Effect of fluoride varnish, glass ionomer and resin sealant on the prevention of pit and fissure caries in young children / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @# To study the effect of fluoride varnish, glass ionomer and resin sealant on the prevention of pit and fissure caries in young children, and to identify an a method to reduce the sensitivity of operation technique to prevent pit and fissure caries in young children with limited moisture isolation.@*Methods@# A self-control design was used to select 370 young children aged 3 to 5. Eight molars in the mouth were distributed in four quadrants, and each quadrant was randomly allocated to the blank group, fluoride varnish Duraphat group, glass ionomer GC FujiⅦ group, and resin ClinproTM Sealant group. The retention rate of pit and fissure sealant and the incidence of primary molar caries were observed in the 6th, 12th, 24th and 36th months respectively.@* Results @# In the 6th month, 12th month and 24th month, there were no significant differences in the material retention rate between the GC Fuji Ⅶ group and ClinproTM Sealant group. In the 36th month, the retention rate of the ClinproTM sealant group was better than that of the GC Fuji Ⅶ group (P < 0.05). In the 6th month, the caries incidence in the Duraphat group, GC Fuji Ⅶ group and ClinproTM sealant group was significantly lower than that in the blank group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the Duraphat group, GC Fuji Ⅶ group and ClinproTM sealant group. In the 12th month, 24th month and 36th month, the incidence of caries in the GC Fuji Ⅶ group and ClinproTM sealant group was lower than that in the Duraphat group and blank group (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the blank group and Duraphat group, and there was no significant difference in caries incidence between the GC Fuji Ⅶ group and ClinproTM sealant group.@*Conclusion @#The GC Fuji Ⅶ and ClinproTM sealant treatments continuously and effectively prevented pit and fissure caries compared with simple fluoride application. However, in cases of limited cooperation and poor moisture isolation in young children, the preventive measures of glass ionomer pits and fissure sealants (GC Fuji Ⅶ) are simpler and more feasible.

Effect of botulinum toxin A on fat breastaugmentation: a preliminary randomized controlled clinical study / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To explore whether botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) can improve the retention rate of fat transplantation in fat breast augmentation.Methods:Each patient was divided into control side and experimental side according to the random number table in 14 patients studied. The experimental group received autologous fat and BTX-A combined transplantation on both sides of the breast, while the control side only received autologous fat transplantation. The fat was added with the same volume of normal saline as BTX-A in the control group. All patients were followed up and the effects of BTX-A were evaluated objectively via the comparison of the remained bilateral fat graft volumes that were obtained through a digital three-dimensional reconstructions technique. Moreover, the improvement of each breast appearance and complication were assessed by the physician and patients who were blinded to the recipient treatment assignment.Results:The outcome of the fat breast augmentation was evident for both groups at the follow-up with no evidence of fat embolism, vascular/nervous injury, infection and prolonged bruising. In one of the 14 patients (control group), fat liquefaction necrosis occurred in one side of the breast; after active treatment, it returned to normal, and three patients had different degrees of mass. The analysis on the three-dimensional reconstruction data and the assessments from both the physicians and patients showed significant differences in the fat graft retention volume between the BTX-A group (51.10±20.56)% and the control group (33.06±14.77)%. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two sides.Conclusions:Autogenous fat breast augmentation is safe and effective. This study result has shown that BTX-A can significantly improve the retention rate of fat transplantation but cannot reduce the incidence of complications.

Improving comprehensive retention rate of peppermint oil in freeze-dried preparation based on cyclodextrin inclusion technology / 中国中药杂志

The freeze-drying technique, characterized by low-temperature processing, is especially suitable for sensitive volatile oils with thermal instability. However, there are few studies focusing on the retention of volatile oils in the processing of freeze-dried preparations. This study evaluated the effects of different addition methods(adsorption, emulsification, solid dispersion, and inclusion) on the retention rate of the main components in peppermint oil, aiming to explore the application feasibility of freeze-dried preparations of volatile oils. Firstly, the addition method was determined based on the retention rates of menthol in four freeze-dried preparations. Secondly, an orthogonal test was designed to optimize the preparation process based on the characteristics of the preferred addition method. The results showed that the most suitable preparation form of peppermint oil was inclusion with beta-cyclodextrin(β-CD), and the retention rate of menthol in freeze-drying was 86.36%. According to the two-step preparation process of inclusion and freeze-drying, we introduced the product of inclusion rate and retention rate, i.e., comprehensive retention rate, to determine the optimum processing parameters. The results showed that β-CD/oil ratio of 7∶1, inclusion temperature of 40 ℃, and inclusion time of 2 h were the optimum processing parameters. The product prepared with these parameter had the comprehensive retention rate of 68.41%, retention rate of 92.53%, and inclusion rate of 73.93%. The inclusion compound was white powder with significantly increased solubility. The pre-paration process based on cyclodextrin inclusion in this study is stable and reliable and provides a new idea for ensuring the efficacy and stability of volatile components in freeze-dried preparations.

Preliminary exploration on the application of hydrogel from acellular porcine adipose tissue to assist lipofilling / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of hydrogel from acellular porcine adipose tissue (HAPA) on the survival of transplanted adipose tissue. Methods: For in vitro study, adipose tissue and HAPA-adipose tissue complex were cultured in normoxia and hypoxia atmospheres for 24 and 72 hours. TUNEL and Perilipin immunofluorescence staining were performed to observe the effect of HAPA on apoptosis and survival of adipocities. For in vivo study, 42 healthy male nude mice (4-6 weeks old) weighing 15-18 g were randomly divided into adipose group (group A), 10%HAPA group (group B), 20%HAPA group (group C), 30%HAPA group (group D), 40%HAPA group (group E), and 50%HAPA group (group F) according to different HAPA/adipose tissue volume ratio ( n=7). For each group, 1 mL adipose tissue or HAPA-adipose tissue complex was injected subcutaneously into the dorsum of the nude mice. At 4 weeks after transplantation, 7 nude mice in each group were sacrificed and grafts were harvested, gross observation, volume measurement, ultrasound examination, and histologic staining (HE staining, CD31 and Perilipin immunofluorescence stainings) were applied. Results: Hypoxia showed a tendency of promoting adipose tissue necrosis and apoptosis, while HAPA exhibited an obvious effect of inhibiting cell apoptosis in vitro study ( P0.05). With the increase of HAPA's volume ratio, HE staining proved an improved fat integrity while a gradually decreased vacuoles and fibrosis. CD31 immunohistochemical staining showed that the number of neo-vascularisation in groups E and F were significantly higher than those in groups A-D ( P<0.05). Perilipin immunofluorescence staining showed that with the increase of HAPA volume ratio, the number of living adipocytes increased gradually, and more new adipocytes could be seen in the field of vision. Conclusion: As the volume ratio of HAPA gradually increased, the survival of transplanted adipose tissue also increased, but the volume retention rate decreased gradually. 30%HAPA was considered the relative optimal volume ratio for its superior adipose tissue survival and volume retation rate.

Membrane technology for optimizing process optimization of small bioactive compounds in Mailuoning Injection factory effluene / 中草药

Objective: To enrich small bioactive compounds from Mailuoning Injection factory effluene by polyether sulfoxide hollow fiber membrane. Methods: The retention rate of the common polymer (protein, tannin, starch, and pectin) and the permeability of the small molecule pharmacodynamic substance chlorogenic acid were the indicators, and the stop time and membrane type in ultrafiltration process were optimized. The temperature, pressure, and feed rate were investigated to determine the influence degree of each factor on the permeability and retention rate, and then the optimum process parameters of the ultrafiltration membrane process were optimized by using Box-Behnken design-response surface method. Results: The sequence of common polymer retention rate from high to low is: the influencing factor A (temperature), B (pressure), C (feed rate), and there was a negative correlation with the temperature. For the chlorogenic acid transmission rate, the influencing factor A (temperature) was larger than B (pressure), and C (feed rate) was lowest. There was a “∩” relationship between chlorogenic acid permeability and pressure at a certain temperature and rate. The results of optimized process were as follows: liquid temperature was 35 ℃, feed rate was 262 mL/min, and membrane pressure was 15.0 psi (1 psi = 6.895 kPa). The chlorogenic acid transmission rate was (91.470 ± 0.988)%, and polymer retention rate was (80.080 ± 2.296)%. The comprehensive score was (85.780 ± 1.641)% and RSD was 0.46%. There was a small difference between the two processes. Conclusion: Hollow fiber membrane, which is a sustainable and green resource utilization, has a good permeability for small bioactive compounds in wastewater, and has excellent retaining effect on common macromolecules.

Characteristics of patients on methadone maintenance treatment in Taizhou City / 预防医学

Objective To investigate the characteristics of methadone maintenance treatment(MMT)clients, and to explore their retention rate and associated factors in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. Methods Heroin or opiate addicts who started MMT between 2006 and 2014 in study area were included. Data including demographics, history of drug use and treatment information was extracted from the National MMT Data Management System and descriptive analysis were conducted. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore factors associated with retention rate. Results In total, 2 262 MMT clients were included for analysis. Most of them were male(87.53%), single, divorced or widowed(55.75%), and had an education of junior middle school or below(88.68%). Almost all of them (98.32%)were heroin addicts, and the age at first drug use ranged from 9 years to 54 years, with average age of(25.06±6.34)years. A total of 1 123(49.65%)clients had a history of inject drug use and 81(3.58%)clients had ever shared needles with others. The average duration on MMT was 5.02±2.01 years, and the average methadone dosage during treatment was (34.49 ±22.69)mL. The MMT retention rate was 29.2% (661/2 262). In multivariable analysis, districts such as Huangyan District, Yuhuan County and Linhai City, aged≥40 years and average methadone dosage>20 mL during treatment were independently and positively associated with retention rate. Conclusion Most of MMT clients in Taizhou are male, unmarried, and had low education level. The retention rate is low in Taizhou but older patents and those receive high methadone dosage have a relatively higher retention rate.

Optimization of extraction and purification technology for Huangqi Baihe Granules based on G1-entropy method and orthogonal design / 中草药

Objective To determine the optimum extraction and purification technology of Huangqi Baihe Granules (HBG) by using orthogonal design and combination empowerment based on G1-entropy method, so as to provide a reference for the industrial production. Methods With the ethanol extraction amount and paste-forming rate of calycosin7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, hesperidin, crude polysaccharide as evaluation index, and with the extraction times, extraction time and the water adding amount as investigate factors, then the combination empowerment method based on G1-entropy method and orthogonal design were used to optimize the extraction technology of HBG. The same combined methods were used to optimize the purification technology of HBG with retention rate and removal rate of impurity of ethanol extract of calycosin7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, hesperidin and crude polysaccharide, as evaluation index, and with the membrane pore diameter, operating pressure and filtration temperature of multi-channel tubular ceramic ultrafiltration membrane as investigate factors. Results The test results showed that the optimum extraction technology was as follows: Extracted 2 times with 20 times the amount of water and each for 75 min. The optimum ultrafiltration technology was as follows: Multi-channel tubular inorganic ceramic membrane at 50 nm, operating pressure at 0.10 MPa, filtration temperature at 45 ℃. Under such condition, there was no significant difference between verification groups of three batches. Conclusion The optimized extraction and purification process is stable and feasible by verification, which can provide experimental basis for industrial production of HBG.

Clinical efficacy of the glass ionomer cement used as pit and fissure sealant with and without acid etching in primary teeth / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#This work aimed to compare the effect of retention and preventive caries of the pit and fissure sealant on primary teeth by using glass ionomer cements (GIC) with or without acid etching technique.@*METHODS@#In this clinical trail, 100 children aged 3-4 years old with a split-mouth design were equally divided into two groups (the left second upper and lower mandibular primary molars were present in group A, and the right second upper and lower mandibular primary molars were present in group B; each group had 200 molars). All participants were placed in pit and fissure sealant with Ketac® Molar Easymix and seated with atraumatic restorative treatmen press-finger technique in the two groups. Group A was subjected to acid etching (40 s, 35% H₃PO₄), while group B were not subjected to acid etching. GIC preservation rate, caries rate, and decayed teeth (dt) index were observed after 12 months.@*RESULTS@#After a 12-month follow-up period, the completely lost, partially losing, and losing rates of GIC in 86 children (172 second primary molars) were 83.14%, 9.88%, 6.98% in group A and 62.79%, 20.35%, and 16.86% in group B, respectively. The differences between the two groups were insignificant (P<0.05). The caries rates of groups A and B were 8.14% and 16.86%, and their dt indices were 0.08±0.31 and 1.17±0.46, respectively, thereby indicating significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Using acid etching technology, the retention rate of the pit and fissure sealant increased, while its losing rate decreased. The retention effect of the GIC was improved, and the dental caries prevention effect was enhanced. Sealant processing was a self-curing procedure that sets without the external energy. Hence, this procedure is suitable for the preventive caries of primary teeth in children.

Assessing the effect of pit and fissure sealing on 733 six-year-teeth four years later / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@# Assessing the effect of pit and fissure sealing on children’mandibular first molar in four years follow-up.@*Methods@#The second grade pupils of five primary schools in Guangzhou were given pit and fissure sealing, 733 teeth were performed pit and fissure sealant. The retention rate of the sealant and caries incidence of the mandibular first molar were analysed in four years follow-up. @*Results @# In four years follow-up, the retention rate of mandibular first molar was 57.16%. In terms of the caries incidence, the sealing group was 9.82%, while the unsealing group was 15.77%(χ2 = 7.045, P < 0.05). The decrease rate of caries in the sealing group was 37.73%, the caries incidence for the shallow pit and fissure group was 7.76%, no statistical differentce could be found two groups (χ2 = 0.844,P = 0.358).@*Conclusion@#Caries incidence of mandibular first molar obviously decreased 4 years later after the pit and fissure sealing.

Purification of macroporous adsorption resin and decolorization of ion exchange resin of total saponins of Panax japonicus / 中草药

Objective: To establish a simple and effective extraction method for the preparation of total saponins of Panax japonicas (TSPJ). Methods: Combination of macroporous adsorption and ion exchange resin chromatography was adopted in the present study. For quality evaluation, chikusetsusaponin IVa was used as reference, and vanillin-perchloric acid was applied as chromogenic reagent to determine total saponin content at 545 nm. Results: X-5 macrophous resin offered better adsorption and desorption capacities for TSPJ than other macrophous resins. The optimum purification process was confirmed as follows: The sample solution concentration was 0.2 mg/L; The sample volume was 10 g/g, and eluting with 5 mL of 70% aqueous ethanol solutions on 1 g wet macrophous resin column. Followed this step, decoloring of TSPJ was studied and the decoloring capacity of two different types of ion exchange resins was evaluated. The result showed that 732-type cation exchange resin was the better resin for decolorization of the TSPJ. The total saponin products with higher purity and quality were obtained, with the mass fraction more than 85.0%, and the transfer rate of TSPJ was more than 70.0%. Conclusion: The results show that the total saponins can be separated and purified effectively from P. japonicus. The preparation method is simple, effective, and efficient for large-scale preparation of TSPJ.

Efficacy and retention rate of ketogenic-diet treatment in infantile spasm / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the effectiveness and compliance of ketogenic-diet(KD) treatment for infantile spasm(IS).Methods Ninety-eight IS patients who were treated with KD in Wuhan Children's Hospital from March 2009 to June 2015 were analyzed by using retrospective case-control study,the patients were divided into 4 groups:newly diagnosed IS patients group (group A,including 24 patients),one antiepileptic drug (AEDs) failure IS patients (group B,including 28 patients),two and more AEDs failure IS patients (group C,including 29 patients),and two or more AEDs combined with ACTH failure IS patients(group D,including 17 patients).The spasm-free andretention rates after 3,6 and 12 months KD treatment were compared among these groups.Results Overall retention rate was 80.6％ (79/98 cases),69.4％ (68/98 cases),and 42.9％ (42/98 cases)at 3,6,12 months,respectively.The 3-month retention rate in group A,B,C and D was 83.3 ％ (20/24 cases),78.6％ (22/28 cases),82.7％ (24/29 cases) and 76.4％ (13/17 cases) respectively,and there was no significant difference among these groups (P ＞ 0.05).The 6-month retention rates in each group was 75.0％ (18/24 cases),67.9％ (19/28 cases),68.8％ (20/29 cases) and 65.0％ (11/17 cases) in sequence,and there was also no significant difference among these groups(P ＞0.05).The 12-month retention rate was 54.2％ (13/24 cases),21.4％ (6/28 cases),48.3％ (14/29 cases) and 52.9％ (9/17 cases) in group A,B,C and D in sequence,the 12-month retention rate of group B was significantly lower than that of other 3 groups,and the differences were statistically significant(x2 =5.973,4.508,4.727,all P ＜ 0.05),and there was no significant difference among the A,C,D groups (all P ＞ 0.05).The spasm-free rate at 3,6,12 months of KD treatment was 19.4％ (19/98 cases),20.4％ (20/98 cases),30.6％ (30/98 cases).The 3-month spasm-free rate in A,B,C,D groups were as follow:41.7％ (10/24 cases),14.3％ (4/28 cases),10.3％ (3/29 cases),11.8％ (2/17 cases),respectively.The 3-month spasm-free rate in group A was significantly higher than that of other 3 groups,and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =10.238,9.219,6.697,all P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference among the B,C,D groups (all P ＞ 0.05).The 6-month spasm-free rates were 41.7％ (10/24 cases),14.3％ (4/28 cases),13.8％ (4/29 cases),and 11.8％ (2/17 cases) in group A,B,C and D in order,and the spasm-free rate in group A was significantly higher than that of other 3 groups,and the differences were statistically significant(x2 =4.924,5.249,4.298,all P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference among the A,C,D groups (all P ＞ 0.05).The 12-month spasm-free rates were 54.2％ (13/24 cases),21.4％ (6/28 cases),24.1％ (7/29 cases),and 23.5 ％ (4/17 cases) in group A,B,C and D,and the spasm-free rate in group A was significantly higher than that in other 3 groups,and the differences were statistically significant(x2 =8.354,7.923,4.364,all P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference among the A,C,D groups (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The spasm-free rate of KD therapy for newly-diagnosed IS is higher than that of IS patients whose drug-therapy failed.KD therapy may be the top priority for IS patients and part of those patients whose drug-therapy failed can still get seizure-free with KD diet.

Study on Purification of Liquiritin by Using Ammonia Extraction and Ceramic Membrane Ultrafiltration Technology / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To establish a suitable extraction and purification process line for industrial production of liquiritin. Methods With the extraction rate of liquiritin as index, orthogonal test was used to determine the optimum conditions; with the retention rate of liquiritin and impurity removal rate as the indexes, orthogonal test was used to optimize the best ultrafiltration process parameters. Results The optimum extraction conditions were: 24 times 0.75%ammonia water, extracted three times, each time under 60 min. The liquiritin average extraction rate was 72.3%. The best ultrafiltration process parameters were: 10 nm inorganic ceramic membrane, pressure of 0.12 MPa, temperature of 25 ℃. The liquiritin average retention rate was 98.9%, and the average removal rate of impurity was 23.3%. Conclusion This process has low production cost and good safety, and is suitable for industrial application.

Value of postoperative indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes combined with standard remnant liver volume in predicting liver dysfunction after hepatectomy / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the value of indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes (ICG R15) on postoperative day 3 combined with standard remnant liver volume (SRLV) in predicting the occurrence of liver dysfunction after hepatectomyin hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:The clinical data of 61 HCC patients undergone hepatectomy in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2015 to February 2016 were collected and analyzed.The patients were divided into 2 groups:a normal liver function group (n=40) and a liver dysfunction group (n=21).Univariate analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors for postoperative liver dysfunction.Logistic regression was used to assess the independent risk factors for postoperative liver dysfunction,and the regression equation between independent risk factors and postoperative liver dysfunction was established,The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to examine the regression equation and compare the value difference in predicting postoperative liver dysfunction between single and combined independent risk factors.Results:Postoperative liver dysfunction occurred in 21 of the 61 patients,with an incidence rate at 34.4％.There was no significant difference in the time of operation,time of hepatic portal occlusion,volume of tumor and volume of resected liver between the 2 groups (all P＞0.05),but there were significant differences in the ICG R15 on postoperative day 3,intraoperative blood loss and SRLV between the 2 groups (all P＜0.05).The ICG R15 on postoperative day 3,intraoperative blood loss,SRLV were the risk factors for postoperative liver dysfunction.Logistic regression analysis showed ICG R15 on postoperative day 3 and SRLV were the independent risk factors for postoperative liver dysfunction,and the regression equation between independent risk factors and postoperative liver dysfunction was as follows:logit(P)=1.277+0.140×ICG R15 on postoperative day 3-5.125×SRLV.The area under the ROC curve ofICG R15 on postoperative day 3 combined with SRLV was more than that of single ICG R15 and single SRLV.Conclusion:ICG R15 on postoperative day 3 and SRLV are the independent risk factors for postoperative liver dysfunction.The regression equation,which is established by combination of ICG R15 with SRLV,can predict the occurrence of postoperative liver dysfunction.The accuracy of ICG R15 on postoperative day 3 combined with SRLV is better than that of single ICG R15 or single SRLV.

Performance Evaluation of Automated Clinical Chemistry Analyzer for Indocyanine Green (ICG) R15 Test

BACKGROUND: The conventional indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes (ICG R15) test is inefficient and inconvenient because it requires the use of a manual spectrophotometer and several samples per patient. This study aimed to establish the automation of the ICG R15 test using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer, and to evaluate the calculation of R15 with a small number of samples. METHODS: The performance of the AU5832 (Beckman Coulter, USA) for determining ICG concentration was evaluated in accordance with the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The R15 results for 77 patients determined by spectrophotometry and AU5832 were compared. We evaluated the calculation of R15 with three samples, except for one sample in which the results had been obtained previously, at 5, 10, and 15 minutes after injection of ICG into the patients, and compared the results with those obtained with four samples. RESULTS: The automated ICG test using the AU5832 system showed proper performances according to CLSI. Although the difference in the R15 results between the two methods was within the 95% confidence interval, the R15 was adjusted by the regression equation because it was slightly lower according to the automated method compared with the manual method. The R15 with three samples (0, 5, and 15 minutes) showed the best correlation with conventional R15 with four samples (r2=0.996). Compared with the manual method, the R15 result using the AU5832 showed excellent agreement with four samples (kappa value 0.904) and with three samples (kappa value 0.880). CONCLUSIONS: The ICG R15 test using the AU5832 system is comparable with the conventional method in clinical use.

Optimization of nanofiltration concentration process of Sophora flavescens extract by coupling technology of response surface methodology and regulating Donnan effect / 中草药

Objective: Response surface analysis and regulating Donnan effect methodology were used to optimize the matrine concentration by nanofiltration techonology. Methods: On the basis of single factor experiment results, molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of nanofiltration membrane, concentration and pH were selected as influencing factors to evaluate the retention rate of matrine and total alkaloids with Box-Behnken central composite experiment design, and then, the optimal concentration parameters were calculated in the conditions of pH 6-7 to regulate Donnan effect between alkaloids and nanofiltration membrane. Results: The retention rate of matrine was of positive relevance with the ethanol concentration. The optimal concentration parameters were as follows: cutting off molecular weight of 150, pH of 6.19, concentration of 204.3 μg/mL, ethanol concentration of 15%, the retention rate of matrine and total alkaloids were 94.41% and 97.63%, respectively. Conclusion: The combination of ethanol regulation Donnan effect and response surface analysis can well optimize the concentration process of S. flavescens extract by nanofiltration, and the results provide the references for nanofiltration concentration for heat-sensitive Chinese materia medicia.

Study on simultaneous extraction and purification technology of glycyrrhizin acid and liquiritin based on ceramic membrane ultrafiltration technology / 中草药

Objective: To establish an extraction and purification process line synchronization suitable for industrial production of glycyrrhizin acid and liquiritin. Methods: The extraction rates of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin were as indexes, orthogonal test was performed to determine the optimum conditions; The retention rate of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin and impurity removal rates were as indexes, the best ultrafiltration process parameters were optimized by orthogonal test. Results: The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 0.75% ammonia water (24 times), extracted for three times, each time under 60 min, average rates of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin were 98.3% and 72.3%; The best ultrafiltration process parameters: 10 nm inorganic ceramic membrane, pressure of 0.12 MPa, temperature of 25℃. The average retention rates of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin were 99.3% and 98.9%, and an average removal rate of impurity was 23.3%. Conclusion: The experiment adopted the joint application of inorganic ceramic membrane ultrafiltration technology and ammonia extraction process, and it has realized the glycyrrhizic acid and licorice glycosides extraction and purification of synchronization; The process has low production cost and good safety, and is suitable for industrial application.

Effect of body development from first insemination to first weaning on performance and culling until the third farrowing of Landrace x Large White swine females / Efeito do desenvolvimento corporal desde a primeira inseminação até o primeiro desmame no desempenho e descarte até o terceiro parto de fêmeas suínas Landrace x Large White

The aim of this study was to verify the association of sow body weight development until the 1st weaning with reproductive performance, piglet production and culling rate until the 3rd farrowing in 196 primiparous sows using logistic regression models. Each 10kg increase in weight gain in the 1stpregnancy (OR= 0.63), weight at 1st farrowing (OR= 0.70), weight at the 1st weaning (OR= 0.73) or weight gain from the 1startificial insemination (AI) to the 1st weaning (OR= 0.67) decreased the percentage of primiparous sows with long weaning-to-oestrus interval - WOI (>5 days). An increasing lactation length and an increase in the number of weaned piglets were responsible for respectively decreasing (OR= 0.77-0.80, per day of lactation) and increasing (OR= 1.52-1.59, per piglet weaned) the percentage of sows with long WOI. Sows with <159.5kg at weaning had higher odds of non-farrowing (NFR) compared to sows with >170kg (OR= 4.73). Sows with <17.5kg of gain from the 1st AI to the 1st weaning had higher odds (OR= 4.88) of NFR than sows gaining >30kg. Each additional lactation day decreased the NFR (OR= 0.74). Females weighing <139kg at the 1st AI had higher percentages of small numbers of total born in the second parity (STB2, OR= 2.00) and over three parities (OR= 3.28) compared to those weighing ≥139kg. Sows with weight gain <25kg at the 1st pregnancy had higher odds of STB2 (OR= 3.01) compared to sows gaining >35kg. Each 10kg of increase in weight at the 1st weaning or in weight gain from the 1st AI to the 1st weaning decreased the total culling rate (OR= 0.71 and 0.73, respectively) and culling for reproductive reasons (OR= 0.57 and 0.61, respectively). The culling rate until the 3rdfarrowing was also increased in sows with a smaller first litter size. The results show that not only reaching a minimum weight at the 1st AI but also having an adequate body weight gain until the 1st weaning is important for the reproductive performance, productivity and retention of Landrace x Large White Danbred sows in the herd.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar, com modelos de regressão logística, a associação entre características de desenvolvimento corporal até o 1º desmame com o desempenho reprodutivo, produção de leitões e taxa de remoção até o 3º parto de 196 fêmeas suínas primíparas. Houve redução nas chances de as fêmeas terem intervalo desmame-estro (IDE) longo (>5 dias) a cada 10kg de aumento no ganho de peso na 1ª gestação - GPG1 (razão de chance - RC = 0,63), peso no 1º parto - PP1 (RC= 0,70), peso no 1º desmame - PD1 (RC= 0,73) ou ganho de peso da 1ª inseminação artificial (IA) ao 1º desmame - GPIAD1 (RC= 0,67). O percentual de porcas com IDE longo reduziu com o aumento da duração da lactação (RC= 0,77-0,80, por dia de lactação) e aumentou com o aumento no número de leitões desmamados (RC= 1,52-1,59, por leitão desmamado). Porcas com <159,5kg ao desmame tiveram maior chance de não parir (NP) em comparação a porcas com >170 kg (RC= 4,73). Porcas com <17,5kg de GPIAD1 tiveram maior chance (RC= 4,88) de NP do que porcas ganhando >30kg. O aumento da duração da lactação reduziu a chance de NP (RC= 0,74, para cada dia). Fêmeas com <139kg na 1ª IA tiveram maior chance de terem leitegada pequena no segundo parto - LPSP (RC= 2,00) ou ao longo de 3 partos (RC= 3,28), em comparação às fêmeas com ≥139kg. Fêmeas com GPG1 <25kg tiveram maior chance de LPSP (RC= 3,01) do que fêmeas com >35kg. Houve diminuição na taxa geral de descarte (RC= 0,71 e 0,73, respectivamente) e descarte por causas reprodutivas (RC= 0,57 e 0,61, respectivamente) para cada 10kg de aumento no PD1 e GPIAD1. A taxa de descarte até o 3º parto também aumentou nas porcas com menor leitegada no primeiro parto. Os resultados mostram que, além de atingir um peso mínimo na 1ª IA, o ganho de peso entre a 1ª IA e o primeiro desmame é importante para o desempenho reprodutivo, produtividade e retenção de fêmeas Danbred Landrace x Large White no rebanho.(AU)

Screening of Decolorizing Agents for the Extracts from the Fruit and Stem of Schisandra chinensis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To screen decolorizing agents suitable for the extracts from the fruit and stem of Schisandra chinen-sis. METHODS:HPLC was adopted to determine the contents of 4 kinds of lignans(schizandrin,schisandrol B,deoxyschizandrin and γ-schizandrin) in the extract solution from the fruit and stem of S. chinensis which was treated with 8 kinds of decolorizing agents (activated clay,activated carbon,diatomite,calcium bentonite,kaolin,activated aluminium oxide,magnesium oxide,at-tapulgite clay),and the decolourization rates of the samples of the fruit and stem of S. chinensis and the retention rates of lignans in such samples were calculated respectively. RESULTS:The above-mentioned decolorizing agents were arranged in order as fol-lows respectively based on the decolourization effects on the extract solution from the fruit and stem of S. chinensis:attapulgite clay>activated carbon>activated aluminium oxide>kaolin>magnesium oxide>diatomite>calcium bentonite>activated clay,and activated carbon>diatomite>attapulgite clay>magnesium oxide>kaolin>activated aluminium oxide>activated clay>calcium ben-tonite. The attapulgite clay and activated carbon have the best decolourization effects on the extracts from the fruit and stem of S. chinensis,with the decolourization rates of 60.47% and 69.24% respectively,and the retention rates of schizandrin,schisandrol B,deoxyschizandrin and γ-schizandrin were 77.43%,77.73%,77.07%,77.53%,and 72.18%,70.17%,70.32%,70.28%,re-spectively. CONCLUSIONS:Among the 8 decolorizing agents,attapulgite clay and activated carbon have the best decolourization effects on the extract solution from the fruit and stem of S. chinensis.

Effect of clobazam as add-on antiepileptic drug in patients with epilepsy.

Background & objectives: The use of clobazam in epilepsy has increased since its introduction in 1975. However, it has not been audited for its overall usefulness in Indian set up. The present study was aimed to evaluate usage pattern, retention rate, effectiveness and tolerability of clobazam during routine practice in an outpatient epilepsy clinic of a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. Methods: This study was performed on the patients prescribed antiepileptic medication who had clobazam as last added drug in their treatment regimen during October 2010 - March 2012. These patients were followed up for two OPD visits. The primary points evaluated were retention rate, percentage of seizure-free patients and reasons for discontinuing clobazam. Results: oOf the 417 consecutive patients, 132 (31.7%) were on clobazam treatment for more than four years (median 6 yr, range 4-15 yr). No seizure for previous 12 months was considered as seizure free and was observed in 151 (36.2%) patients. There was no improvement in seizure control in 32 (7.7%) patients. A decrease in seizure severity without any change in seizure frequency was observed in 76 (18.2%) patients. Clobazam was discontinued by 15 (3.6%) patients due to complaints like drowsiness (13), fatigue/tiredness (8), headache (6), poor memory (6), irritable behaviour (5), abdominal pain (3) and dizziness (3). Interpretation & conclusions: oOur results provide valuable information about the clinical use of clobazam as add-on antiepileptic drug therapy in the management of patients with epilepsy.

Retrospective analysis the long-term retention rate of levetiracetam mono or combination therapy of infant ;epilepsy / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To analysis the long-term retention rate of Levetiraceram (LEV) monotherapy or combination therapy of infant epilepsy. Methods The clinical data of patients with infant epilepsy treated by LEV had been retrospectively analyzed from July 2006 to June 2007. Results Sixty patients with infant epilepsy treated by LEV had been recruited, 20 cases with partial seizures, 19 cases with generalized seizures, 21 cases with epilepsy syndrome. Among them 21 cases was intractable epilepsy. The retention rates of LEV in 6-month, 1-year, 2-year, 3-year and 4-year were 95.5%, 75.0%, 60.0%, 51.7%, and 38.3%. The most common reason for withdrawal was lack of effect (43.2%). COX regression model suggested that duration>1 month (RR=2.91, 95%CI:1.16~7.30) and refractory epilepsy (RR=2.30, 95%CI:1.22~4.32) were risk factors of withdrawal (all P<0.05). After treatment, the seizure frequency signiifcantly reduced compared with baseline (P<0.01). To the end of the follow-up, the efifciency was 100%and the complete remission rate was 69.57%in 23 cases continued treatment. The main side effect were fatigue (56.0%), and sleep increased, irritability, and so on. Conclusions LEV monotherapy or combination therapy has well long-term retention rate, maintains well efifcacy and tolerability in infant epilepsy.