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Background: AUB is the most common presentation in the reproductive age group. Many females suffer from AUB and its related effects. A study on the effectiveness of an easily available drug (ormeloxifene) with an easy dosing schedule was done and its wonderful role in controlling the symptoms and improvement of quality of life of a female with no financial burdens and surgical morbidity was studied.Methods: A hospital based prospective observational study was conducted among women attending the outpatient clinic of OBG department at Dr Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, Karakonam, Trivandrum district.Results: Total 50 women with AUB took part in the study. 62% had menstrual duration of <7 days with regular cycles (84%). 86% of them had history of passage of clots. 48% of them had dysmenorrhea. Efficacy of ormeloxifene was assessed by using PBAC score and haemoglobin level measurement. A repeated measures ANOVA with a Greenhouse-Geisser correction determined mean PBAC score differed significantly between months. Post hoc analysis with a Bonferroni adjustment revealed PBAC score was statistically significantly decreased from pre-intervention to 3 months to 6 months. There is statistically significant difference with respect to haemoglobin level improvement.Conclusions: Ormeloxifene is an excellent drug in controlling AUB as evidenced by the PBAC score and haemoglobin levels. Ormeloxifene has better compliance and acceptability. It is cost effective with a simple dosage schedule. A significant decrease in the menstrual blood loss and marked improvement in the hemoglobin concentration.
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Background: In pre-eclampsia, there is increased uteroplacental resistance and reduced fetal perfusion due to inadequate invasion of spiral arterioles by trophoblast cells. This causes impaired fetal growth and fetal hypoxia. The objective was to assess the usefulness of fetal Doppler in predicting adverse perinatal outcome in preeclampsia.Methods: It was a prospective study conducted in Adesh medical college and hospital, Mohri, KKR, Haryana, India during the period of 2 years (2021-2022) on 92 women of reproductive age group from menarche to menopause, attending the hospital with complaints of lower abdomen pain, flatulence, lump in abdomen, changes in urinary and bowel habits and ovarian mass detected on clinical examination, or on ultrasound done for another reason. All details were filled in predesigned Performa.Results: There was a great deal of variation in the occurrence, behaviour, and clinical presentation of ovarian tumors. In addition to physical examination, laboratory investigations such as immunological testing and serum biomarkers and imaging procedures pelvic ultrasonography), can assist to determine the kind of pathology. The diagnosis of non-neoplastic and neoplastic ovarian lesions can be confused due to similar clinical presentations. Ovarian cancers have one of the worst prognoses of any cancer since there is insufficient screening to identify the disease early.Conclusions: It is imperative to raise awareness of this malignancy among Indian women. Because of the diversity of the Indian population, it is necessary to raise awareness of this issue across all linguistic and cultural divides. Not only should early detection be emphasized, but also “how to live well” with the illness should be discussed. All of these sophisticated, more recent diagnostic methods, along with the clinical and histo-morphological factors, can aid in early diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognostic importance.
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Background: Modern contraceptive is pivotal for reproductive health, averting unplanned pregnancies, lowering maternal mortality, and enhancing women's well-being. Despite global strides, challenges still persist in adoption of modern family planning methods in regions, like Turkana County, Kenya with a 30.7% adoption rate marking high unmet contraception needs. This study delved into determining social-cultural factors impacting uptake of modern contraceptive in the remote area of Turkana, Kenya. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was employed. The 360 participants were sampled from households using systematic random sampling. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Data analysis included frequencies, proportions and Chi-square tests to unveil vital variable correlations. Data was presented in tables, graphs and pie charts. Results: The study revealed higher utilization of modern contraceptives at 53%. Cultural factors associated with Modern contraceptive uptake included religion acceptance of family planning (?2=6.997, p=0.008), myths and misconceptions (?2=31.096, p=0.000), gender preference (?2=28.876, p=0.000), cultural perception of child quantity (?2=26.373, p=0.000), decision maker for family planning (?2=19.745, p=0.000) and discussion with partner (?2=55.063, p=0.000). Conclusions: In Turkana County, Kenya, socio-cultural factors seem to significantly shape modern contraceptive choices among women of reproductive age. Religious beliefs, misconceptions, and gender preferences influence decisions. Cultural norms impact family size views, and autonomy prevails. Tailored interventions addressing these issues are crucial for better reproductive health outcomes.
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Background: Intimate partner violence includes all forms of aggression by former or current intimate partner. It accounts to 1.3 million deaths annually. Women of reproductive age, 18% globally have experienced physical and sexual forms of IPV. IPV cases ranges from 55% and 46% respectively in Africa and South Asia.COVID-19 has seen increase of IPV by 5% among WRA. IPV among WRA increases incidence of suicide, abortion and depression. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Stratified 2 stage random sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used. Sample size was 229 WRA. Primary data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, KIIS and FGDS. Data analysis was carried out through both descriptive statistics and inferential analysis findings were presented in percentages and pie charts. Results: Age category of 26 -33 years, participants who are casual workers, alcohol consumption by partner, length of relationship, level of education and culture were significantly associated with physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence.66.80%of the participants did not know about the policies on IPV and the available community level services to combat IPV was majorly reconciliation of couples by the local chiefs. Conclusions: The health system factors that facilitates support of IPV was not in line with SDGs Goal 5: Gender equality and SDGs Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions. A large number of respondents (79.5%) reported unavailability of health facilities linked to social, health and legal services to support victims of IPV.
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Background: Understanding the intersection of epilepsy and pregnancy, including knowledge gaps and healthcare access for women with epilepsy (WWE), is critical. This study evaluated WWE knowledge gaps and information needs concerning epilepsy's impact on their sexual and reproductive health during pregnancy and examined healthcare system factors affecting their access to information, aiming to identify areas for improvement in educational and healthcare strategies to enhance health management for WWE. Methods: From July 2022 to June 2023, 111 WWE aged 18 to 40 years were recruited from the family medicine and internal medicine outpatient departments at Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Tembisa Tertiary Hospital (TTH), and Kalafong Hospital. Interviews assessed various aspects related to epilepsy in pregnancy and contraceptive use. Results: The study found strong links between WWE, their demographics, and their awareness of pregnancy-related epilepsy issues. Participants from TTH showed notably higher awareness (85.5%) of risks from epilepsy and AED during pregnancy (p < 0.05). Age and education significantly influenced pregnancy planning and understanding of medication risks. Younger women (2025 years) were more inclined towards future pregnancies, and those with more education were better informed about medication risks (p < 0.05); and 68.5% had received counselling on AED and contraceptive interactions, yet only 16.2% knew AED could reduce contraceptive effectiveness. Conclusion: The study reveals significant knowledge gaps in WWE regarding the impact of epilepsy and AED on pregnancy, suggesting tailored educational and counselling initiatives to improve WWE health outcomes and quality of life, advancing chronic disease management and public health objectives. Contribution: The study highlights substantial knowledge gaps in epilepsy during pregnancy among WWE, urging tailored counselling and information to empower informed decisions.
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Humans , Male , Female , Chronic Disease , Access to Information , Delivery of Health Care , Pregnant WomenABSTRACT
Background: Infertility is a global reproductive health problem and the prevalence rate increased by 0.37% per year for females. There are many such risk factors which are avoidable. Thus the purpose of the study is to identify and quantify the burden of infertility and associated risk factors for infertility. Methods: This observational community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 444 reproductive age group (18-49 years) women residing in district Sonepat, from August 2021 to May 2022. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. The categorical data were analyzed statistically using Chi-Square test and Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Continuous variables were analyzed using independent t-test. Results: Out of 444 study population majority of women were fertile (88.7%), while 6.3% of women were secondary infertile and 5% women were primary infertile. Most women were aged between 30-39 years. The difference of occurrence of infertility in relation to time since marriage, male age at marriage, number of family members, thyroid, PCOD, tuberculosis and height were statistically significant. Conclusions: Almost all the factors came out to be responsible for infertility were modifiable. Awareness generation and provision of infertility care services at primary health care facilities will be of use in addressing infertility in Haryana.
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Background: Throughout history, society has always employed several means to promote maternal healthcare services to save pregnant women and their unborn babies from expected or unexpected dangers during pregnancy, birth and after birth. This study investigated the determinants of maternal health care services utilization in selected communities. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this study using a questionnaire as a quantitative tool. The population of the study comprised women of reproductive age group (15-49) Edo Central Senatorial District, Edo State Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 561 study participants from the target population. A total of 561 copies of the questionnaire were administered but 490 of them were retrieved and found to meet criteria for analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 and computed for descriptive statistics- frequency with percentage counts, mean and standard deviations. Additionally, inferential statistics chi-square used to test the stated hypotheses. Results: The finding showed that the women’s mean age of 28±5.37. Residential location of the participants did not significantly influence their utilization of maternal healthcare services. Educational qualifications, were found to influence the utilization of maternal healthcare services than those of lower educational levels (p<0.05). In addition, 364 (74.2%) respondents agree that free or low cost of maternal health services would prompt and promote regular visits to clinic. Conclusions: It is recommended that the government should provide freer or low-cost.
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Background: Emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) mediates maternal survival. To prevent deaths, mothers require access to quality care and utilization of health facilities where professionals can promptly diagnose and manage emergencies related to pregnancy and childbirth. The study focused on socio-demographic, social cultural and social economic factors. Methods: The study was a randomized control trial and utilized a mixed method. Pregnant mother 26 to 32 weeks gestation and aged 15-49 years totaling to 382 respondents were enrolled in the study. Allocation to each study group was done on a 1:1 ratio; hence each group had 191 participants. The study was conducted from January to July 2020. Results: The intervention group had 95.93% (n=165) utilization of EmONC services in comparison to the control arm 75.29% (n=128). There was no discrepancy in both groups from base line to final survey OR=1.209, CI=0.742 to 1.969 and p=0.446. The level of education significantly influenced utilization at ?2=40.402 and a p<0.001. Secondary education influences utilization of EmONC services at AOR=8.791, 95% CI=3.631 to 21.285 and p<0.001. Respondents with tertiary education were 2.5 times likely to utilize EmONC services. Parity was significant at ?2=43.724, p<0.001. There was no significant difference between socioeconomic factors, sociocultural factors and utilization of EmONC services at baseline level. Conclusions: There was an increase in utilization of EmONC services. The education level and parity of the woman determined the utilization of EmONC services.
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Background: Cervical cancer is a significant cause of mortality among women, particularly in developing countries. Africa has highest number of cases, with 85% occurring in developing nations. In Nairobi, low uptake of cervical cancer screening has been realized. Study explores role of CHVs in promoting screening, aiming to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates in Nairobi and similar settings. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Stratified random sampling and simple random sampling methods were used. Sample size was 363 CHVs. Data collection involved collection of primary data using a self-administered questionnaire and FGDS. Data analysis was carried out through both descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Findings were presented in percentages, pie charts. Results: Results indicated that while CHVs can play critical role in counselling women on importance of cervical-cancer screening, significant proportion of respondents had not counselled women on this topic. Similarly, while referrals are an important aspect of promoting cervical-cancer screening, majority of respondents did not refer cases of cervical-cancer screening to other CHVs. Conclusions: Study identified significant social, economic, and cultural barriers that influence cervical cancer screening participation among women. It revealed these barriers affect how CHVs promote screening. Furthermore, considerable health system obstacles hinder effective promotion of this crucial preventive measure.
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BACKGROUND: Adnexal masses is a significant condition commonly seen in women’sreproductive age. Most common masses arise from ovaries due to their complexembryologic & histologic origin. For diagnosis, ultrasonography is the gold standard.Laproscopy is the gold standard surgical intervention.METHODS: This study was a prospective study that was conducted at a tertiary carehospital in the obstetrics and gynecology department from October 2021 to December2021.RESULTS: In this study, No. 31% of the patients were between the ages of 26 and 35.Of the patients, 12.90% came from the upper socioeconomic class, 72.58% from themiddle, and 14.51% from the lower socioeconomic class. The most common complaintwas abdominal pain (41.93%) followed by menstrual irregularities (25.80%). 46.77% ofpatients were managed medically. In 32.25% of patients, laparoscopy was performed andin 20.96% of patients, laparotomy was performed.CONCLUSION: Adnexal masses are a very common gynecological problem, Presentwith abdominal pain / other symptoms /an incidental finding on ultrasonography done forother purposes. So, the basic approach should be early diagnosis and appropriate medicalor surgical treatment, to minimize morbidity and avoid mortality.
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Background: Unintended pregnancy, unplanned birth and unsafe abortion have been a major challenge to the reproductive health of women worldwide. Despite the availability of highly efficient contraceptive technologies, there are still many undesired pregnancies that put women at a higher risk of mortality, frequently as a result of unsafe abortion. Emergency contraceptive pills can be used to prevent these unwanted pregnancies. Aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of use of emergency contraception among women of reproductive age group attending JNUIMSRC OPD, Jaipur, India.Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 females of reproductive age group attending JNUIMSRC OPD, Jaipur, India. Data was collected using pretested semi-structured questionnaire after written informed consent. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data generated.Results: Among respondents who were aware of ECPs, 64% had good knowledge of it, 90% had positive attitude towards ECPs and 63% have used earlier. A significant association was found between age, residence, educational level and occupational status with awareness of ECPs.Conclusions: Awareness and utilization of emergency contraceptive pills is low among females of reproductive age group attending OPD at JNUIMSRC. Thus awareness should be enhanced through formal education, communication from healthcare professionals and media that can offer trustworthy and accurate information on ECPs.
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Background: Alcohol consumption by women of reproductive age group not only affects their health but can also cause multiple adverse birth outcomes. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption among women of reproductive age group in urban field practice areas of Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences (SMIMS) by using a structured questionnaire and WHO tool, AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test). Methods: The study was a cross sectional study. A total of 284 women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and AUDIT. Results: The overall prevalence of alcohol consumption was 36.6%. Proportion of alcohol users was more among women of 25-34 years. Almost 95% of the women are current users (alcohol use in past 12 months). Beer was mostly preferred over other types of alcoholic beverages. Social customs (36.5%) and stress (25%) were the main reasons for consumption of alcohol. Based on AUDIT score, low risk drinking 68.6% was the predominant drinking pattern reported. However, one fourth of the women fall into hazardous pattern of drinking and 3 out of every 100 women had harmful and dependent pattern of drinking respectively. Conclusions: The present study highlights the prevalence of alcohol consumption among women of reproductive age group in urban field practice areas of SMIMS. Socio-cultural factors and stressful life plays an influential role in consumption of alcohol. Although low risk drinking is the predominant pattern of alcohol use, an alarming 31% of women consuming alcohol are at risk of developing alcohol related harm.
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Background: Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine disorders in the world. Thyroid dysfunction can disrupt a variety of metabolic and physiological processes, including the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study was to discover a pattern of thyroid dysfunction in women with menstrual disorders.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study that includes 116 women. With reproductive age menstrual disorder. Thyroid dysfunction was tested in women who had menstrual problems. Serum free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were used to assess thyroid function.Results: The mean age of study patients was 25.7�8 years. The most common menstrual disorder was irregular cycle 72.5%, amenorrhea 21.9%, and menorrhagia 5.6%. The majority of the patients were between the ages of 15 and 24 (51.1%), followed by 25-34 (36.1%) and 35-45 (12.9%). The mean free T3 and T4 levels were 2.911.05 pg/ml and 1.420.57 ng/dl, respectively. TSH was 2.0 mIU/L on average (IQR, 1.0-4.0). Thyroid dysfunction was observed in 25.8% of the women (n=60). Subclinical hypothyroidism (14.2%, n=33) was the most common thyroid dysfunction, followed by subclinical hyperthyroidism (6.9%, n=16), overt hyperthyroidism (3%, n=7), and overt hypothyroidism (1.7%, n=4).Conclusions: The study reveals that women with menstrual disorders frequently have thyroid dysfunction, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism. In order to rule out thyroid disorders as potential etiological agents for menstrual disturbances, it may therefore be advantageous to screen patients with menstrual disorders for thyroid function.
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Objective:To assess the detection rates of preconception health risks among couples of reproductive age in China and analyze the differences between 2013 and 2019.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, the preconception health examination data of 9 153 916 couples of 20-49 years who participated in the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project in 2013 or 2019 were consecutively selected. The health risks involved eight aspects in women (genetic risk, reproductive risk, chronic disease risk, infectious risk, nutritional risk, behavioral risk, environmental risk and psychosocial risk) and seven aspects in men except for reproductive risks were assessed. The t test and χ2 test were used to compare the differences in demographic characteristics between the couples of reproductive age. The detection rates and 95% CI of each preconception health risk were calculated and the χ2 test was used to compare the differences in the detection rates of risk factors. Results:In 2019, the proportion of couples of reproductive age in China who were 35 years or older, had an education background of high school and above, workers, and held non-agricultural registered residence were all higher than those in 2013 (15.18% vs 6.22%, 52.12% vs 29.78%, 8.33% vs 7.17%, 12.39% vs 6.64%), while the proportion of farmers was significantly lower than that in 2013 (60.95% vs 76.87%) (all P<0.001). In 2013, the three health risks with the highest detection rate among Chinese women of reproductive age was nutritional risk (37.50%), infectious risk (16.95%) and psychosocial risk (11.62%), respectively; while in 2019, it was nutritional risk (38.07%), infectious risk (12.82%), and chronic disease risk (11.12%), respectively. The detection rate of nutritional risk in Chinese women of reproductive age in 2019 was significantly higher than that in 2013 (38.07% vs 37.50%), while the detection rates of infectious risk and psychosocial risk were both lower than those in 2013 (12.82% vs 16.95% and 7.37% vs 11.62%) (all P<0.001). In 2013, the top three risks detected in men of reproductive age was behavioral risk (44.87%), nutritional risk (36.81%) and psychosocial risk (13.43%), respectively; and in 2019, it was nutritional risk (45.47%), behavioral risk (38.76%) and psychosocial risk (9.18%), respectively. The detection rates of nutritional risk in men of reproductive age in 2019 was significantly higher than that in 2013 (45.47% vs 36.81%), while the detection rates of behavioral risk and psychosocial risk were both lower than those in 2013 (38.76% vs 44.87%, 9.18% vs 13.43%) (all P<0.001). Conclusions:The detection rate of nutritional risk in couples of reproductive age and genetic risk in men in 2019 in China are higher than those in 2013, and the exposure to the other preconception health risks is decreasing. The nutritional risk, infection risk, psychosocial risk and chronic disease risk are the main risk factors for women of reproductive age, while the nutritional risk, behavioral risk and psychosocial risk are the main risk factors for men.
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Nigeria has one of the highest rates of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Both the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and cervical screening are effective prevention strategies against both HPV infection and cervical cancer. Lack of awareness, limited knowledge, limited decision-making agency, lack of spousal support and stigma are barriers to uptake of these preventive measures. Cervical cancer is a deadly disease claiming the lives of many women in developing countries due to late presentation which might be influenced by a lack of knowledge of the disease and its prevention. Method: This descriptive study examined the knowledge assessment of cervical cancer among women of reproductive age (15-49), about cervical cancer, its prevention, and their utilization of Pap smear screening; using a convenience sample of 426 women in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Women voluntarily completed a structured questionnaire. Result: Results showed that women who participated in the study were aware of cervical cancer (77%; n=328) but many (62.9%; n= 268) were unaware of Pap smears as the screening tests for cervical cancer. Although 41.3% (n=176) were knowledgeable about cervical cancer, risk factors and prevention, only 9.4% (n=40) had Pap smear tests done. Conclusion: Health care professionals, need to intensify efforts to increase awareness about cervical cancer screening, and encourage women through the different clinics to use these services. The benefits of screening and early diagnosis of cervical cancer should be emphasized to enhance the utilization of cervical cancer screening services.
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Humans , Female , Women , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Physicians, Women , Quality Assurance, Health Care , Health PersonnelABSTRACT
Background: Nigeria has one of the highest rates of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Both the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and cervical screening are effective prevention strategies against both HPV infection and cervical cancer. Lack of awareness, limited knowledge, limited decision-making agency, lack of spousal support and stigma are barriers to uptake of these preventive measures. Cervical cancer is a deadly disease claiming the lives of many women in developing countries due to late presentation which might be influenced by a lack of knowledge of the disease and its prevention. Method: This descriptive study examined the knowledge assessment of cervical cancer among women of reproductive age (15-49), about cervical cancer, its prevention, and their utilization of Pap smear screening; using a convenience sample of 426 women in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Women voluntarily completed a structured questionnaire. Result: Results showed that women who participated in the study were aware of cervical cancer (77%; n=328) but many (62.9%; n= 268) were unaware of Pap smears as the screening tests for cervical cancer. Although 41.3% (n=176) were knowledgeable about cervical cancer, risk factors and prevention, only 9.4% (n=40) had Pap smear tests done. Conclusion: Health care professionals, need to intensify efforts to increase awareness about cervical cancer screening, and encourage women through the different clinics to use these services. The benefits of screening and early diagnosis of cervical cancer should be emphasized to enhance the utilization of cervical cancer screening services.
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Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Community Health WorkersABSTRACT
Patients and methods: This cross-sectional survey took place in May, 2018 in Kodjokro, a village in the south-east of Côte d'Ivoire. The study population consisted of women of reproductive age, from 15 to 49 years old. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic, gyneco-obstetrical characteristics, knowledge and attitudes and he use of contraceptive methods. The chi-square test was used to measure the associations between the use of contraceptive methods and each of the characteristics studied
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Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Women , Attitude , Rural Areas , Contraception , Knowledge , MethodsABSTRACT
Background: Anaemia remains a major cause of concern among the women of reproductive age in our country. However, there is a wide variation amongst different socio-economic strata. Aim & Objectives: This study was conducted among women of reproductive age for prevalence of anaemia and its association with certain socio-clinical variables in cantonment. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. The information regarding socio-demographic variables, anthropometric measurements and clinical parameters were taken. Hemogram and iron profile was done by collecting venous blood from the participants. Results: Data was analyzed for 722 participants. There were 140 (20.2% (95% CI: 17.2 – 23.3)) non-pregnant women of reproductive age-group having anemia. Out of these 140, mild, moderate and severe anaemia was seen in 57(40.7%), 77(55%), 06(4.3) respectively. The major factors associated with anaemia were heavy menstruation and higher parity. Amongst these 140, iron deficiency anaemia was diagnosed in 135 (96.7%). Among the 28 pregnant women, eight were anaemic (28.6: 95% CI 19.1-63.9). Conclusion: The results of our study showed lower prevalence of anaemia than national level and majority of these were iron deficiency anaemia, which is amenable to prevention and treatment
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Background: Young women have low risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) during their reproductive period, mainly due to the physiologically protective effect of estrogen hormone on the coronary endothelium. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk factors of ACS in the Egyptian women patients during their reproductive age period, who admitted to Tanta University Cardiovascular department hospital. Results: Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, myocardial bridge, cushion syndrome and radiotherapy for breast cancer were significantly independently ACS risk factors that correlated to the SYNTAX score. There is significance of coefficient of the independent variable in the risk factors (Group A, group B, group C separately and groups A, B, C together) on the severity and level of SYNTAX score in ACS. The regression analysis was significant in groups A and B of ACS risk factors separately. While the regression analysis was significant and there was a clear relationship between ACS risk factors- groups A, B, C. together and SYNTAX score. Conclusions: There was a positive relationship between the increase total number of ACS risk factors subgroups (Traditional, Nontraditional and Gynecological) and the severity of coronary artery stenosis that assessed by SYNTAX scorer.
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Introduction And Background: Vaginal discharge is a common complaint in reproductive age group women2. Vaginal discharge is one of the common reasons in women of reproductive age group seeking gynecological consultation. It is the second most common clinical problem after menstrual disorders. Globally, it is estimated that one in ten women will present with vaginal discharge in the course of one year and approximately, ten million office visits each year are attributed to vaginal discharge complaints. The prevalence of vaginal discharge in India is estimated to be 30%3. Ÿ Abnormal vaginal discharge predisposes to significant morbidity to the women in the form of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, endometriosis, cuff cellulitis, urethral syndrome, pregnancy loss, and preterm labour.5 Ÿ Certain conditions such as prolonged use of combined oral contraceptive, pregnancy, malnutrition, diabetes, neutropenia, prolonged antibiotic therapy, candida become pathogenic and causes candidiasis.8 Ÿ Isolation, identification, characterization, and susceptibility of candida species became critical management of fungal infections.9 Need For The Study: The study was done to emphasize the role of laboratory investigations in patients with vaginitis, as presumptive clinical diagnosis alone can lead to false interpretation and treatment mismanagement. TheMethods: present study is a cross sectional observational study conducted from January 2019 to February 2020 for about a period of one year among 300 women aged 15-49 years with vaginal discharge attending gynecology OPD, Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati. This study included 300 subjects with a mean age of 30.4 ± 7.26 years. Nearly halfResults: of (49.33%) our study population was aged between 25 to 34years, a majority (47%) of women had bacterial vaginosis, followed by Candida in 39.33%, trichomonas vaginalis in 14.33%, mixed infections in 6.67% and 6% with no organisms. Among Candida species, 48.31% of participants had candida albicans, 23.73% had candida tropicalis, 19.49% had candida krusei, and 8.47% had candida glabrata, and of them 38.33% participants had voriconazole sensitivity, 32.33% participants had ketoconazole sensitivity, 26% participants had clotrimazole sensitivity, and 21.33% participants had fluconazole sensitivity. Among 118 candida infected 106 (89.83%) participants came for follow-up, of which symptoms subsided in 90 (84.91%) participants. In conclusion, our study with 300 women patients complaining ofConclusion: vaginal discharge found a majority of them belonging to the sexually active age group. Vaginal discharge was more prevalent in lower economic status and rural areas. Bacterial vaginosis was the most common and frequent etiology, followed by Candida. TV was the least common etiology for vaginal discharge