Application of satisfaction index of basic medical insurance for rural and urban residents to pupils familial decision making in Kunming and Changsha City / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#To verify the applicability and extensibility of the satisfaction index of basic medical insurance for rural and urban residents, and to explore the mechanism responsible for the satisfaction index in Kunming and Changsha City, and provide references for effective management and policy making.@*METHODS@#A stratified cluster sampling method was conducted. A total of 560 familial decision makers were randomly selected in 24 classes of 14 schools of Kunming and Changsha City. Model reliability was tested by SPSS18.0. In addition, Smart PLS 3.0 was applied to conduct model validity test, calculate the satisfaction index, and to compare the model path coefficients of Kunming and Changsha by multi-group analysis.@*RESULTS@#In the application of the satisfaction index of basic medical insurance for rural and urban residents in Kunming, Cronbach's α of the model was 0.93, split-half reliability coefficient was 0.90, and the latent variable composite reliability coefficient values were more than 0.86; the latent variable average variance extraction (AVE) values were greater than 0.66, and the square root of the AVE of each latent variable (all greater than 0.66) was larger than the correlation coefficient with other latent variables. The factor loading values were greater than 0.70, with statistical significance. The basic health insurance satisfaction index of Kunming and Changsha was 60.40 and 52.05, respectively. The difference between the path coefficient of Kunming and Changsha was not statistically significant except the path from public satisfaction to public loyalty. Perceived value had the largest direct and total effect on public satisfaction latent variable in Kunming City. While the perceived value had the largest direct effect on public satisfaction, and the perceived quality had the largest total effect on public satisfaction in Changsha City.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The satisfaction index model reflects the satisfaction of pupils' basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents, and it also shows good reliability and validity in Changsha and Kunming. What's more the model can be extended to the national level to evaluate the satisfaction of basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents for primary school students. The basic health insurance satisfaction index of familial decision makers in Kunming is higher than that of Changsha. There are differences between Kunming and Changsha in the influential mechanism of the satisfaction index of for Chinese pupils with basic medical insurance for rural and urban residents, and the measures taken by the government and relevant departments to improve the satisfaction of basic medical insurance should be based on local conditions.

Morbidity pattern in the school going adolescent girls of rural and urban Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Adolescence is an intermediary phase from childhood to adulthood and is a very delicate phase of life. WHO has defined Adolescence as the period between 10-19 years of life. Among adolescents, girls constitute a more vulnerable group, particularly in developing countries, where they are traditionally married at an early age and are exposed to greater risk of reproductive morbidity and mortality. Nutritional deficiency disorders (stunting, wasting), menstrual disorders, mental health problems etc. appear as serious problem during this stage. The study was done with objective to assess the morbidity pattern in school going adolescent girls in Urban and Rural Prayagraj.Methods: A school based cross-sectional study was carried out in Prayagraj district. Study participants were 800 adolescent girls, 400 urban and 400 rural of age groups 10–19 years studying in class 6th to 12th. The data was collected by using predesigned, pretested, semi structured questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS 21.0 version.Results: It was observed that most prevalent morbidity in rural and urban school going adolescent girls were dysmenorrhoea 381 (47.6%), pallor 296 (37%), psychological problems 325 (40.6%) and ocular diseases 191 (23.8%). Other morbidities were hypertension, dental problems, overweight/obesity, skin diseases, ear diseases, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases and injury.Conclusions: Out of 800 study participants, 275 adolescent girls were having morbidity. Significant difference in proportion of morbidities was found among rural and urban adolescent girls with ear diseases, eye diseases, pallor, dysmenorrhoea, overweight/obesity and hypertension.

Propuesta del modelo espacial para la evaluación y gestión del territorio, para la incorporación de las Unidades de Planificación y Gestión Territorial UPGT) al pos-conflicto colombiano / Proposal of Space Model for Land Assessment and Management for the Incorporation of Units of Territorial Planning and Management (UPGT) to the Colombian Post-Conflict

Resumen Para aportar en la construcción de una paz duradera se necesita darle continuidad a los procesos gubernamentales representados por los propios actores que han de conformar los nuevos territorios y democráticamente establecer desde el gobierno nacional las reglas claras en la ocupación de los mismos. Es así que, se proyectan posibles actuaciones como escenarios desde la incorporación de los entre otros, lo que supone un reto en la articulación urbano - rural que se realiza a través de las Unidades de Planificación y Gestión Territorial (UPGT)

Abstract In order to contribute to the construction of a lasting peace, it is necessary to give continuity to governmental processes represented by the real players themselves, who have to constitute the new territories, and democratically, from the national government, to establish clear rules in their occupation. So that possible actions as scenarios are projected as the result of the incorporation of Instruments and Tools for Land Planning and Management, among others, which becomes a challenge in the urban-rural articulation, which takes place through the Units of Planning and Territorial Management (UPGT)

Expectativas laborales en la adolescencia: Correlatos psicosociales / Employment expectations in adolescence: Psychosocial correlates

Las expectativas laborales positivas representan la confianza que tienen los jóvenes de un futuro prometedor en términos de desarrollo laboral y económico. La obtención de un trabajo cualificado y un mejor ingreso es importante en el ajuste social adecuado en la vida de los jóvenes. Este estudio analiza la influencia de distintas variables psicosociales de hijos y padres sobre las expectativas laborales de los hijos adolescentes de beneficiarios del Programa Oportunidades. Los hogares inscritos en este programa son considerados como hogares que viven en condiciones de pobreza. Se analizaron datos de 1.093 jóvenes (55.8% hombres), con un promedio de edad de 14.92 (±1.29) años y de 1.049 madres y 545 padres con una edad promedio de 46.21 (±13.43) y 49.58 (±14.17) años, respectivamente. Se realizaron regresiones lineales múltiples con variables medidas en los padres y las madres por separado, con las que se identificaron predictores significativos de las expectativas laborales positivas de adolescentes que viven en condiciones de pobreza, provenientes de entornos tanto urbanos como rurales. Los resultados indican que la esperanza de obtener estabilidad económica en el futuro en estos jóvenes depende más bien de aspectos personales, por ejemplo, habilidades sociales y de aspectos familiares, por ejemplo interacciones familiares no punitivas ni coercitivas; más que del género o de sus habilidades cognitivas, aunque los jóvenes de localidades urbanas reportan perspectivas laborales más optimistas. Los datos provienen de una muestra probabilística nacional de hogares beneficiarios del Programa Oportunidades en México, lo que permite extender los resultados a otros jóvenes que viven en condiciones similares.

Positive employment expectations represent the confidence that young people have of a promising future in terms of employment and economic development. Obtaining a skilled job and a better income is important in terms of the adequate social adjustment of youth to the adult life. The aim of this study was to determine what factors may predict positive employment expectations in the adolescent offspring of beneficiaries of the Opportunities Program of Mexico. Households enrolled in this program are considered as households living in poverty. The program aims to reduce poverty in the current generation by conditioned cash transfers; in order to alleviate poverty in the next generation through investment in the offspring’s human capital (education, nutrition, and health). The participants come from a probability sample of beneficiaries of Opportunities households with program-recertification data and proceeding from non-indigenous communities with 45 or more households. From this selection, a national sample of 2112 households was obtained. Of these 2112 households, in the first survey were interviewed the program household holder, which is usually the wife or a single parent, and the spouses, if they were available. Subsequently, from the original 2112 households there were selected those households with teenage children and we returned to those households in the second survey to interview the teenage children of the program household holder interviewed in the first survey. Data of 1093 children, 1049 mothers, and 545 fathers were obtained from both surveys. The sample of children had an average age of 14.92 (± 1.29) years, 55.8% of them were male, and 55.2% lived in an urban area. The sample of mothers had an average age of 46.21 (± 13.43) years, and the sample of fathers had an average age of 49.58 (± 14.17) years. Self-reports from both children and parents were obtained separately from both surveys. Self-reports from the children measured work expectations, cognitive abilities, psychopathology, social competence, school attitude, relationship with peers, social support, adverse life events, and perceived parenting practices and family conflict. Self-reports from the parents measured self-control, achievement motivation, social maladjustment, and social competence. Two models of multiple linear regression were performed to analyze the influence of the variables measured in the mother and father separately, in addition to the measured variables in the children.The results showed that the perception of social competence at school, positive attitude toward school, and social support consistently played an important role in predicting positive employment expectations. Positive peer relationship also has a positive influence; so that higher perceived social popularity predicted higher level of positive work expectations. Additionally, behavioral control parent practices, as perceived by the children, positively influenced the employment expectations of the adolescents. In contrast, the report of externalizing symptoms reduces their employment prospects. Likewise, maternal practices of autonomy, parental psychological control practices and conflicting family relationships, as perceived by the children, negatively affect the positive employment prospects of young people. Neither the gender of the adolescents nor their intellectual abilities influenced their work expectations; but the type of locality they live in did: the urban adolescents reported higher levels of positive work expectations. In summary, this analysis allows to identify significant predictors of positive work expectations of adolescents living in poverty, from both urban and rural settings. The results suggest that increasing the hope of gaining economic stability in the future largely depends on stimulate the social skills of young people and on eradicate punitive and coercive family interactions. It can be expected that interventions to improve social skills of the adolescents and to encourage more positive family interactions would promote greater economic stability in the future of young people living in poverty.

Willingness to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy among women in rural and urban communities in South-Western Nigeria.

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in women with highest mortality in developing countries due to late presentation. The decision to remove both breasts through preventive bilateral mastectomy among high risk individuals in developing countries would transcend social, cultural and even spiritual boundaries. Preventive mastectomy if considered among women at high risk, can significantly reduces the life time risk of developing breast cancer. The study compared willingness to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy among women who reside in urban and rural communities in South-West Nigeria. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. The quantitative study was a cross-sectional comparative survey among 680 women aged 20 years and above selected using a multi-stage sampling technique from two predominantly rural and urban Local Government Areas. Participants were interviewed using semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires. In the qualitative study, focus group discussion sessions were held with the women in both rural and urban areas and analysed using detailed content analysis and results presented with Z-Y tables. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS software version 16.0. Results: Results showed that One hundred and sixty seven (49.1%) and 132 (38.8%) of women in urban and rural areas respectively were willing to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy as a primary prevention strategy if they are identified to be at high risk. (χ2 =7.3, P = 0.007). For those who were unwilling to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy as an option for breast cancer prevention, the commonest reasons were cosmetic-related (disfigurement and scars). The determinants of willingness to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy among women in rural areas were: self-perceived risk in urban areas and level of education (P = 0.035). Respondents at high self-perceived risk of breast cancer in rural areas were 1.94 times more likely to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy compared with those at average self-perceived risk (OR 1.94, CI 1.22-3.08). Conclusions: The study concluded that respondents with increased knowledge of breast cancer, high level of educational attainment and high self-perceived risk of breast cancer were more likely to accept preventive bilateral mastectomy as a primary prevention strategy if found to be at high risk for developing breast cancer.

Estudio comparativo de parasitosis intestinales entre poblaciones rurales y urbanas del estado Sucre, Venezuela / Comparative study of intestinal parasites between urban and rural populations of Sucre State, Venezuela

Un total de 1.203 individuos de cuatro poblaciones rurales y dos zonas urbanas de Cumaná, estado Sucre, Venezuela, se incluyeron en un estudio comparativo de parasitosis intestinales. Previa información y consentimiento se recolectaron muestras fecales que fueron procesadas por examen coproparasitológico, método de Kato cualitativo, Ritchie, tinción de Zielh Neelsen y cultivo en agar. El 77,8% de los individuos resultaron parasitados, hallándose diferencias entre éstos con el tipo de población evaluada (χ2=75,1; p<0,001). En las zonas rurales predominó el poliparasitismo y en las urbanas el monoparasitismo, hallándose diferencias significativas (χ2=136,1; p<0,001). En ambas zonas fue mas frecuente en el sexo femenino. La edad arrojó asociación significativa, según el tipo de población siendo más prevalente el parasitismo en los niños de 0 a7 años en zonas rurales y 8 a14 años en urbanas (χ2=22,6; p<0,004). Se diagnosticaron más especies en las zonas rurales siendo Blastocystis spp. (protozoario) y Trichuris trichiura (helminto) las de mayor prevalencia. Blastocystis spp. estuvo asociado con otros protozoarios. Los helmintos asociados fueron T. trichiura y Ascaris lumbricoides en los dos tipos de poblaciones. La alta frecuencia de parasitosis intestinales en las poblaciones evaluadas, demostró la exposición de los habitantes a mecanismos comunes de contaminación.

Abstract: We carried out a comparative study of intestinal parasites in 1.200 individuals from four rural and two urban populations located at Cumana, Sucre State, Venezuela. After previously obtaining their informed consent, we collected fecal samples that were processed by a coproparasitological examination, qualitative Kato’s method, Ritchie, Ziehl-Neelsen stain, and agar culture. Results showed that 77.8% of the individuals were parasitized, and that there were differences according to the type of population being evaluated (χ2=136.1; p<0.001). In both rural an urban areas predominated polyparasitism and monoparasitism respectively, finding significant differences (χ2=136.1; p<0.001). In both areas it was more frequent in females. Age showed a significant association and parasites were most prevalent in children 0 to 7 years old in rural areas and 8 to 14 years old in urban areas (χ2=22.6; p<0.004). More species were diagnosed in rural areas and Blastocytiis spp. (protozoa) and Trichuris trichuira (helminth) were the most prevalent. Blastocyttis spp. was associated with other protozoa. Associated helminths were T. trichuria and Ascaris lumbricoides in both types of populations. The high frequency of intestinal parasites in the populations evaluated shows the exposure of the inhabitants to common contamination mechanisms.

Comparación en la ingesta de alimentos de adultos que residen en una zona rural y urbana de Jalisco, México / Comparison in food intake of adults residing in a rural and urban area of Jalisco, Mexico

Los cambios demográficos y epidemiológicos a nivel mundial en los últimos años se han relacionado con un incremento en la población adulta (OMS, 2002). Esto ha conducido a una modificación en los hábitos alimenticios, lo que afecta la situación nutricional en este grupo de edad, tanto de zonas rurales como urbanas. En México se ha reportado que el consumo inadecuado de alimentos con alto contenido calórico se relaciona con la presencia y desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad (ENSANUT, 2006). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar la ingesta de alimentos de adultos que residen en una zona rural y urbana de Jalisco. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, trasversal y comparativo de 52 adultos (50-90 años), 26 residen en una zona rural y 26 en área urbana. La ingesta de alimentos se evaluó mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas. Se utilizó un análisis multivariado, con ajuste de las variables: IMC, edad, sexo y kilocalorías, considerando diferencias significativas a una de p≤0.05. Los resultados mostraron que los adultos que residen en el área rural presentan un consumo energético menor, un mayor consumo de vitamina C (p=0.05) y cereales (p=0.001); los adultos que habitan en la zona urbana reportaron una mayor ingesta de grasas (p=0.045). Estos resultados aportan a la descripción nutricional actual de los adultos en Jalisco, con diferencias en la ingesta de nutrientes en las zonas rurales y urbanas. Lo cual sugiere que al evaluar los hábitos de los adultos es necesaria la inclusión de otros factores, entre ellos, la valoración de la calidad de vida.

The changes demographic and epidemiological in recent years worldwide to related an increase in the adult population (OMS, 2002). This in turn has led to a significant change in eating habits, which has affected the nutritional status in rural and urban areas. In Mexico had reported an increase in high caloric foods intake, which is associated with in the increase in overweight and obesity (ENSANUT, 2006). The aim of this study was evaluate and compare the diet of adults residing urban and rural area of Jalisco, Mexico. This across sectional, descriptive and comparative study, of 52 adults (50-90 years), 26 reside in a rural area and 26 in an urban area. Dietary intake we evaluated by food frequency questionnaire in twenty-four hours dietary record. Multivariate analysis of variance to allow for covariate adjustment it we used, like the IMC, age, gender, and kilocalories, considering a significant difference p ≤ de 0.05. Results showed that in rural area, adults presented a lower energy intake and showed higher consumption of vitamin C (p= 0.05) and cereals (p= 0.001); adults in urban area had higher intake of foods high in fat (p= 0.045). These results contribute to the current nutritional status of adults in Mexico, with differences in nutrient intake in rural and urban areas. It suggests that assess eating habits in older adults need to include other factors including, the quality of life.

Malocclusion status among 15 years old adolescents in relation to fluoride concentration and area of residence.

Objectives: To compare the overall dental aesthetic index scores between rural and urban areas, males and females, and to correlate dental aesthetic index score with fluoride concentration in drinking water. Settings and Design: The study was cross sectional and conducted among 15 year old adolescents in the rural and urban areas of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India (an endemic fluoride belt). Materials and Methods: Six out of 59 mandals in Nalgonda district were first selected by simple random sampling technique. Then 24 secondary schools were selected from these six selected mandals. All eligible grade X children from these sixteen rural and eight urban schools, having different fluoride concentrations in drinking water, selected by simple random sampling, were considered for the study. Dentofacial anomalies with criteria of dental aesthetic index were used for assessing malocclusion. The information on the dietary habits, orthodontic treatment history, parafunctional habits, continuous residence etc., was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. The examination was carried out by three trained and calibrated dentists. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) scores, in areas with below optimal, optimal and above optimal fluoride concentrations, between urban and rural areas were compared and analyzed using SPSS windows version 16. Results: The mean DAI scores, for the rural and urban population were 21.37 ± 5.845 (mean ± SD) and 22.26 ± 6.115, for males and females, it was 20.86 ± 5.100 and 22.70 ± 6.713 respectively. The mean DAI scores in areas with below optimal, optimal and above optimal fluoride concentration were 23.42 ± 7.205 (mean ± SD), 20.85 ± 4.658 and 19.93 ± 4.312 respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence and severity of malocclusion was more in urban than rural areas, more among females than males, and it decreased with increasing concentration of fluoride in drinking water.

A Comparative Study of Contraceptive Use among Rural and Urban Women in Osun State, Nigeria.

Aims: To compare contraceptive practices among rural and urban women in Osun State, South-western Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Osun state in southwestern Nigeria. The study was carried out between January and June 2010. Methodology: One thousand and twenty four women of reproductive age group, including 512 rural and 512 urban women were selected into this study using multistage sampling method. Research instrument used were pre-coded, pre-tested, semi structured interviewer administered questionnaires. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software. Results: Four hundred and thirteen rural respondents and 475 urban respondents were aware of contraceptives with only 86(16.8%) and 239(46.7%) respectively using a contraceptive method.” Seventeen (3.3%) and 95(18.6%) of rural and urban respondents respectively used their contraceptive methods consistently. Thirty eight (7.4%) and 118(23.1%) of rural and urban respondents respectively used a condom the last time they had sexual intercourse. Mean number of births per woman was 3.4+1.8 births per woman in rural and 2.9+1.5 births per urban woman. Sixty nine (13.5%) of rural and 164(32.0%) of urban respondents had discontinued their contraceptive method at one time or the other. Women with formal education in both locations had about one-half the fertility rate compared to women with no formal education (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.45–0.95, p=0.001). Similarly, women who used contraceptives in both locations had about one-twelfth fertility rate compared to women not using contraceptives (OR=0.08, 95% CI=0.06–0.12 and p=0.019).” Conclusion: Awareness and use of contraceptives was higher in urban than rural respondents under study. Fertility was also higher among urban than rural women.

An anthropometric and hematological comparison of sickle cell disease children from rural and urban areas.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a prevalent genetic disorder in India and the rural and urban areas experience distinctly different healthcare facilities. In view of this, a comparative study of SCD-SS pattern children of age 8–15 years from rural and urban areas of Wardha district of Central India was carried out using anthropometric and hematological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data were collected using standard methods and the results showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean values for body weight, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood corpuscles (WBC). Statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS 18.0 software. Individuals were screened by solubility test method. Sickle cell patterns (AS and SS) were determined by using electrophoresis technique. RESULT: The SCD-SS children from rural were significantly underweight than those from the urban area of Wardha district. BMI is a good indicator of nutritional status and BMI values of SCD children have less than desired. CONCLUSION: The study highlights an urgent need to conduct integrated investigations for SCD population of rural areas covering clinical, nutritional, and social aspects.

Self-esteem and Psychosocial problems among Kashmiri Youth.

Background: Adolescence is the most challenging period of life in which most individuals face a lot of difficulties in various areas of life. Some may find the period difficult to handle which often lead to emotional and adjustment problems. Aims: The present study was carried out to explore the impact of self esteem on adolescent problems and their relationship with socio personal characteristics. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study comprising of 300 higher secondary and college students, both male and female. Youth Problem Inventory and Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale were administered in groups. Subjects were provided assistance when needed. The data obtained for the variables under study have been subjected to different statistical analysis such as percentage, mean, standard deviation (SD), Pearson’s correlation, T-test, ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc to understand the impact and relationship between the variables. Results: The findings indicated significant negative correlation between self esteem and problem areas. No significant difference was found in self esteem in males and females in urban and rural group. However significant difference was found between rural and urban adolescents in family, school, social and personal problems. Male and female groups differed significantly only in personal problems. Significant difference was found among all the three levels of self esteem and their personal and family problems. Conclusions: Overall findings suggest that rural adolescents suffer more problems than urban adolescents and thus highlight the need of community based mental health care.

Trend of the Anthropometric Indices Among Adolescents in a Urban and a Rural Area Over the Period 1996~2005 / 한국역학회지

This study investigated the secular trend of anthropometric parameters of 2,153 high school students in one urban and one rural area in Korea. The cross-sectional data was collected in 1996 and 2005 in Seoul and Gyung-gi province. As a result, the height of boys has increased by 2cm, whereas the weight has increased by 6.3kg from 1996 to 2005. By contrast, those parameters, including height or weight, did not change in girls. The prevalence of obesity has been more than doubled from 9.3% in 1996 to 20.5% in 2005 in boys; while that of girls was almost same for the same period (1998, 11.1%; 2005, 11.4%). In particular, the greater increase of obesity among boys was found in urban, which implicates the importance of environmental factor in determining weight gains among adolescents. This result emphasizes that the tailored intervention is strongly warranted, in particular among boys residing in urban area.

The Epidemic Characteristics of Diabetes among Residents in Rural and Urban Area in Sichuan / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To understand the diabetes prevalence of urban and rural residents in Sichuan,as the basis for prevention and control of diabetes. Methods By multiple stage cluster sampling method,4 475 residents were selected from 3 240 families of six districts in this survey. The content of blood sugar was determined and disease history of diabetes was investigated in the sampled population. Results The diabetes prevalence of population aged over 3-years was 2.2%,the standardized rate was 2.6%,and it was 4.0% and 3.4% respectively among population aged over 18-years. The diabetes prevalence of population aged over 18-years in urban area was 8.8%,the standardized rate was 6.22%,and it was 1.1% and 1.0% respectively in rural area,the standardized rate in urban area was higher than that in rural area (u=7.04,P

The Effect of Parental Socioeconomic Status on the Nutrient Intake of Urban and Rural Adolescents / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to assess the nutrient intake patterns among urban and rural adolescents and to investigate the effects due to parent's socioeconomic status and other factors, such as mother's job, family type and regular exercise on that pattern. 2,455 middle and high school students living in Seoul and Yangpong, Kyounffi-Do participated in a self-administered questionnaire that was used to collect data. The one-day dietary intake was surveyed through a 24-hour recall method. The factors significantly different between urban and rural adolescents according to monthly income, parent's education level, mother's job, family type and exercise. Income, the parents' education level and regular exercise were associated with the patterns of nutrient intakes as a percent of the RDA. So, when adjusted for parental income, the father's and mother's education level and regular exercise, there were no signifcant differences within the patterns of nutritional intake between urban and rural adolescents. The results provided the information regarding the determinants of nutrient status among adolescents and were expected to be helpful for planning school health promotion programs.