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With the development of economic globalization and the increasingly complex international competition environment， pharmaceutical research and development has become the most powerful weapon for pharmaceutical companies to cope with the uncertainty of the competitive market. From the perspective of the pharmaceutical industry， based on the five-element theory， the article used the thinking of comparative state to carry out analogy research on the five-element theory and entrepreneur type system. Based on the entrepreneur type system and enterprise management system， the article embedded the enterprise senior management team system， and entrepreneurs were included in the system and assigned roles according to their different characteristics. Then through the analysis of the relationship between different entrepreneurs and the research and development （R&D） directors， the article expounded the influence of different types of entrepreneurs on the R&D process. The purpose of this study is to provide different types of entrepreneurs with management solutions for pharmaceutical R&D innovation and internal collaborative management， which is conducive to the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurs based on their own characteristics， and can effectively improve their ability of internal resource integration and independent innovation in drug R&D.
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[Objective]Summarize the clinical experience of famous veteran doctor LIAN Jianwei in treating chronic diarrhea. [Methods] With the method of following Professor LIAN, analyse and induce his experience in treating chronic diarrhea by collecting cases. [Results] Professor LIAN is good at using classical prescriptions and current prescriptions to treat chronic diarrhea. According to the characteristics of diarrhea, to identify the viscera, cold and heat, asthenia and sthenia and flexible combination of prescriptions. Weakness of the spleen and the stomach using Shenling Baizhu Powder to nourish qi to invigorate spleen;Patients of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency are treated by Tongxieyao Formula to repress liver and supporting spleen;Sishen pill and decoction of four mild drugs treatment of spleen and kidney yang-deficiency by invigorating spleen and kidney;Patients of coldheat complex are treated by Wumei Pill to warm and nourish the stomach. [Conclusion] Professor's experience in treating chronic diarrhea is well worth learning for it always gets outstanding effect.
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[Objective] Summarize the treatment of type 2 diabetes from Prof. SUN Zhi 's experience in order to direct clinical learning, by using acupuncture therapy to purge stomach fire and reinforce the spleen. [Method] Sum up the Prof. SUN Zhi 's academic ideas and clinical experience on how to select acupoints by learning from professors and researching some typical cases. [Result] Prof. SUN Zhi takes advantage of the main pathogenesis from type 2 diabetes to help guide acupoints selection on the treatment of stomach preponderance and spleen weakness. The main acupoints are Zusanli, Neiting, Zhongwan, Sanyinjiao, Taibai and Piyu. Stomach meridian requires lifting, thrusting, twirling and rotating on Zusanli, Zhongwan and Neiting, while Spleen Maridian requires lifting, thrusting, twirling and rotating on Sanyinjiao, Taibai and Piyu, which in together benefit purging fu-organs to eliminate heat, strengthening spleen and nourishing qi and improving islet function.[Conclusion] Professor SUN Zhi has a unique experience especially in terms of diabetes treatment with the theory of spleen and stomach, in which the clinical efficacy has been significantly achieved. His performance has important direction to our future research and study.
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[Objective] Summarize the treatment of type 2 diabetes from Prof. SUN Zhi 's experience in order to direct clinical learning, by using acupuncture therapy to purge stomach fire and reinforce the spleen. [Method] Sum up the Prof. SUN Zhi 's academic ideas and clinical experience on how to select acupoints by learning from professors and researching some typical cases. [Result] Prof. SUN Zhi takes advantage of the main pathogenesis from type 2 diabetes to help guide acupoints selection on the treatment of stomach preponderance and spleen weakness. The main acupoints are Zusanli, Neiting, Zhongwan, Sanyinjiao, Taibai and Piyu. Stomach meridian requires lifting, thrusting, twirling and rotating on Zusanli, Zhongwan and Neiting, while Spleen Maridian requires lifting, thrusting, twirling and rotating on Sanyinjiao, Taibai and Piyu, which in together benefit purging fu-organs to eliminate heat, strengthening spleen and nourishing qi and improving islet function.[Conclusion] Professor SUN Zhi has a unique experience especially in terms of diabetes treatment with the theory of spleen and stomach, in which the clinical efficacy has been significantly achieved. His performance has important direction to our future research and study.
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Objective] The article explores and analyses the clinical dialectical experience of my postgraduate tutor in the treatment on chronic abdominal pain of children. [Methods]From following professor Sang Gao clinical studies,summarize the experience and thoughts of treating chronic abdominal pain of children,and with a case. [Results]My tutor believes that the pathogenesis of chronic abdominal pain of children caused by weakness of middle energizer, disorder of Qi, which lead to the spleen deficiency and qi stagnation, to cure the disease must treat with liver and spleen together, with activating the spleen and regulating the liver, harmonizing stomach and relieving pain as a rule which can achieve good effect. [Conclusion] Activating the spleen and regulating the liver is an effective treatment, it is worthy of in-depth study and promotion.
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Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a new type of functional materials.SMP has lots of advantages such as low density,light weight,high shape-recovery rate and low cost,but its stiffness is low and shape recovery force is small.Therefore,the reinforced SMP composite has become a hot research focus.The latest progress of reinforced SMP composite is reviewed,with the emphasis placed on the analysis of the influence of reinforced materials on SMP properties including short fibers,particles and the mixture of fibers and particles.Finally,problems exist in the study and the prospect of reinforced SMP composite are discussed briefly.
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Introduction: The improvement of stapling devices has been remarkable. As the stapler evolved from two lines to three lines of staples, the lateral strength of the anastomosis increased. However, the strength of the crotch did not change and the crotch remains the weak point of the side-to-side anastomosis. We previously reported the weakness of the crotch and the reinforcement method with animal model [1,2]. Technique: We describe our novel technique to reinforce the crotch using a physician-modified stapling device. A stapler with three rows of staples per side is arranged on a 6 cm segment using an EndoGIA Reinforce. Polymer felt is attached to both the cartridge fork and anvil fork of the stapler. The felt is then trimmed, as a length of 2 cm is sufficient for reinforcement of the crotch. Results: With this method, we can reinforce the weak point of the side-to-side anastomosis at the same time as the anastomosis. Conclusions: This method is a simple and novel technique to reinforce the crotch of a side-to-side anastomosis.
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Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a technique used to teach children with autisme a variety of skills. In ABA, children with autisme often do not receive reinforcers because they have difficulty performing their targeted behaviors, which consequently leads to challenging behaviors. Objectives of this study are to increase spontaneous request and decrease challenging behavior among children with autisme by introducing a secondary reinforcer during therapy based on ABA model. Secondary reinforcer has lower reinforcing value than the primary reinforcer. When the children tried but were unable to produce their targeted behavior, they were given the secondary reinforcer. The children were divided into two groups, five children in the intervention group and four children in the control group, and they were taught specific target requesting behavior (TRB) to request for a preferred item. Three children in the intervention group recorded an increase in spontaneous request and a reduction in challenging behaviors. Only two children from the control group recorded an increase in spontaneous request and a decrease in challenging behaviors. However, only children from the intervention group were able to maintain their performance during the generalization sessions. The results suggest that children respond differently to specific prompts and interventions. Future studies should focus on how prompts affect children’s performance and also on reinforcer selection. Bigger scale studies are still needed to further determine the effectiveness of a secondary reinforcer in assisting the learning of requesting skill and in reducing challenging behaviors among children with autisme during therapy based on ABA model.
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Estudos sugerem que a taxa de respostas de humanos em FI pode ser afetada pelo tipo de consequência programada. O objetivo foi verificar se diferentes consequências programadas para humanos respondendo em FI influenciariam o tempo necessário para atingir um critério de estabilidade quantitativo e se a estabilidade se manteria após ter sido atingida. Quinze universitários foram expostos a um FI 30 s por 10 horas (sessões de 30 min) em duas condições com consequências distintas para o responder (pontos vs. pontos trocados por dinheiro). Os resultados sugerem que a consequência programada não é suficiente para influenciar o tempo necessário para atingir o critério de estabilidade, embora pareça afetar a manutenção da estabilidade.
Studies suggest that the response rate of humans under FI may be affected by the type of reinforcer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the type of scheduled consequence for humans under FI would affect the time required to reach a quantitative stability criterion and whether stability would be maintained after being reached. Fifteen college students were exposed to a FI 30 s for 10hours (30 min sessions) under two conditions with different consequences for responses (points vs. money). The results suggest that the type of reinforcer is not sufficient to affect the time required to reach the stability criterion, although its maintenance seems to be influenced by this variable.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Behavior Control/psychology , Reinforcement, PsychologyABSTRACT
[Objective]We summarized Professor Zhang Weihua’s clinical experience in treating constipation and diarrhea alternating bowel dysfunction by Chinese medicine. [Method] This paper revealed the professor Zhang Weihua ’s experience of curing constipation and diarrhea alternating bowel dysfunc-tion by analyzing the etiology and pathology ,therapeutic principles and relevant cases .[Results] The etiology and pathology of constipation and diarrhea alternating bowel dysfunction is root deficiency and tip excess ,and cold-heat complex ,the disorders of E. conduction,and the treatment should focus on using warming and heat-clearing simultaneously, tonifying spleen and kidney. [Conclusions] The experience of Professor Zhang Weihua in treating con-stipation and diarrhea alternating bowel dysfunction is effective and thought-provoking in treatment.
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[Objective] To observe Yishi Oral Liquid effect on treating middle and old aged asthenopia. [Method] Choose 125 cases of middle and old aged asthenopia, and randomly divide them into observation group 65 cases treated wutg Yishi Oral Liquid, and control group 60 cases with Mingmu Rehmannia Pil;meanwhile both groups reduced the time with the eye and made massage on the acupoints around the eyes. [Result] With 2~4 weeks of treatment, in the observation group, 23 cases were cured, 25 had marked effect, 13 effective, 11 had no effect, the total effective rate was 93.85%;for the control one, they were respectively 14,19,16,11 and 81.67%. The comparison showed the observation group was better than control one. [Conclusion] Yishi Oral Liquid treating middle and old aged asthenopia has good clinical effect, can obviously relieve the symptoms of blurred vision, phengophobia, lacrimation and aningerestling eyes, helpful to recovering eyesight.
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Xinjiang is the area with a high incidence of AIDS, and a high incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Cases of AIDS combined with pulmonary tuberculosis have continued to increase in recent years. According to the characteristics of AIDS, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) reveals that AIDS belongs to epidemic febrile disease, and in accordance with the category of warm disease caused by incubating pathogens.
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En el presente artículo los autores pretendieron evidenciar la insuficiente presencia de la bioética en la medicina actual, así como expusieron las carencias sobre el tema en el diseño del plan de estudio de la carrera de Medicina, lo que puede perjudicar el proceso de reforzamiento de valores y el ejercicio bioético valorativo en el nuevo modelo de formación profesional, para fundamentar la necesidad de esta disciplina en el currículo de la carrera.
In the current article the authors pretended to evidence the insufficient presence of the bioethics in the contemporary medicine and also exposed the lacks on the theme in the design of the medicine career curriculum, fact that may affect the process of values reinforcement and the valuing bioethical practice in the new model of professional formation, all of that to explain the necessity of this matter in the career curriculum.
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Bioethics/education , Education, Medical/methods , Ethics, Medical/education , CurriculumABSTRACT
To reinforce awareness among dentists about their role in person identification and the importance of maintaining dental records of all their patients. The article reviews basic procedures of dental identification and some cases where dental identification played a key role in eventual identification of the person. Forensic odontology is an integral part of forensic sciences. Forensic dental identifications, especially in times of mass disasters, depend mainly on the availability of ante mortem dental records. It is the social responsibility of each and every dentist to maintain dental records of their patients for the noble cause of identification in the event of mass disaster.
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Dental Records/standards , Forensic Dentistry/history , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , HumansABSTRACT
[Objective] To observe the effect of TCM on bladder cough.[Method]Take the principles of removing pathogens to stop cough,reinforcing essential qi to nourish deficiency and considering both the superficial and inside,and divide 54 cases into 5 types:attacked externally with wind cold,with wind heat,with dryness,overheat of liver fire and both deficiency of lung and kidney,make treatment by differentiation of signs.[Result]38 cases were cured,6 had marked effect,6 were effective,4 had no effect,and the total effective rate was 92%.[Conclusion]TCM has obvious cure effect in treating bladder cough.
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Though tinnitus may concern many diseases of the whole body,most of them source from ear itself.Combining taking acupoints along channel and differentiation of signs can relieve most patients of tinnitus on symptoms.The warm acupuncture is more effective than traditional pure acupuncture,for it can directly and effectively improve the blood circulation of ear,meanwhile I find out many tinnitus patients are related with injury of occipital and neck soft tissue,so treatment from that point can get good cure effect.
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Objective To observe the effect of Shengxian Decoction (Decoction for lifting the depressed organs) in the treatment of 38 patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in the TCM syndrome of qi deficiency of the lung and spleen. Methods Totally 68 patients were randomized into a control group (30 cases) treated by Duxil for oral taking and a treatment group (38 cases) treated by Duxil and Shengxian Decoction for 10 days. The changes in the symptom scores of both groups after treatment were observed. The polysomnogram (PSG) was applied before and after treatment to record the total sleep time,hypopnea total time,and average heart rate to calculate the times when oxygen saturation was less than 90% in each hour sleep time,the total continuous time when oxygen saturation was less than 90% in the whole night,apnea-hypopnea index (AHI),and hypopnea index (HI). Results After treatment,the main symptoms in the treatment group were significantly improved (P
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Objective To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of Shudu Bushen Recipe (Recipe to strengthen the spine and reinforce the kidney) on ankylosing spondylitis at active stage.Methods Totally 165 patients with ankylosing spondylitis at active stage were randomly divided into a treatment group (85 cases) and a control group (80 cases).Both groups were treated with Sulfasalazine and Aceclofenac,and the trentment group was given Shudu Bushen Recipe additionally.Six-month treatment was one course.The clinical changes such as morning stiffness,joint pain and function,erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),C-reactive protein (CRP),immunoglobulin (Ig),X-ray of sacroiliac joint,and adverse reaction were observed.Results In the treatment group,the total effective rate was 94.12%,superior to that in the control group (76.25%),with a significant difference (P0.05).The adverse reaction occurred in the treatment group was less than that of the control group (P
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Objective To investigate the mechanism of Bushen Huoxue Recipe (Recipe to reinforce the kidney and activate blood) in the treatment of glomerulosclerosis of the rats with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN).Methods Fifty-four SD male rats were randomized into normal group, model group, and treated group with 18 rats in each. The MsPGN models were made by injection of anti-rat-thymocyte antiserum (ATS) through the tail vein. After modeling, the treated group was administered Bushen Huoxue Recipe with a dosage of 5ml/kg, once a day. Six rats from each group were selected in the second, fourth, and eighth week respectively to determine the content of urine protein (Upro), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (SCr), and the kidney was cut for pathological observation and immunohistochemical detection of the kidney tissues, the expression of Ⅳ-type collagen (Col-Ⅳ) and laminin (LN).Results The pathological determination showed that, at the same time points, the hyperplasia of mesangial cells in the treated group was significantly relieved and mesangial matrix reduced as compared with the model group. The content of Upro, BUN and SCr at all time points in the treated group was significantly decreased as compared with the model group (P
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0.05).The two-week administration of Jianpi Recipe decreased the bloodglucose of diabetic mice.Normal saline had no obvious influence on it.Time-choosing recipe administration could adjust the circadian rhythm of bloodglucose concentration.Administration at 6am was more effective in adjusting bloodglucose rhythm.Conclusion Spleen-reinforcing therapy can decrease the bloodglucose of diabetic mice,and the effect tend to be more obvious with the administration prolonging.Administration at different time exerts different effect on circadian rhythm of bloodglucose concentrations.There exists different effect in different time administration in spleen-reinforcing therapy.