ABSTRACT
Resumo Abordam-se as principais interpretações usadas para compreender a divulgação científica como reformulação do discurso científico e como um gênero discursivo próprio. Ambas as interpretações são analisadas criticamente, uma vez que as características do discurso de divulgação científica não são equivalentes aos parâmetros para a tradução, nem compatíveis com os critérios para compreendê-lo como um gênero discursivo próprio. Por fim, ressalta-se que a divulgação científica deve ser compreendida como práxis objetivada por atividades desenvolvidas em meio a diversas esferas de criação ideológica.
Abstract This article addresses the main interpretations employed to understand science communication as a discursive reformulation of scientific discourse and as a genre of discourse of its own. Both these interpretations are analyzed critically, since the characteristics of the discourse of science communication are not equivalent to translation parameters nor compatible with criteria to understanding them as a component of their own discursive genre. Finally, it is emphasized that science communication should be understood as praxis objectified through activities developed amidst diverse spheres of ideological creation.
Subject(s)
Translating , Address , Scientific Culture Indicators , Scientific Communication and DiffusionABSTRACT
Aim: To collate and analyse label information on nutrients for meat products (used as sandwich fillings) in the Netherlands, using a standardised methodology established by the Global Food Monitoring Group. The objective was to compare levels of saturated fat (in g/100 grams) and sodium (in mg/100 grams) from 2011-2015 and to evaluate reformulation targets for sodium and saturated fat levels that were due to be met by January 1, 2015. Study Design: Data collection study. Place and Duration: Data collection in two supermarkets in the Netherlands for one month. Methodology: Data were collected by photographing the Nutrition Information Panels (NIPs), front-of-pack communications (Guideline Daily Amounts, health logos) and other back-of-pack information from product labels of processed foods in-store using smartphone technology. Photos were uploaded to a central database where data were entered and checked and cleaned manually. Levels of sodium and saturated fat were calculated and compared with data available from reformulation monitoring reports and with the reformulation targets of the meat sector. Results: Data were collected for 911 processed meat products, with data available for 863 meat products after data cleaning, and 86% (n=745) displaying a NIP. Sodium levels in 2015 were similar compared to concentrations observed in previous years for all subcategories of meat products. For saturated fat, combined heated meat products' saturated fat content was 8 g/100g (SD=3) based on label information in 2015 compared with 10 g/100g (SD=3) based on the label and chemical analyses information of 2014: P<0.001. The percentages of products (2015) which complied with the reformulation targets ranged per product category from 14%-93% for sodium levels and 25%-88% for saturated fat levels. Only a small percentage of meats displayed a health logo (2%) or Guideline Daily Amounts (15%) on the label. Conclusion: Based on the comparison we observed no progress with sodium reductions and little progress with saturated fat reductions in the Netherlands between 2011 and 2015 in processed meat products. In light of the Netherlands’ reformulation covenant of 2014, focus on nutrient levels of meat products could contribute to help meet the national commitment to reduce sodium and saturated fat levels. This method of evaluation could also be used for other product categories to monitor progress and to ultimately decrease the burden of nutrition-associated diseases in the country.
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Objective To decompose and reformulate Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction (BBT) in order to optimize its ratio for vasodilatory effect. The fingerprints of these six component herbs were also studied via Tri-step FTIR analysis. Methods The herbal components of BBT were extracted separately with different solvents, such as 95% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and distilled water. The vasodilatory effect of the extracts was studied using the in vitro pre-contracted aortic ring model. Among these extracts, the water extracts of Pinellia ternata [PT(W)] and Citri reticulatae [CR(W)], 50% ethanol extracts of Gastrodia elata [GE(50)] and Glycyrrhiza uralensis [GU(50)], and 95% ethanol extracts of Atractylodes macrocephala [AM(E)], and Poria cocos [PC(E)] were selected for the orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study due to their high effectiveness in vasodilation. Results The best combination ratio (G2) was GE(50), GU(50), AM(E), PC(E), CR(W), and PT(W) at EC0, EC5, EC5, EC5, EC5, and EC5, with EC50 of (0.06 ± 0.01) mg/mL. Comparison between the vasodilatory effects of extracts derived from G2 and BBT were also studied. From the results, the 50% ethanol extract following G2 ratio was found to be most potent extract with the highest vasodilatory effect compared with other extracts derived from G2 or BBT, with EC50 of (0.05 ± 0.005) mg/mL. Conclusion The optimum ratio and appropriate extraction method for the new BBT formulae are obtained. G2 is determined as the best formulae with the highest potency in producing the vasodilatory effect on isolated rat aortic rings. The results obtained suggest that 50% ethanol is found to be the best solvent to extract the vasoactive compounds of G2 in order to exhibit the highest efficacy of vasodilatory effect.
ABSTRACT
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar los tipos de actividades de reformulación conversacional que aparecen en conversaciones en adultos mayores con diferentes niveles de desempeño cognitivo: normales y trastorno cognitivo leve, a partir de una tarea de construcción de un discurso narrativo-argumentativo. Desde una perspectiva de investigación cualitativa, se obtuvo un corpus de 4 entrevistas, que fue codificado con la ayuda del software ATLAS.ti lo que permitió la generación de conceptos y el desarrollo de explicaciones a partir de los datos, los que fueron contrastados con el marco teórico disponible. Los resultados indicaron que los hablantes realizaron actividades de auto-reformulación auto-iniciada, auto-reformulación iniciada por otro y hetero-reformulación derivada del auto-inicio. Las dos primeras se redujeron en los hablantes identificados con trastorno cognitivo leve, mientras que el último tipo de actividad fue el más frecuente y dominante en la conversación. Los hablantes con trastorno cognitivo leve realizaron reformulaciones que no corregían o adecuaban el discurso, por lo que no cumplieron con la finalidad de la reparación.
This study aimed to determine the types of activities of conversational reformulation that occur during oral dialogues with older adults who have varying levels of cognitive performance. Study participants, who ranged between normal cognitive function and mild cognitive impairment, were given the task of constructing a narrative-argumentative dialogue. For qualitative investigation purposes, a corpus of four interviews was obtained. Each series of interviews were encoded using ATLAS.ti software which generated linked concepts and explanations from the data. Findings were then compared with the available theoretical framework. The results indicated that participants exhibited three modes of reformulation technique: self-initiated self-reformulation activities; self-reformulation started by another person; and hetero-reformulation derived from self-start. The first two were reduced in speakers exhibiting mild cognitive impairment, while the latter was the most frequent and dominant mode in the conversation. Speakers with mild cognitive impairment executed reformulations that did not correct or enhance the speech, and as such did not meet the purpose of reformulation.
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Resumo: Aborda-se a Teoria de Currículo e discute-se a genealogia do conceito de currículo e algumas abordagens contemporâneas no contexto brasileiro. Avalia-se a contribuição da teorização crítica do currículo. Trata-se, ainda, do modelo de currículo médico atual das críticas que lhe têm sido feitas e de propostas de reformulação curricular atuais, na perspectiva da melhoria e de adequação da formação esse profissional.
Summary: In this article, we deal with the curriculum theory where we discuss the genealogy of the concept of curriculum and some contemporary approaches in the Brazilian context. We evaluate the contributions of critical theory about the curriculum in order to face medical education issues concerned to the curriculum. We also deal with the actual medical curriculum, as well as the criticism about it, and current proposals of curriculum reformulation, aiming a better education of medical students.