Strabismus in pediatric orbital wall fractures

Purpose: To assess the clinical profiles and outcomes of strabismus in pediatric patients with orbital wall fractures. Methods: A retrospective interventional study of all consecutive children of age ?16 years who presented with traumatic orbital wall fractures with and without resultant strabismus was conducted. The details of patient demographics, clinical features, interventions, and outcomes were obtained. Results: Forty?three children presented with traumatic orbital fractures to a tertiary care center. The mean age at presentation was 11 years and there was a male predominance (72.09%). Isolated floor fracture involvement was the most common (n = 24, 55.81%), and almost half of the children had a white?eyed or trapdoor fracture (n = 21, 48.83%). Twenty?six (60.46%) children had surgical repair of fracture(s). Manifest strabismus following orbital fracture was documented in 12 children (27.90%). Of these, an exotropia was noted in seven (58.33%), hypotropia in two (16.67%), hypertropia in one (8.33%), and esotropia in one patient (8.33%), while an exotropia with hypotropia was noted in one patient (8.33%). Restrictive nature of strabismus due to either muscle entrapment or local trauma was more commonly observed in 11/12 patients (91.66%). Primary position diplopia before orbital wall fracture repair was observed in four children and after repair was observed in two children with manifest strabismus. Four children underwent strabismus surgery post?fracture repair. Conclusion: An improvement in strabismus and ocular motility was noted in majority of the patients after fracture repair. The few that underwent strabismus surgery had a restrictive nature of strabismus. Trapdoor fractures and the nature of trauma in children vary compared to adults. Persistence of strabismus may be due to an excessive time interval between trauma and fracture repair or the extensive nature of trauma

Treatment of restrictive strabismus of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy by rectus muscle release and recession combined with orbital fat resection / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of rectus muscle release and recession combined with orbital fat resection on restrictive strabismus of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy.<p>METHODS: From March 2018 to June 2019, 27 cases of restrictive strabismus with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy were retrospectively analyzed, 34 eyes in total. Under general anesthesia, all patients underwent rectus muscle release and orbital fat resection. The range of orbital fat resection was selected according to the degree of the ophthalmologic process in the subnasal, subtemporal, superior nasal, or superior temporal quadrants.Inferior rectus recession was performed in 25 eyes, medial rectus recession in 5 eyes and superior rectus recession in 4 eyes. According to the degree of exophthalmos, he internal and external fat of inferior nasal, infratemporal, Supranasal or supratemporal quadrant muscles were excised respectively during the operation. According to the preoperative strabismus degree and the degree of contraction of external rectus muscle, the recession amount of rectus operation was designed,and the strength of passive rotation test was estimated intraoperatively. The amount of fat removed during the operation was designed according to the degree of protrusion before operation, and it was designed to remove about 1mL fat and retract the eyeball by 1mm.The postoperative follow-up time was once a week, once a month after 1mo, and irregular follow-up after 3mo. All patients were followed up for more than 6mo.<p>RESULTS: The amount of fat removed was 2.1-3.4mL, with an average of 2.6mL.The visual(LogMAR)acuity was 0-0.2 in the 1mo after operation, with an average of 0.11±0.16. The visual acuity was 0-0.3 in the 6mo after operation, with an average of 0.12±0.17.There was no significant difference in visual acuity before and after operation(<i>P</i>>0.05). The degree of eyeball protrusion was 13-16mm, with an average of 14.4±0.8mm, and the degree of corrected eyeball protrusion was 2-4mm, with an average of 2.4mm(<i>q</i>=10.737, <i>P</i><0.01). The degree of eyeball protrusion at 6mo after surgery was 13-15.5mm, with an average of 14.5±0.6mm, showing no significant difference from 1mo after surgery(<i>q</i>=0.624, <i>P</i>=0.173). 1mo after surgery, the strabismus was 2△-10△, with an average of 6.7△±2.3△, all of which were under correction(<i>q</i>=18.068, <i>P</i><0.01). Before surgery, all the patients had diplopia at the first sight, and the first diplopia disappeared one month after surgery. All patients showed significant improvement in compensatory head position. The strabismus(undercorrection)of the patients at 6mo after surgery was 0△-7△, with an average of 3.4△±1.2△, and the difference was statistically significant compared with 1mo after surgery(<i>q</i>=5.385, <i>P</i>=0.015). The patient had no diplopia at the first and lower transitory position. The mean intraocular pressure after surgery(17.12±1.89mmHg)was lower than that before surgery, and the difference between preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure was statistically significant(<i>q</i>=4.258, <i>P</i>=0.018).The mean intraocular pressure at 6mo after surgery was 17.53±1.67mmHg, with no significant difference from 1mo after surgery(<i>q</i>=0.729, <i>P</i>=0.154).<p>CONCLUSION: Orbital fat resection can improve the protrusion of the eyeball, but has no significant influence on the surgical design and effect of restrictive strabismus. It is a kind of controllable operation scheme to treat the limited strabismus with exophthalmos of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy with rectus muscle release and recession combined with orbital fat resection.

Management of Duane retraction syndrome: A simplified approach

Duane retraction (or co-contraction) syndrome is a congenital restrictive strabismus which can occur either as an isolated entity or in conjunction with other congenital anomalies and is now listed as a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder. It is characterized by co-contraction of horizontal recti on attempted adduction causing globe retraction along with variable amounts of upshoots or downshoots. It may have limited abduction or adduction or both and present as esotropic, exotropic, or orthotropic Duane. The diagnosis of this disease is usually clinical. However, recent research has provided a greater insight into the genetic basis of this disease paving a way for a greater role of genetics in the diagnosis and management. This disease can have a varied presentation and hence the treatment plan should be tailor-made for every patient. The indications for surgery are abnormal head posture, deviations in the primary position, retraction and narrowing of palpebral aperture and up- or downshoots during adduction, and sometimes also to improve abduction. The arrival of newer surgical techniques of periosteal fixation (PF) of lateral rectus (LR), partial vertical rectus transposition, or superior or inferior rectus transposition in addition to LR recession with Y-split has vastly improved the management outcomes, providing not only primary position orthophoria but also increased binocular visual fields as well.

Comparison of Intraocular Pressure via Goldmann-applanation Tonometry and TonoPen in Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy Accompanying Restrictive Strabismus

PURPOSE: To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured using Goldmann-applanation tonometry (GAT) and Tonopen® tonometry and to evaluate the factors influencing the measurement difference in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO)-related restrictive strabismus. METHODS: In 50 eyes of 50 patients who were diagnosed with TAO, IOP measurements were taken using both GAT and a Tonopen® and were subsequently compared between the devices. Factors influencing the measurement difference between the devices were determined, including the restriction of eyeball movement, eyeball deviation, exophthalmometry, central corneal thickness, refractive errors, and blood thyroid hormone levels. RESULTS: In the TAO patients, the GAT-measured IOP was higher than for Tonopen® (16.1 ± 4.7 vs. 13.8 ± 4.5 mmHg, respectively, p < 0.001). As the restriction of vertical eyeball movement increased, the IOP difference between the devices also increased (p = 0.037). The absolute IOP difference between the devices was positively correlated with restrictions in vertical eyeball movement (p = 0.027), degree of vertical strabismus (p = 0.021), and central corneal thickness (p ≤ 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with TAO accompanying vertical eyeball movement restriction, potential errors in IOP measurements should be considered between the different IOP-measuring devices.

Double-Layered Conjunctival Autograft and Amniotic Membrane Transplantation to Treat Restrictive Esotropia and Hypotropia

PURPOSE: To report a case of double-layered conjunctival autograft and amniotic membrane transplantation for the effective treatment of esotropia and hypotropia after removal of the recurrent pterygium. CASE SUMMARY: A 58-year-old male who had pterygium surgery of the right eye twice presented with diplopia on right gaze for 3 months. At the first visit, he had orthotropia in the primary position and right esotropia of 12 prism diopters (PD) on right gaze with limited abduction of -1 in the right eye. Fourteen months later, deviation was aggravated by esotropia of 30 PD and 12 PD of right hypotropia in the primary position at distance, and esotropia of 35 PD and 12 PD of right hypotropia at near with limited abduction of -2 and supraduction of -3 in the right eye. The patient complained of diplopia at all gazes and demonstrated chin-up posture. The conjunctival edge was recessed near the medial canthus and fornix, preventing conjunctival autograft after removal of subconjunctival scar tissue. Thus, 5 mm right medial rectus recession and additional half-sized conjunctival autograft were performed after amniotic membrane transplantation. The patient than showed no diplopia and orthotropia at both distance and near, with limited adduction of -1 in the right eye. He experienced no recurrence during 7 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent poor epithelial regeneration and dehiscence of graft in the patients with severe restrictive strabismus and very extensive conjunctival defect, double-layered conjunctival autograft and amniotic membrane transplantation may be effective for the treatment of severe esotropia and hypotropia.

Comparison of Patient Characteristics in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy with and without Strabismus

PURPOSE: To determine immunochemical and clinical differences in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients with restrictive strabismus and without strabismus. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 15 TAO patients with strabismus (25 eyes) and 24 TAO patients without strabismus (39 eyes) who presented to the Ophthalmology Clinic between August 2011 and December 2013 was performed. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), Hertel exophthalmometry, soft tissue score, and enlargement of extraocular muscles on computed tomography (CT) were obtained and compared in each group. Thyroid related autoantibody (thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody, TRAb; thyroid peroxidase antibody, TPOAb; anti-thyroglobulin antibody, TgAb) titers and positive rates were obtained at the time of diagnosis or before treatment and analyzed. RESULTS: The gender and smoking proportion were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The mean age of TAO patients with strabismus was 52.53 years and of TAO patients without strabismus 40.33 years (p = 0.004). The differences in visual acuity and IOP between the 2 groups were not significant. Hertel exophthalmometry showed less proptotis in the TAO with strabismus group than the TAO without strabismus group (16.84 mm versus 18.67 mm). The soft tissue score was not significantly different. The extraocular muscle enlargement rate of TAO with strabismus was significantly higher than in TAO without strabismus group. In the TAO with strabismus group, TRAb level was higher than in the TAO without strabismus group (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The TAO with strabismus group was older and had higher positive rate, level of TRAb, and extraocular muscle enlargement rate on CT than the TAO without strabismus group. Furthermore, proptosis was less definite in the TAO with strabismus group.

Toxina botulínica versus cirugía en el estrabismo restrictivo / Botulinum toxin versus surgery in treating restrictive strabismus

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento con toxina botulÝnica en su correcci¾n y compararlos con los obtenidos por la cirugÝa convencional, en casos con similar grado de severidad del estrabismo. MÉTODOS: Se realiz¾ un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y comparativo, en el periodo de mayo de 2006 a febrero de 2009, en un grupo de 10 casos, tratados con toxina botulÝnica, por inyecci¾n directa del músculo afectado. Los resultados de este tratamiento se compararon con los obtenidos por la cirugÝa en un grupo de 10 casos. RESULTADOS: La edad, el predominio del sexo, el tiempo de evoluci¾n y la severidad clÝnica del estrabismo, son similares en ambos grupos, por lo que son comparables. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios en el 70 por ciento de los casos tratados con toxina y cirugÝa. Los valores promedios de las dioptrÝas prismßticas de ambos ojos, disminuyeron el dÝa 7, 45 y 90. No hubo diferencias significativas, entre los valores promedios de las dioptrÝas prismßticas corregidas por ambos tratamientos, en casos con similar grado de severidad del estrabismo. CONCLUSIËN: El tratamiento con toxina botulÝnica es menos invasivo que la cirugÝa

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the treatment with botulinum toxin in the correction of restrictive strabismus and compare them with those of the surgery, in cases affected by similar strabismus severity. METHOD: A prospective, descriptive and comparative study was made in 10 patients with strabismus from May, 2006 to February, 2009, which were treated with botulinum toxin directly injected into the affected muscle. These results were then compared to those of the surgery performed in 10 cases. RESULTS: Age, the predominant sex, the time of evolution and the clinical severity of strabismus were comparable in both groups. The botulinum toxin results were satisfactory in 70 percent of cases treated with toxin and surgery. The average values of the prismatic dioptries of both eyes lowered at 7th, 45th and 90th days. The differences among the average values of the corrected prismatic dioptries in both types of treatment were not significant. CONCLUSION: The treatment with the botulinum toxin is less invasive than the surgery

Clinico-Radiologic Findings of Entrapped Inferior Oblique Muscle in a Fracture of the Orbital Floor

A 51-year old man presented with vertical and torsional diplopia after reduction of a blowout fracture at another hospital one year ago. He had no anormalies of head position and 14 prism diopters (PD) right hypertropia (RHT) in the primary position. In upgaze no vertical deviation was found, and hyperdeviation on downgaze was 35PD. Bielschowsky head tilt test showed a negative response. Distinct superior oblique (SO) and inferior rectus (IR) underaction of the right eye was noted but IO overaction was mild on the ocular version test. Double Maddox rod test (DMRT) revealed 10-degree extorsion, but fundus extorsion was minimal in the right eye.Thin-section coronal CT scan showed that there was no fracture line on the anterior orbital floor, but a fracture remained on the posterior orbital floor. Also, the anterior part of the right inferior oblique muscle was vertically reoriented and the medial portion of the inferior oblique muscle was not traced on the coronal CT scan. The patient underwent 14 mm right IO recession and 3 mm right IR resection. One month after the surgery, his vertical and torsional diplopia were eliminated in the primary position.

A Case of Esotropia in High Myopia

In adult with high myopia, the cause of rare esotropia remained enigmatic and the surgical results were poor. We present a case of high myopia of -30 D with esotropia of 70 PD and limited ocular motility. A dislocation of the lateral rectus(LR)into the temporocaudal quadrant was observed intraoperatively. Therefore, bilateral recessions of medial rectus and additional fixing of the LR with a non-absorbable suture were performed to reestablish the physiological LR plane. Ocular motility was improved and alignment was achieved postoperatively. Also, the corrected pathway of the LR was verified by magnetic resonance imaging postoperatively. Therefore, the present case is reported to help understanding the pathogenesis of esotropia in high myopic patient and selecting the adequate surgical method.