ABSTRACT
Aims: It has long been considered that specific age/gender groups, such as women and children, are predisposed to nutritional vulnerability. Thus, nutritional vulnerability among agricultural households is neglected and understudied. This study aims at an empirical assessment of nutritional vulnerability dynamics among rural households in Nigeria. Study Design: Secondary data used for this study was waves 2 and 3 of the general household survey panel data. The sampling design consisted of two stages of sampling: the selection of enumeration areas based on probability proportionate to the size of the enumeration areas and the systematic random selection of ten households from each enumeration area. There were 3370 households selected in rural areas and 1630 households selected in urban areas. 2090 rural households with the required information for this study were included in the analysis. Methodology: Descriptive statistics, nutritional vulnerability score, logit regression model, Markov model, and multinomial logit regression models were used to analyse nutritional vulnerability transitions among rural households in Nigeria. Results: Nutritionally vulnerable households in rural Nigeria include those with aged heads, little or no formal education, limited assets, and no access to land or credit. Nutritional vulnerability in rural Nigeria is primarily transient, with around two-fifths of households experiencing transient nutritional vulnerability and nearly one-third experiencing chronic nutritional vulnerability. While the age of the household head, tertiary education, and access to credit all had a substantial impact on transient nutritional vulnerability, gender, tertiary education, asset value, and access to credit all had an impact on chronic nutritional vulnerability. Conclusion: Support mechanisms such as initiatives to promote access to healthy food, credit, land, and education are critical. To successfully address the issues affecting the nutrition and health of persons facing vulnerabilities, social welfare programs with interventions based on the characteristics of each vulnerable group and the predisposing factors should be adopted.
ABSTRACT
Los hogares rurales diversifican sus ingresos como estrategia para minimizar los riesgos, reducir la variabilidad y asegurar un nivel mínimo de ingreso. Con información panel de la Encuesta Nacional a Hogares Rurales de México, el presente estudio examina, bajo una perspectiva de género, los factores que determinan la participación en el sector no agropecuario. Los resultados señalan que en las ocupaciones asalariadas no agropecuarias, los hombres participan con menores niveles de escolaridad y la condición de indígena limita la incorporación de ambos géneros. En actividades no agropecuarias por cuenta propia son esenciales la riqueza acumulada del hogar y los servicios financieros, de comunicación y transporte.
As famílias rurais diversificam sua renda como estratégia para minimizar o risco, reduzir a variabilidade e garantir um nível mínimo de renda. Com informações da Encuesta Nacional a Hogares Rurales de México, o presente estudo examinou, sob uma perspectiva de gênero, os fatores que determinam a participação no setor não agrícola. Os resultados indicam que, nas ocupações assalariadas não agrícolas, os homens participam com baixos níveis de escolaridade e a situação indígena limita a incorporação de ambos os sexos. Em atividades de autoemprego não agrícola, são essenciais a riqueza acumulada das famílias e serviços financeiros, de comunicação e transporte.
Rural households diversify their income as a strategy to minimize risk, reduce variability and ensure a minimum level of income. With information panel of the National Rural Household Survey of Mexico, this study examined under a gender perspective, the factors that determine participation in the non-agricultural sector. The results indicate that employed in non-agricultural occupations, men participate with lower levels of education and indigenous status limits the incorporation of both genders. In non-agricultural self-employment activities are essential household accumulated wealth and financial services, communication and transportation.