ABSTRACT
Purpose: An advantage of rebound tonometry (RT) is its ease of use so that it can also be operated by health care technicians. However, the cost of the disposable measuring probes is high and their reuse carries the risk of infection. Therefore, this study aims to objectify the potential risk of bacterial transmission by RT. Methods: Our experimental setting consisted of two experiments. The first aimed to quantify the number of bacteria on a tonometer probe after immersion in a bacterial suspension in vitro. The experiment was carried out with two different bacteria and compared with results from a Goldmann tonometer probe. The second experiment tested whether bacteria could be transmitted by simulating reuse of a nondisinfected rebound tonometer probe. Results: First experiment: After immersion of the rebound tonometer probe, we measured a bacterial count of 2.43 × 106 Escherichia coli (EC) and 1.12 × 106 Pseudomonas fluorescens. In total, 1.09 × 107 bacteria for EC and 2.61 × 106 for Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) were measured on the Goldmann tonometer probe. Second experiment: A bacterial transmission could be detected in 36% of cases in which reuse of nondisinfected tonometer probes was simulated. Conclusion: These results show that despite the small surface of the rebound tonometer probe, there is a clear risk of bacterial transmission. Thorough disinfection according to general standards should be mandatory if the tonometer probes are to be reused.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore harmless disposal method and equipment for the medical waste in the mobile hospital. Methods The characteristics and harmless disposal methods were analyzed,and then a pyrolysis scheme was proposed for the medical waste in the mobile hospital.The scheme took considerations on equipment miniaturization,vehicle mounting as well as gas cleaning. Results A medical waste pyrolysis vehicle was developed for the mobile hospital, which had the performances met the requirements of 300 persons/d casualty throughput,environment protection and etc.Conclusion The developed vehicle can be used for harmless disposal of the medical waste in the mobile hospital, and is worthy promoting practically.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study and analyze the waste reutilization in the process of Chinese materia medica (CMM) resources industrialization, in order to provide countermeasures and suggestions for the protection of CMM resources and promote the sustainable development of CMM industry. Methods: Using circular economics to explain the circular pattern and policy mechanism of green development economy that will promote the waste reutilization of CMM. Results: Waste generated from CMM resources industrialization pollutes the ecological environment seriously, forming the bearing pressure of environment, and the key to the development of CMM resources is to solve the problem of the negative externality caused by waste generated in the process of CMM resources industrialization. Conclusion: Promoting the waste reutilization of CMM should establish the green economic network system which is essential to the development of CMM industry and promote green technology innovation with green policy system which is conducive towards green road, and it makes environmental protection combining organically with the efficient use of CMM resources.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Multi-type resource chemical constituents in Schizandrae Fructus residues were analyzed in the process of Shengmai Injection production, in order to provide the scientific basis for Schizandrae Fructus in the further process of industrialization. Methods: The lignan components were analysed and evaluated by HPLC-UV method. After using NaOH to extract sample, the BCA method was adopted to measure the mass fraction of total protein and take bovine serum albumin as the reference. Using UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure the mass fraction and constitutes of neutral polysaccharide and acidic polysaccharide, respectively. The equipment for raw fiber determination was taken to gauge the crude fiber content of Schizandrae Fructus residues. Results: The mass fractions of schisandrin A, schizandrin B, schizandrin C, gomisin A, gomisin B, and schisantherin A were 1.442 4, 3.788 0, 1.350 9, 4.399 3, 3.231 3, and 0.505 3 mg/g, respectively. Compared with the original medicinal materials, the technology utilization rate of gomisin A was 20.84% during the process of Shengmai Injection production. But the gomisin B virtually was unused and remained in the residues. The mass fractions of schisandrin A, schizandrin B, schizandrin C, and schisantherin A were higher than that of the original medicinal material. The available macromolecular substances are proteins, polysaccharide, and crude fiber. The content of total proteins was 14.69%. The mass fractions of neutral polysaccharide and acidic polysaccharide were 3.82% and 1.31%, respectively. The analysis on crude fiber showed that the mass fraction of crude fiber in Schizandrae Fructus residues was 43.80%. Conclusion: The analysis shows that Schizandrae Fructus residues contain many resource chemical components in the process of Shengmai Injection production, such as lignins, protein, saccharides, and crude fiber. The strategy for recycling and possible way is proposed exploringly based on the available resource chemical components of Schizandrae Fructus residues and water-extracting technology. It provides the reference for the utilization of waste resource in further process of industralization, promoting the resource conservation, and development of environmental protection, realizing the harmonious coexistence between the economy and ecology.
ABSTRACT
O pneu inservível é um resíduo que deve ser gerido corretamente até sua disposição final, pois quando disposto inadequadamente pode causar danos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública. Em João Pessoa, Paraíba, foi iniciado em março de 2005 o Programa Nordeste Rodando Limpo, que consistiu na coleta e destinação final dos pneus inservíveis para utilização como combustível em fornos de fabricação de clínquer. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma cimenteira, localizada na cidade de João Pessoa, cujo objetivo foi analisar os principais benefícios da utilização de pneus inservíveis no coprocessamento. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada na avaliação qualitativa dos benefícios gerados à saúde pública e avaliação quantitativa dos ganhos sociais gerados aos catadores, assim como mensurar as emissões atmosféricas do coprocessamento. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram os benefícios no coprocessamento, possibilitando a retirada de 26.569 toneladas de pneus inservíveis que estavam depositados nos estados da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte, além da criação de um mecanismo de coleta pela sociedade, que possibilitou ganhos econômicos da ordem de R$ 2 milhões aos catadores, contribuindo para a melhoria de sua qualidade de vida. Verificou-se também um gradativo aumento da utilização de pneus inservíveis, implicando em um menor consumo de combustíveis não renováveis, minimizando emissões atmosféricas, devido ao menor volume de coque utilizado e transportado.
The wasted tire is a residue that must be properly managed until its final disposal, because when improperly disposed, it can cause damage to the environment and risk to public health. In the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, a program called Programa Nordeste Rodando Limpo was started in March 2005 and consisted of the collecting and disposal of scrap tires to be used as fuel in furnaces for manufacturing of clinker. This research was conducted in a cement factory located in the city of João Pessoa. The main objective was to analyze the benefits of using scrap tires in co-processing. The methodology used was based on qualitative assessment of the benefits generated to the public health; quantitative assessment of the social gains generated to collectors; as well as the measurement of atmospheric emissions during the co-processing. The results confirmed the benefits in co-processing, allowing the removal of 26.569 tons of waste tires that were deposited in the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte. A social mechanism for collecting waste tires was created, which enabled economic gains of R$ 2 million to collectors, helping to improve their quality of life. There was also a gradual increase in the use of wasted tires, resulting in a lower consumption of non-renewable fuels, minimizing atmospheric emissions due to the lower volume of petroleum coke used and transported.