The average detection rates of morphology and flow cytometry in 68 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were 12.00% and 11.22% on the 7th day, and 21.00% and 23.10% respectively on the 15th day. On the 21st day, the average detection rates of morphology and flow cytometry were 13.50% and 10.91%, respectively. The average detection rates of morphology and flow cytometry in 70 lymphoma patients were 7.50% and 10.35% on the 7th day, and 9.00% and 10.35% respectively on the 15th day. The average detection rates of morphology and flow cytometry at 21 days were 6.50% and 5.69%, respectively. The number of CAR-T cells in samples from patients with different diseases reached a peak around the 15th day. Conclusion:The detection rate of CAR-T cells from peripheral blood or bone marrow was significantly higher with the combination of the 2 methods compared to the single method.
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RESUMEN Introducción: El avance de los dispositivos de ayuda auditiva han ocasionado a su vez el desarrollo de las técnicas electrofisiológicas destinadas al diagnóstico de la sordera. Objetivo: Comparar los umbrales del potencial evocado auditivo de tronco cerebral (PEATC) y del potencial evocado auditivo de estado estable (PEAee) en niños con hipoacusia. Material y método: Estudio observacional descriptivo de una serie de casos de pacientes de 0 a 6 años de edad con hipoacusia, diagnosticada mediante PEATC y PEAee. Se compara el umbral de la onda V en el PEATC y la media del valor registrado en 2 y 4 kHz en el PEAee mediante la correlación de Spearman y se utiliza el índice Kappa para conocer la concordancia entre las mismas. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 89 oídos con hipoacusia, 23 con hipoacusia profunda. Se obtiene un valor de rho de Spearman de 0,64 (p <0,001). El índice de Kappa obtenido es del 0,59 con un IC al 95% entre 0,52 y 0,66 (p <0,001). La diferencia media de umbrales entre el PEAee y el PEATC es de −2,42 dB con una desviación estándar de 13,11 dB. Conclusión: Se obtiene un grado de relación y acuerdo moderado entre las pruebas, influido sobre todo por los pacientes con hipoacusia profunda. Los umbrales del PEAee son mayores que los del PEATC.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The advancement of hearing aid devices has led to the development of electrophysiological techniques for the diagnosis of hearing loss. Aim: To compare the thresholds of auditory brainstem response (ABR) with the auditory steady state response (ASSR) in hearing loss children. Material and method: A descriptive observational study of cases from 0 to 6 years of age with hearing loss, diagnosed by ABR and ASSR was performed. The Spearman correlation test is used to compare the threshold obtained for the V wave in the ABR and the average value recorded in 2 and 4 kHz in the ASSR. To know the concordance between the two tests, the Kappa index is used. Results: 89 ears were diagnosed with hearing loss, 23 with profound hearing loss. The Spearman's rho value is 0.64 (p <0.001). The Kappa index obtained is 0.59 with a 95% CI between 0.52 and 0.66 (p <0.001). The mean difference thresholds between the ASSR and the ABR is −2.42 dB with a standard deviation of 13.11 dB. Conclusion: A moderate relationship and agreement between the tests is obtained, influence especially in patients with profound hearing loss. The thresholds of ASSR are higher than those of ABR.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology , Audiometry , Auditory Threshold , Hearing Loss/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Aim To investigate the possible effect of N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal (ALLN),an inhibitor of Calpain,on H2O2-induced damage in 661W cells.Methods The cellular survival of 661W treated with different doses of H2O2 without or with ALLN for 24 h was measured by MTT assay.The protein level of Calpain 1 and Calpain 2 was assessed by Western blot.Results Upon the H2O2 treatment at the concentrations of 50,100,500,1 000 μmol · L-1,the survival rate of 661W significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner compared to that of the control group.Furthermore,the protein level of Calpain 1 and Calpain 2 showed an obviously time-dependent increase in 661W cells treated with 100 μmol · L-1 H2O2 for 12,18,24 h.Finally,the survival rate of 661W treated with ALLN and H2O2 was higher than that treated only with H2O2,and there was no difference in survival rate between ALLN groups (at the concentrations of 25,50,100,200 μmol · L-1) and control group.Conclusions Calpain is involved in the damage induced by H2O2.ALLN,the inhibitor of Calpain,attenuates the oxidative damage,which plays a promising protective role in photo-receptor cells under oxidative stress.
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The olfactory epithelium of two closely related species of snowtrout— Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland and Schizothorax richardsonii Gray (Subfamily: Schizothoracinae. family-Cyprinidae, Teleostei), from a perennial glacier-fed river Mandakini of Garhwal hills was studied by employing transmission electron microscopic method The olfactory lamella comprises two epithelia—anterior and posterior, with a stroma sandwiched in between. Both are strartified. The anterior one is thicker than posterior. In Schizothoraichithys progastus, the sensory part of epithelium has two types of receptor cells—ciliated receptor cells and rod cells whilst in Schizothorax richardsonii, there arc three types of receptor cells—ciliated receptor cells, microvillous receptor cells and rod cells in addition to sustentacular cells, basal cells and mucous cells. While inhabiting similar hillstream habitat, the differential ecological niches, feeding habits etc., account for the presence of different receptor cell types in these species, It implies the possible diversification at cellular and physiological levels so as to minimize the competition by using varied olfactory cues.
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This contribution deals with the scanning electron microscopic surface structure of olfactory epithelium in four hillstream teleosts from the glacialfed river Alaknanda in Garhwal Himalaya (UP, India)· The closely related species—Schizothorax plagiostomus, Schizothorax richardsonii (both bottom dweller, bottom feeder, herbiomnivorous) and Schizothoraichthys progastus (column dweller, column feeder, carniomnivorous) reveal the predominance of different types of olfactory receptor cell types separately in their respective olfactory epithelium while the distinctly related species Crossocheilus latius latius with similar nature as first two (i·e· bottom dweller, bottom feeder, herbiomnivorous) displays the presence of more microvillous cells in the olfactory epithelium· Possibly, the occurrence of particular receptor cells in a fish species is related to the ecological and feeding behaviours with distinct mechanism of olfaction·