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In order to facilitate systematic reviews and meta-analyses by medical researchers， this paper provides a tutorial-style review of the relevant concepts， necessary steps， and some key considerations in conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Specifically， it offers detailed explanations on literature search， evaluation of study bias， effect size selection， outcomes pooling， and testing and correction of publication bias. Additionally， the paper provides references to softwares and literature for implementing the methods， and concludes with a brief overview of the requirements for writing research papers.
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Objective:To build an investigator-initiated clinical research process management indicator system based on the theory of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP).Methods:A plan was developed according to HACCP principles, and 23 experts were invited to form an expert advisory group. Literature research, panel discussion, and Delphi method were used to collect clinical research process management indicators, and the weight of each indicator was calculated via Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP).Results:Two rounds of expert consultation were carried out with a high positive coefficient and a high expert authority level, and finally formed 3 primary indicators and 14 secondary indicators. The primary indicators were project establishment, project process management, and project implementation assessment, with weights of 0.142 8, 0.714 4, and 0.142 8, respectively.Conclusions:This study established a clinical research process management system based on HACCP theory from 3 dimensions: project establishment, project process management, and project implementation assessment, carried out precise management of clinical research according to the weights of secondary indicators, focusing on the content of indicators with great weight, and provided an important reference for the management of investigator-initiated clinical research.
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Permanent magnet motor has been widely used in the field of artificial heart pump due to its high power density, high stability and easy control. In this paper, the development history and research progress of permanent magnet motor for blood pump were described. Firstly, the motors were classified according to their structures and application scenarios. And then, the measures taken by different types of motors to meet the corresponding performance requirements were introduced, and the specific application cases were given. After that, commonly used control algorithms of these motors were enumerated. What's more, the advantages and disadvantages of the control algorithms and their application emphasis were carefully explained. Finally, the paper was summarized in short.
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Algorithms , Blood Substitutes , Heart, Artificial , Magnetics , Magnets , Prosthesis DesignABSTRACT
Gallibacterium anatis,a member of the Pasteurellaceae family,constitutes a part of the normal micro-flora of the upper respiratory tract and the lower genital tract in chickens.However,increasing evidence indicate that G.anatis is also associated with a wide range of pathological changes,particularly in the reproductive organs,which leads to decreased egg production,lowered animal welfare and increased mortality.As a recently defined opportunistic pathogen limited focus has been placed on the pathogenesis and putative virulence factors permitting G.anatis to cause disease.One of the most studied virulence determinants is a large RTX-like toxin (GtxA),which has been demonstrated to induce a strong leukotoxic effect on avian macrophages.A number of fimbria of different sizes and shapes,particularly the F17-1ike fimbriaes,appear to be common in a diverse selection of G.anatis strains.The capsular material expressed possibly involved in serum resistance,metalloproteases capable of degrading immunoglobulins,hemagglutinins,and all factors which may promote biofilm formation are likely linked to the virulence of G.anatis.This review summarized the putative virulence factors described for this bacterium to date.
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La investigación, como función de la Universidad, se orienta hacia la búsqueda de conocimientos nuevos y a la comprobación de los ya existentes. La atención primaria de salud ofrece enormes espacios para la investigación desde una perspectiva histórica de los resultados en salud en sus diferentes etapas de aplicación, en el campo de la investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud, en cuanto a la formación de recursos humanos para la salud, en satisfacción de prestadores y usuarios con los servicios, en la efectividad de los programas y procesos que allí se ejecutan, por solo mencionar algunas. Es además, el principal eslabón para la integración del sistema nacional de salud en cuanto a niveles de complejidad en la prestación de servicios y aplicación de estrategias de salud de impacto nacional. La posibilidad de abordajes investigativos desde esta perspectiva es, por consiguiente, muy amplia. El presente trabajo tiene como propósito reflexionar sobre el desarrollo de la investigación en la atención primaria de salud. Fueron empleados métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción y el histórico lógico. Se expone brevemente cuál ha sido el desarrollo de la atención primaria de salud en Cuba y qué elementos proporciona para la investigación, la situación actual y algunas ideas que justifican por qué debemos investigar en la atención primaria de salud, así como enfocar el proceso de investigación en dichos escenarios
Research as a function of the university is oriented towards the search for new knowledge and the checking on the already existing ones. The primary health care offers broad opportunities, from a historical perspective, for research of the health results in its various implementation phases, in the field of research in health service and system, in human resource formation, in the level of satisfaction of providers and users with the rendered services, in the effectiveness of the programs and processes underway and in some others. Research is the main link to integration of the national health care system in terms of level of complexity of service provision and in the implementation of health strategies with domestic coverage. Consequently, the possibilities of the research approaches from this perspective are wide. The present paper was aimed at making reflections on the development of research in the primary health care sphere. The theoretical methods used in this paper were analysis/synthesis; induction/deduction and the historical/logical methods. This paper briefly set forth the development of the primary health care in Cuba and the elements it provides for the research; the current situation and some ideas supporting the reasons why research should be conducted in the primary health care, as well as how to focus the research process on these settings
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Primary Health Care , Research Design/standardsABSTRACT
Aims: Global change studies need to manipulate large volume of observation and prediction data, most likely from multiple sources. From the researchers’ perspective, the whole research process consists of the follow stages: data discovery, data access, data processing, data analysis and result dissemination. The aim of paper is to review the state-of-the-art of geospatial data systems to reveal the way towards a better support of global change studies. Methodology: This paper reviews the capabilities of exemplar geospatial data systems. It further analyzes the needs of manipulating large volume of diverse data when performing global change studies. By comparing the available capabilities with the real needs, this study shows the strengths and limitations of existing data systems when supporting global change studies. Results: The analysis shows that data systems are helpful for researchers to fulfill data discovery and access, while most of them do not provide further functionalities to cover other stages in the whole research process. This suggests that a new generation of data systems is highly needed to provide efficient and enough support for scientists to perform global change studies. Instead of simply moving data from sources to researchers’ local archives, it will enable more on-line data manipulation functionality and the interoperability of data and systems. Conclusion: Traditional geospatial data systems are designed to operate locally without built-in interoperability and sharing capabilities. Such systems are operated under the paradigm of “everything-locally-owned-and-operated”. Conducting global change studies using such a system requires moving a large volume of data from providers’ sites to researchers’ site. Such a system does not provide strong support for the entire research process. Since climate research requires manipulating a huge volume of complex and diverse multi-source data, a new paradigm of “everything-shared-over-the-Web” is promising when designing a new generation of geospatial data systems, which are standard-based, interoperable, and sharable, for global change studies.
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Qualitative researchers work on very complex and rich stories of their research participants. In order to develop understandings of these stories they probe and tease out the abstract threads of peoples' lives. My paper to you is about my own experience in promoting rigour and trustworthiness in qualitative research. I will make the point that the inclusion of reflexivity is central to promoting rigour and trustworthiness when conducting qualitative research studies that are investigating meaning and practice within personal and professional life stories. I will provide examples from my own research to illustrate how I work as a reflexive researcher and promote this important concept amongst the higher degree students I supervise. Furthermore, I will show from a poststructural perspective how a subjective approach can be turned into an opportunity to enrich research studies. Researchers need to pay attention to their position as a researcher and reflexivity is one aspect that must be considered. This paper will provide insights into how best to promote reflexivity and will also address some of the challenges researchers might experience in their research journey.