Advances in research and application of Trichoderma for inducing resistance against root rot diseases in root and rhizome of Chinese medicinal materials / 中国中药杂志

Root rot is a microbial disease that is difficult to control and can result in serious losses in the planting of most Chinese medicinal materials. As high as 87.6% of roots or rhizomes of Chinese medicinal materials are susceptible to root rot, which seriously affects the cultivation development of Chinese medicinal materials. Trichoderma fungi, possessing biological control functions, can induce plants to improve their resistance to microbial diseases, promote plant growth, and effectively reduce the losses caused by various microbial diseases on cultivation. At present, Trichoderma is rarely used in the cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials, so it has great application potential for the prevention and control of root rot diseases in farmed Chinese medicinal materials. Based on the above situation, after comparison and discussion, it is believed that compared with chemical control and physical control, biological control of root rot diseases of Chinese medicinal materials is more efficient and meets the development needs of Chinese medicinal materials ecological planting in China. This paper reviewed the progress in the research and application of Trichoderma in the control of root rot diseases in the root and rhizome of farmed Chinese medicinal materials in the past 10 years and found that most of the current research on the biological control of root rot diseases in Chinese medicinal materials was mostly limited to the verification of the inhibitory effect of Trichoderma strains on the growth of the pathogenic microbes. Studies on the induction effect of Trichoderma on Chinese medicinal materials are not in depth. Studies on the responding mechanisms of most Chinese medicinal materials to Trichoderma are highly absent. Moreover, there are few reports on field experiments, which indicates that there is a long way to go before Trichoderma is widely applied in the farming practice of Chinese medicinal materials. To sum up, this paper aimed to link the present and the future and advocated further relevant research and more experiments on the application of Trichoderma in the farming of Chinese medicinal materials.

Inhibitory effect of three strains of biocontrol microbes on pathogens causing rhizome rot of Polygonatum cyrtonema / 中国中药杂志

Rhizome rot is one of the main disease in the cultivation of Polygonatum cyrtonema, and it is also a global disease which seriously occurs on the perennial medicinal plants such as Panax notoginseng and P. ginseng. There is no effective control method at present. To identify the effects of three biocontrol microbes(Penicillium oxalicum QZ8, Trichoderma asperellum QZ2, and Brevibacillus amyloliquefaciens WK1) on the pathogens causing rhizome rot of P. cyrtonema, this study verified six suspected pathogens for their pathogenicity on P. cyrtonema. The result showed that Fusarium sp. HJ4, Colletotrichum sp. HJ4-1, and Phomopsis sp. HJ15 were the pathogens of rhizome rot of P. cyrtonema, and it was found for the first time that Phomopsis sp. could cause rhizome rot P. cyrtonema. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of biocontrol microbes and their secondary metabolites on three pathogens were determined by confrontation culture. The results showed that the three tested biocontrol microbes significantly inhibited the growth of three pathogens. Moreover, the secondary metabolites of T. asperellum QZ2 and B. amyloliquefaciens WK1 showed significant inhibition against the three pathogens(P<0.05), and the effect of B. amyloliquefaciens WK1 sterile filtrate was significantly higher than that of high tempe-rature sterilized filtrate(P<0.05). B. amyloliquefaciens WK1 produced antibacterial metabolites to inhibit the growth of pathogens, and the growth inhibition rate of its sterile filtrate against three pathogens ranged from 87.84% to 93.14%. T. asperellum QZ2 inhibited the growth of pathogens through competition and antagonism, and P. oxalicum QZ8 exerted the inhibitory effect through competition. The research provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of rhizome rot of P. cyrtonema and provides a basis for the di-sease control in other crops.

Mechanism of Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome-induced nephrotoxicity in rats based on network toxicology and experimental validation / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the mechanism of Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome (ST) induced nephrotoxicity based on network toxicology and experimental verification. Methods Through network toxicology the target of toxic components of ST was predicted, nephrotoxicity-related target genes were located, the intersection of targets was taken, the STRING platform was imported to map the target protein interactions, MetaScape database was used for GO and KEGG analysis, BioGPS database for screening the key expressed genes in rat nephrotoxicity and the component-target-pathway network was constructed. The mechanism of ST induced nephrotoxicity was verified through animal experiments, and qRT-PCR was applied to detect mRNA expression level of key genes in kidney tissue. Results Twenty toxic components of ST were screened from network toxicology, mainly including matrine, sophoridine, maackiain. A total of 135 targets were involved, and HSP90AA1, SRC, MAPK1, MAPK3, AKT1 were the main targets. A total of 169 related signaling pathways were yielded by KEGG analysis, and the mechanism of nephrotoxicity might be related to cancer pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway. PPARA, RAF1, MAP2K1, SRC, AKT1 and MAPK3 were screened from BioGPS database. The results of animal experiments showed that BUN and SCr level increased (P <0. 01) in rats with high-dose group, and the kidney tissue was significantly damaged. qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression of PPARA, RAF1, MAP2K1, MAPK3 mRNA increased, the expression of AKT1 mRNA decreased in the high-dose group of ST (P <0. 05). Conclusions The mechanism of Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome induced nephrotoxicity is found to be related to the combined action of multiple components, multiple targets and multiple pathways, which also provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth exploration of the toxicology.

Do macrojogo ao microjogo: os vários jogos que compõem o jogo / From macro-game to micro-game: the various games that make up the game / Del macro-juego al micro-juego: los distintos juegos que componen el juego

Com o presente artigo pretendemos problematizar e explorar o conceito de jogo, entendendo-o como algo amplo, rizomático e não fechado em uma única forma de interpretação. Além do que, o conceito de jogo pode já ter sido cristalizado em decorrência da sua consolidação, assim, seu desenvolvimento só se torna possível na medida em que se há um arruinamento para devir novas potencialidades. Foi, então, a partir dos pensamentos de Deleuze e Guattari sobre: conceito e rizoma, de onde partimos para desenvolver o conceito de macro-jogo e microjogo, em uma tentativa de potencializar as discussões por um viés interdisciplinar e de cunho filosófico. Diante de tais questões, foi possível compreender a importância do olhar interdisciplinar para a resolução de problemas provenientes de áreas distintas do conhecimento, rompendo com a dicotomia entre teoria e prática tão evidente e presente em diversas áreas do conhecimento, entre elas, a Educação Física e as artes

Our intend with this article is to question and explore the concept of game, understanding it as something broad, rhizomatic and not closed in a single form of interpretation. In addition, the game concept may have already been crystallized as a result of its consolidation, thus, its development only becomes possible as long as new potentialities are ruined. It was, then, from the thoughts of Deleuze and Guattari on concept and rhizome, from which we started to develop the concept of macro-game and micro-game, in an attempt to enhance the discussions through an interdisciplinary and philosophical approach. Facing these questions, it was possible to understand the importance of the interdisciplinary look to solve problems coming from different areas of knowledge, breaking the dichotomy between theory and practice so evident and present in several areas of knowledge, including Physical Education and the arts.

Con el presente artículo pretendemos problematizar y explorar el concepto de juego, entendiéndolo como algo amplio, rizomático y no cerrado en una única forma de interpretación. Además, el concepto de juego puede haber sido ya cristalizado como resultado de su consolidación, por lo que su desarrollo sólo se hace posible en la medida en que hay una ruína para idear nuevas potencialidades. Se basó, pues, en las reflexiones de Deleuze y Guattari sobre el concepto y el rizoma, a partir de las cuales desarrollamos el concepto de macro-juego y micro-juego, en un intento de enriquecer los debates mediante un enfoque interdisciplinario y filosófico. Ante estas cuestiones, se pudo comprender la importancia de la mirada interdisciplinaria para resolver los problemas que surgen de las diferentes áreas del conocimiento, rompiendo la dicotomía entre teoría y práctica tan evidente y presente en várias áreas del conocimiento, incluyendo la Educación Física y las artes.

Optimization of extraction technology of total saponins from Trillium tschonoskii Rhizome by response surface method / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To optimize the ethanol reflux extraction process of total saponins in total saponins of Trillium tschonoskii Rhizome. Methods:On the basis of single factor tests, making the total extraction rate of three main compounds [paris saponin Ⅵ, paris saponin Ⅶ and pennogenin-3- O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (PRRG)] as the indicator, the optimal extraction parameter was selected with the main influencing factors: the ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction time by the central composite design-response surface method.Results:The optimal extraction parameter for the ethanol extract of total saponins of Trillium tschonoskii Rhizome was as follows: ethanol concentration 69%, extraction time 1.9 h, and solid liquid ratio 1∶9.7. The binomial fitting complex correlation coefficient r = 0.966 1, and the deviation between the extracted predicted value and the actual value is 4.68%. Conclusion:The central composite design-response surface method is simple and reliable for the optimization of extraction process of total saponins of Trillium tschonoskii Rhizome.

A new ent-kauranoid from rhizomes of Canna generalis / 药学学报

Two ent-kauranoids were isolated from the ethanol extraction of rhizomes of Canna generalis (Cannaceae), and were purified by various technologies, including silica gel and high performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were determined by modern spectroscopy techniques as (5R,8S,9S,10R,13R)-2-oxo-ent-kaur-15-en-17-oic acid (1) and (4R,5S,8S,9S,10S,13R)-19-hydroxy-ent-kaur-15-en-17-oic acid (2). Compound 1 is a new ent-kauranoid, and compound 2 is obtained from rhizomes of Canna generalis for the first time.

Current Situation and Outlook of Mechanization in Production of Rhizome-type Chinese Herbal Medicines in Sichuan Province / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Sichuan province is extremely rich in Chinese herbal medicine resources，and the Chinese herbal medicine industry is an integral part of the "10+3" industrial system of modern agriculture. However，it has been long constrained by factors such as hilly terrain and scattered planting patterns，which hinders the mechanization development of the Chinese herbal medicine planting industry. Committed to promoting the application and development of the whole-process mechanization of Chinese herbal medicine production， the research group investigated the current situation and mechanization application of the Chinese herbal medicine planting industry in Sichuan province，and clarified the core advantages of the industry in Sichuan province and the urgent need for mechanization production. The current situation of mechanization of key links in producing rhizome-type Chinese herbal medicines such as planting，fertilization，pest and weed controlling，harvesting，and primary processing in production areas were analyzed. The key factors and existing problems in the whole-process mechanization development as well as the key future research directions were discussed，and the mechanization development trend of Ophiopogonis Radix，Chuanxiong Rhizoma and other herbal medicines in the Chinese herbal medicine planting areas of Chengdu Plain were forecasted. This paper focused on the bottleneck of the mechanization application in producing Chinese herbal medicines in Sichuan province，and introduced key technologies and equipment for the whole-process mechanization of rhizome-type Chinese herbal medicine production，which is conducive to transforming and upgrading the Chinese herbal medicine production industry，accelerating the application of high-tech information technology，and promoting the mechanization and intelligentization of the planting industry.

Study on alleviating effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma on Psoraleae Fructus-induced liver injury based on network pharmacology and cell experiments / 中国中药杂志

This study was designed to explore the alleviating effect and mechanism of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma against Psora-leae Fructus-induced liver injury based on network pharmacology and cell experiments. The active components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Psoraleae Fructus were first retrieved from the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ETCM), Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP), Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(CTD), and literature and further screened by SwissADME. The obtained 25 potential toxic components of Psoraleae Fructus and 29 flavonoids in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were input into the SwissTargetPrediction for target predication. A total of 818 targets related to liver injury were screened out based on GeneCards and MalaCards, and 91 common targets of Psoraleae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and liver injury were obtained from Venny. STRING was applied for constructing the PPI network, and Metascape for analyzing the biological processes and signaling pathways that common targets participated in. Cytoscape was used to construct the component-target-disease network and component-target-pathway network for Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma against Psoraleae Fructus-induced liver injury. The predicted core targets were proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase(SRC), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase subunit alpha(PIK3 CA), RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase(AKT1), etc, with PI3 K-AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and NF-κB signaling pathway mainly involved. Following the scree-ning of the main toxic and pharmacodynamic components, the pharmacodynamic effects were investigated by cell experiments. The results showed that licochalcone A was mainly responsible for alleviating coryfolin-induced liver injury, licochalcone B for coryfolin-and psoralidin-induced liver injury, and echinatin for corylifolinin-and bakuchiol-induced liver injury. The preliminary revealing of the alleviating effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma on Psoraleae Fructus-induced liver injury and the prediction of related mechanisms will provide reference for further mechanism research and reasonable clinical compatibility.

The anti-tumour mechanism of Shuanghuang Qizhen Keliu Prescription based on network pharmacology / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the anti-tumour mechanism of Shuanghuang Qizhen Keliu Prescription based on network pharmacology. Methods The active components and targets of Shuanghuang Qizhen Keliu Prescription were searched and selected through the TCM-SP database. Related targets of tumor were screened and retrieved by OMIM. The key anti-tumor targets of Shuanghuang Qizhen Keliu Prescription were obtained by using Venn diagram analysis. The key target PPI network was constructed and the key targets were obtained by Cytoscape. Metascape platform was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of key targets. Results There were many active components such as quercetin, kaempferol, and beta-sitosterol in Shuanghuang Qizhen Keliu Prescription, and their targets might be TP53, AKT1, JUN, MAPK1, TNF, RELA, IL-6 and so on. The anti-tumour mechanism might be proliferation inhibition, migration inhibition and apoptosis promotion. Conclusions This study preliminarily discusses the potential anti-tumour mechanism of Shuanghuang Qizhen Keliu Prescription, providing ideas and basis for subsequent experimental research.

A novel pathogenic Colletotrichum species for rhizome rot disease of Polygonatum kingianum / 中国中药杂志

Rhizome rot disease is one of the main disease of planted Polygonatum kingianum. In this study, six strains of pathogenic fungus was isolated from P. kingianum samples with rhizome rot disease collected from six counties in Yunnan province. Its pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation to healthy P. kingianum rhizome according to Koch's postulates. The colonies of the isolated fungi on potato dextrose agar(PDA) were orange with abundant crescentic conidia which were eseptate with a mean size of 19. 3-24. 9 μm×5. 2-5. 9 μm and a L/W ratio of 3. 4-4. 5. There was an oil ball in the center of the conidium. It's easy to see setae on PDA colony.The phylogenetic tree based on ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, and TUB2 sequences by maximum likelihood(ML) method indicated that the pathogenic fungus for P. kingianum rhizome rot disease was clustered into the clade of Colletotrichum spaethianum species complex, and was close to C. spaethianum. However, there were some differences in morphological and genetic characteristics between the pathogenic fungus and C. spaethianum. Therefore, the pathogenic fungus for rhizome rot disease of P. kingianum was identified as a new Colletotrichum species named C. kingianum. The disease spreads primarily due to the plantation of infected seedlings of P. kingianum. It is necessary to choose healthy seedlings and take rigorous disinfection measures for the disease prevention.

Current status of organophosphorus pesticide residues in root and rhizome medicinal materials and research progress of rapid detection methods / 中国中药杂志

The medicinal plants with roots and rhizomes as the medicinal parts account for about 1/3 of Chinese medicinal herbs. Root and rhizome medicinal materials are widely used in clinical practice, whereas their wild resource reserves are insufficient to meet the market demand. With the expansion of planting areas, the formation of large-scale production areas, and the increase in planting years, diseases and insect pests of these medicinal plants, which are diverse and have broad transmission routes, strong concealment, and heavy damage, have become more and more serious. The prevention and control of these diseases and insect pests is characterized by multiple ways of pesticide application, large consumption of pesticides, susceptibility to soil barrier, difficulty in the control, and unstable control efficiency. Organophosphorus pesticides(OPPs) are widely used in the cultivation of Chinese medicinal plants because of their diverse varieties, broad-spectrum, good efficacy, and low residues, and have a positive effect on the yield and quality of Chinese medicinal materials. However, the abuse of OPPs not only increases the planting cost, but also affects the quality and safety of Chinese medicinal plants, the safety of clinical use of Chinese medicine, and the ecological safety of production areas. This paper reviewed the research and development progress of OPPs, the registration status of OPPs used in root and rhizome medicinal materials, residue limit standards, residue status, and rapid detection technology progress of OPPs. This review aims to provide research ideas and references for standardizing the use of OPPs in root and rhizome medicinal materials, reducing OPP residues, and establishing a fast, efficient, accurate, and reliable method for the detection of OPP residues in Chinese herbal medicine.

Chemical constituents of steroidal saponins in rhizome of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis cultured in vitro / 中国中药杂志

In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) were employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the steroidal saponins in rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis from three different habitats cultured in vitro, in an attempt to explore whether the rhizomes of the medicinal herb cultured in vitro can synthesize the steroidal saponins, including polyphyllinsⅠ, Ⅱ, and Ⅶ, the quality markers specified in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). A total of 20 steroidal saponins were identified in the rhizomes from Changxin, Yunlong(S1), Fengyi, Dali(S2), and Niujie, Eryuan(S3): parisyunnanoside A and parisyunnanoside D or E, proto-polyphyllin Ⅱ, polyphyllins G and H, polyphyllinsⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ, and Ⅶ, dioscin, gracillin, prosapogenin A, Tg, isomer of Th, saponin Th, reclinatoside, proto-pairs D, pseudoproto-dioscin, and 23-O-glc-(23S,25R)-spirost-5-en-3β,23α,27-triol-3-O-rha-(1→2)-[ara(1→4)]-glc or 27-O-glc-(23S,25R)-spirost-5-en-3β,27α-diol-3-O-rha-(1→2)-[ara(1→4)]-glc. Among them, polyphyllinsⅠ, Ⅱ, and Ⅶ were detected in the rhizomes from S1, with the mass fraction of 0.109 1%, 0.165 2%, and 0.051 03%, respectively(total 0.325 3%). Polyphyllins Ⅱ and Ⅶ were identified in the rhizomes from S2 with the respective mass fraction of 0.192 2% and 0.074 23% and total content of 0.266 5%. Moreover, polyphyllins Ⅱ and Ⅶ were also found in the rhizomes from S3, which had the mass fraction of 0.207 7% and 0.186 9%, separately, with the total content of 0.394 6%. Thus, steroidal saponins, including the quality makers polyphyllins Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅶ recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) can be synthesized in rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis cultured in vitro, but their total content fails to meet the standard(0.60% in Chinese Pharmacopoeia). Therefore, in vitro culture of the Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is feasible, but the culture conditions need to be further improved.

Da cidade dos afetos para a cidade saudável / From affection cities to the healthy cities

Resumo Trata-se de experimentações de pensar a produção de subjetividades na cidade por meio dos afetos entre os corpos (humano, arquitetural e territorial) para potencializar a promoção do bem-estar humano com melhoria da saúde pública. A Organização Mundial de Saúde aponta a saúde como "um estado de completo bem-estar físico, mental e social e não somente ausência de afecções e enfermidades". Desse modo, busca investigar cidades saudáveis relacionando ambiente construído e social com os sujeitos das cidades, enfocando as múltiplas e complexas particularidades da saúde no espaço em transformação e movimento. Para tanto, este estudo trata de três experiências de orientação desenvolvidas com trabalhos finais de graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, utilizando a abordagem metodológica rizomática de Deleuze e Guattari, com a prática da deriva situacionista e experimentação da cartografia de afetos, que potencializaram intervenções em áreas do entorno de rios das cidades de Bragança Paulista e Presidente Prudente. Assim, por meio da tessitura da produção de afetos nas zonas de intensidades das multiplicidades, heterogeneidades e singularidades espaciais existentes permitiu vibrar todos que se aproximaram para engajarem em uma proposta espacial libertária nos microespaços de resistência, ativando-as, promovendo invisibilidades sociais e, dessa maneira, poder potencializar a cidade saudável.

Abstract Experiments of thinking the production of subjectivities in the city through the affects between the bodies (human, architectural and territorial) to enhance of human well-being with improvement of public health. The World Health Organization points to health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of illness and disease." This paper seeks to investigate healthy cities relating as a built and social environment with city subjects focusing on the multiple and complex health particularities in transformation and movement. Therefore, this study deals with three experience orientations developed with final undergraduate works in Architecture and Urbanism, using a rhizomatic methodological approach of Deleuze and Guattari, with the practice of situationist derive and experimentation of affections cartographies, to strengthen interventions in the side of rivers in Bragança Paulista and Presidente Prudente cities. Thus, through the process of the production of affects in the intensities zones, multiplicities, heterogeneities and singularities of space allowed to vibrate all who approached to engage in a libertarian spatial proposal in the microspaces of resistance, activating them, promoting social invisibilities and, in this way, empower the healthy city.

Pre-formulation physicochemical properties of component-based Chinese medicine of Qinqi Fengshi Fang / 中国中药杂志

Pre-formulation physicochemical properties of the component-based Chinese medicine of Qinqi Fengshi Fang were investigated to provide a research basis for the design of the dosage form for component-based Chinese medicine of Qinqi Fengshi Fang. The macroporous resin adsorption and refining technology was used to prepare the total glycosides extract of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix, Panacis Majoris Rhizome and Corni Fructus respectively in the prescription of Qinqi Fengshi Fang. Their physicochemical properties were investigated, including solubility, wettability, hygroscopicity, equilibrium solubility, oil-water partition coefficient, and stability. The results showed that the total glycosides of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix, Panacis Majoris Rhizome and Corni Fructus all had good solubility and wettability. The solubility index of each total glycoside component was greater than 85%, and the water absorption index was greater than 50%. In the range of pH 2.0-7.4, the equilibrium solubility of three kinds of total glycosides all increased with the increase of pH, showing a consistent change trend of solubility. The hydrophilicity was also suitable and similar. Overall, three kinds of total glycosides showed good stability, but strong hygroscopicity. The degree of hygroscopicity was as follows: total glycosides of Gen-tianae Macrophyllae Radix > total glycosides of Corni Fructus > total glycosides of Panacis Majoris Rhizome. Therefore, the hygroscopi-city needed to be considered in the preparation of the component-based Chinese medicine of Qinqi Fengshi Fang. The excipients and packaging materials can be properly selected to reduce the hygroscopicity of the preparation. This study provides a reference for the dosage form design of the component-based Chinese medicine of Qinqi Fengshi Fang.

Exploration of Active Ingredients and Anti-breast Cancer Mechanism of Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizome and Aurantii Fructus Based on Network Pharmacology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To explore the potential active ingredients and possible anti-breast cancer mechanism of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome and Aurantii Fructus based on the method of network pharmacology. Method::The main potential targets of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome and Aurantii Fructus on breast cancer were summarized by comparing the Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome-Aurantii Fructus active ingredients screened from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP) and breast cancer targets searched in Therapeutic Target Database (TTD). Cytoscape 3.7.1 software was used to establish a Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome-Aurantii Fructus active ingredients-target-disease network and perform topology analysis based on the network. Result::According to related conditions of drug-like (DL) and oral bioavailability (OB), the network of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome-Aurantii Fructus active ingredients-breast cancer target was obtained, covering a total of 133 nodes, 116 chemical components and 17 breast cancer drug targets, 109 active components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome interacting with breast cancer drug target, 6 active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus interacting with breast cancer drug targets, and 1 common active ingredient of Aurantii Fructus and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome interacting with breast cancer targets. There were 400 breast cancer target-interaction target pairs in the network diagram. Conclusion::The anti-breast cancer effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome and Aurantii Fructus is based on the overall pharmacodynamic effect of multi-component, multi-pathway and multi-target, the investigation of its potential anti-breast cancer mechanism provides theoretical basis for further experimental research.

Differences in Active Ingredients of Steroid Saponins in Rhizomes of 9 Kinds of Paris / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To investigate the differences and correlations of active ingredients and principal ingredients of steroid saponins in rhizomes of 9 kinds of Paris. Method::The differences and correlations of active ingredients and principal ingredients of steroid saponins in rhizomes of 9 kinds of Paris. were qualitatively analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Result::PolyphyllinⅠ, polyphyllin Ⅱ, polyphyllin Ⅵ, and polyphyllin Ⅶ, the quality control indexes of medicinal materials in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition) were detected in rhizomes of 8 species, namely P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, P. delavayi, P. mairei, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis(kuoban), P. veitnamensis, P. axialis, P. thibetica, and P. polyphylla var. polyphylla, polyphyllin Ⅴ was also detected in the study. There were significant differences in active ingredients of polyphyllin Ⅲ (Dioscin), polyphyllin H and gracillin. Meanwhile, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis (S1), P. delavayi (S2), P. mairei (S3), P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis (kuoban) (S4), P. veitnamensis (S5), P. axialis (S6) and P. polyphylla var. polyphylla (S9) could be classified into one category according to the principal component analysis (PCA) model of the LC-MS data under the positive ion mode of Paris. P. thibetica (S7) and P. forrestii (S8) were clustered as two separate categories, with a longest range from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensi. Conclusion::There are little differences in active ingredients and the principal ingredients of steroid saponins in rhizome of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, P. delavayi, P. mairei, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, P. veitnamensis, P. axialis and P. polyphylla var. polyphylla. However, further research is required to determine whether these could substitute P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. as an alternative medicine.

Essential Oil from Alpinia zerumbet Rhizome Inhibits Macrophage-derived Foam Cell Formation Via Modulating Expression of CD36 and ABCA1 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To clarify the inhibitory effect of essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet rhizome (EOFAZ) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced transformation of macrophage into foam cell and explore its possible mechanism. Method::THP-1 monocyte was incubated with 100 μg·L-1 phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to grow into macrophage, experiment was divided into 4 groups as follows, control group, model group (80 mg·L-1 ox-LDL), EOFAZ at low dose (80 mg·L-1 ox-LDL+ 4 μg·L-1 EOFAZ)and EOFAZ at high dose (80 g·L-1 ox-LDL+ 20 μg·L-1 EOFAZ). Mathye thiazolye telrazliurn (MTT) method was employed to examine the influence of EOFAZ on macrophage viability. Western blot was used to analyze the expression level of cluster of differentiation 36(CD36) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) protein in macrophage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect cholesteryl ester contents in macrophage. Oil red O staining was applied to determine the accumulation of lipids in macrophage. Result::EOFAZ showed non-toxic effect on macrophage. Compared to control group, macrophage in model group displayed higher level of cholesteryl ester and lipid droplet(P<0.01), as well as significant increasing of CD36 expression (P<0.01), but no effect on ABCA1 expression. EOFAZ notably reduced the contents of lipids and cholesteryl ester(P<0.01), down-regulated expression of CD36 and up-regulated expression of ABCA1 in macrophage in comparison with the model group(P<0.01), indicating that EOFAZ inhibited transformation of macrophage into foam cell. Conclusion::EOFAZ could inhibit ox-LDL-induced transformation of macrophage into foam cell, the underlying mechanism may involves its ability to increase CD36 expression and decrease ABCA1 expression in macrophage.

Simultaneous Determination of 7 Phenolic Acids in Lycopus lucidus var. hirtus Rhizome by HPLC-PDA / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:A high performance liquid chromatography-photo-diode array（HPLC-PDA） method for the simultaneous determination of the 7 phenolic acids including danshensu，protocatechuic acid，protocatechuic aldehyde，chlorogenic acid，caffeic acid，ferulic acid and rosemary acid in Lycopus lucidus var.hirtus rhizome，analyzing and evaluating the phenolic acids in L.lucidus var.hirtus rhizome collected from different habitats，is reported here. Method:The sample was extracted by ultrasonic with 80% methanol solution，7 kinds of phenolic acids were separated on a CAPCELL PAK C18 column （4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm） with a mobile phase consisting of methanol-0.02% formic acid aqueous （pH 3.10）by gradient elution，The detection wavelength was at 279，324 nm， the column temperature was 30 ℃ with 20 μL injection volume and the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1. Result:The 7 Phenolic acids had a good linear relationship （r≥0.999 9） within their respective mass concentration ranges，the average recovery was 96.49%-103.45% and the RSD was 0.5%-2.8%，the limit of determination was 0.008-0.046 mg·L-1 and the limit of quantification was 0.027-0.154 mg·L-1.The 7 kinds of phenolic acids were all detected in L.lucidus var.hirtus rhizome and the total amount was between 5 811.01 and 11 747.23 µg·g-1 ， the average amount was 7 421.05 µg·g-1.The content of 7 phenolic acids was different and the rosemary acid was the highest in all the samples with an average of 7 111.19 µg·g-1 the ratio to the total phenolic acids was 95.8%.The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the quality of L.lucidus var.hirtus rhizome from Heze city in Shandong province was better，followed by Wanzhou district in Chongqing. Conclusion:The method was simple，sensitive，accurate，practical and reliable，and is suitable for the content determination of phenolic acid in L. lucidus var. hirtus rhizome.It is expected to provide a reference for the improvement of quality standard and a new idea for the development and utilization of L.lucidus var.hirtus rhizome.

Selection of high altitude planting area of Angelica sinensis based on biomass, bioactive compounds accumulation and antioxidant capacity / 中草药

Objective: To select the high altitude planting area for improving the quality of Angelica sinensis based on biomass, bioactive compounds accumulation and antioxidant capacity in rhizome. Methods: The experiments were conducted on dry weight (DW), bioactive compounds content and antioxidant capacity in two-year old rhizome of A. sinensis grown at different altitudes (2 100, 2 500, and 2 900 m), under controlling plants reproduced from the seeds of the same plant, the same levels of water and fertilizer in soil. Results: Higher altitude was adverse to rhizome biomass, however, the compounds content (DW and per plant basis) and antioxidant capacity were significantly promoted at higher altitude compared to lower altitude site; On a per plant basis, the content of ferulic acid, soluble sugar, phenolics and flavonoids in rhizome of un-bolted plants grown at 2 900 m respectively was 2.06, 1.13, 1.34 and 1.15 fold greater than that of 2 100 m; The antioxidant capacity also increased with higher altitude. Comprehensive analysis showed that total content of main bioactive compounds in rhizome of un-bolted plants increased with higher altitudes ranging from 2 100 to 2 900 m. Conclusion: Higher-altitude cultivation can significantly enhance bioactive compounds accumulation in rhizome. The biosynthesis and accumulation of bioactive compounds were regulated by low temperature and light. These findings will provide theoretical references for improving production and quality of rhizome as well as large-scale cultivation.

Correlation between growth characteristics and quality of rhizomes of Notopterygium incisum under wild tending / 中国中药杂志

Study the growth and development process of rhizomes(bamboo-like part) of Notopterygium incisum and the changes of carbohydrate, endogenous hormones and secondary metabolites, and provide theoretical guidance for the formation of high-quality N. incisum medicinal commodities under artificial cultivation. The One-year-old seedlings were transplanted to the original habitat,and the growth and physiological characteristics of N. incisum were dynamically monitored. The results showed that: ① Seedlings transplanted to the original habitat in spring could form rhizomes(bamboo-like part) in the same year. ② After 60 days of transplantation, the root length and root diameter of underground part of N. incisum had increased rapidly, and carbohydrate content in roots and rhizomes had accumulated rapidly. After 120 days of transplantation, the roots and rhizomes of underground part had grown slowly, and starch content in roots and rhizomes increased continuously, while sucrose and total soluble sugar content decreased gradually. ③ The content of abscisic acid(ABA) in rhizomes decreased firstly and then increased, while the indole acetic acid(IAA) content stabilized firstly and then increased rapidly, and the contents of gibberellin(GA_3) and zeatin riboside(ZR) continued to increase. ④ The content of notopterol in rhizomes was higher than that in roots, while the content of isoimperatorin was lower than that in roots, but the total content of the both in rhizomes was higher than that in roots. Therefore, N. incisum can form rhizomes with high content of secondary metabolites under wild tending, and the growth and development of rhizomes are closely related to changes in carbohydrates and are regulated by related endogenous hormones.