Contaminação ambiental de uma agroindústria familiar de queijo colonial no sudoeste paranaense / Environmental contamination of a family colonial cheese agroindustry in the southwest of Parana

As falhas na higienização em um estabelecimento de alimentos podem refletir em problemas causando a contaminação ou deterioração do produto produzido. Esta pesquisa foi motivada por reclamações de consumidores informando que os queijos apresentaram fungos, mesmo estando dentro do prazo de validade e por solicitação do Serviço de Inspeção Municipal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a contaminação ambiental em uma agroindústria da agricultura familiar produtora de queijo colonial no Sudoeste Paranaense. Foram realizadas a contagem para aeróbios mesófilos em equipamentos e superfícies que entram em contato com o alimento e análise microbiológica ambiental de bolores e leveduras na sala de secagem dos queijos. A coleta foi realizada com método de esfregaço de suabe estéril para aeróbios mesófilos e semeadas em placas de Petri com Ágar Padrão de Contagem. Para a coleta ambiental foram expostas placas de Petri com ágar Saboraund durante 15 minutos. Os resultados demonstraram ausência de contaminação nas superfícies, mas foram encontrados bolores e leveduras de forma acentuada na sala de secagem dos queijos, o que pode contribuir para a deterioração do produto, diminuindo sua validade. Para minimizar as perdas por contaminação é necessário que o processo de higienização dos ambientes seja realizado de forma eficiente.

Failures in hygiene in a food establishment can result in problems causing contamination or deterioration of the product produced. This research was motivated by complaints from consumers reporting that the cheeses had mold, even though they were within their expiration date and at the request of the Municipal Inspection Service. This research was to evaluate environmental contamination in an agroindustry in the family farm producing colonial cheese in Southwest Paraná. For the microbiological assessment of environmental contamination, counting for mesophilic aerobes was carried out on equipment and surfaces that come into contact with food and, environmental microbiological analysis of molds and yeast in the cheese drying room. The collection was carried out using the sterile swab smear for mesophilic aerobes and seeded in Petri dishes with Counting Standard Agar. For environmental collection, sheets of Petri with Saboraund agar for 15 minutes. The results demonstrated absence of contamination on surfaces. But the presence of molds and yeasts in the drying room cheeses, which can contribute to the deterioration of the product and thus reduce the validity. To minimize losses due to contamination, it is It is necessary that the process of cleaning and disinfecting environments is carried out efficiently.

Adesão ao preservativo masculino: realidade comportamental e conhecimento de universitários / Adherence to the male condom: behavioral reality and knowledge of university students

Homens e mulheres saberem a função do preservativo na prevenção de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e gravidez, várias situações dificultam o seu uso, entre elas, a ideia de que o preservativo interfere no prazer. OBJETIVO: Descrever o conhecimento e comportamentos de universitários sobre a adesão ao preservativo masculino. METODO-LOGIA: Estudo exploratório descritivo, quantitativo, com 136 estudantes de uma Universidade Pública. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 20 anos, maior parte são heterossexuais (76,5%); a maioria teve a primeira relação sexual aos 17 anos, sendo que 33,5% não usaram camisinha, 85% utilizam camisinha para evitar gravidez, 92,5% para prevenção de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, 48,5% deixaram de ter relação sexual com penetração por não ter preservativo; 84% não utilizaram por não conseguir colocar e 54% tinham camisinha e não utilizou. CONCLUSÃO: Evidenciou a necessidade de repensar a educação sexual para instrumentalizar quanto a percepção, comportamento e adesão ao preservativo.(AU)

Men and women recognize condoms' role in preventing both Sexually Transmitted Infec-tions and pregnancy. However, various obstacles, such as concerns about reduced pleasure, impede their use. OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge and behaviors of university students regarding adherence to male condoms. METHODOLOGY: This was a descriptive, quantitative exploratory study involving 136 students from a public university. RESULTS: The average age was 20 years, with most identifying as heterosexual (76.5%). A significant portion (33.5%) did not use condoms. Furthermore, 85% used con-doms for pregnancy prevention, 92.5% for Sexually Transmitted Infections prevention, while 48.5% ceased sexual activity due to a lack of condoms. Additionally, 84% faced challenges with putting on condoms, and 54% possessed unused condoms. CONCLU-SION: These findings highlight the necessity to reevaluate sex education, providing indi-viduals with the tools to comprehend, modify their behavior, and enhance adherence to condom usage.(AU)

Hombres y mujeres conocen el papel del condón en la prevención de las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual y el embarazo, varias situaciones dificultan su uso, entre ellas la idea de que el condón interfiere con el placer. OBJETIVO: Describir los conocimientos y comportamientos de estudiantes universitarios respecto de la adherencia al condón masculino. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, exploratorio con 136 estudiantes de una Universidad Pública. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue de 20 años, la mayoría son heterosexuales (76,5%); la mayoría tuvo su primera relación sexual a los 17 años, el 33.5% no utilizó condón, el 85% utilizó condón para evitar el embarazo, el 92.5% para prevenir Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, el 48.5% dejó de tener relaciones sexuales con penetración debido a no tener condón; El 84% no lo usó porque no pudo colocarlo y el 54% tenía condón pero no lo usó. CONCLUSIÓN: Se destacó la necesidad de repensar la educación sexual para brindar herramientas sobre percepción, comportamiento y adherencia al uso del condón.(AU)

Developing process and term analysis of WFAS standard: General Requirements for the Risk Control in the Safe Use of Acupuncture / 中国针灸

In order to promote the application of WFAS standard, General Requirements for the Risk Control in the Safe Use of Acupuncture and the safe practice of acupuncture technology worldwide, the paper introduces the developing process and main contents of this standard, explains the developing purpose, scope, ideas, methods and basis, and analyzes the definition of the relevant terms. Through strictly complied with the development procedure of standard, the terms related to acupuncture risk in this standard are defined. The connotations of 5 special terms are clarified, i.e. "acupuncture risks" "adverse events of acupuncture" "adverse reactions of acupuncture" "acupuncture accidents" and "acupuncture negligence". The range, rank, control flow and source of risk, as well as the control measures are determined. The standard extracts the underlying common problems and basic requirement of the safe practice of acupuncture so as to lay a framework for the development of the relevant technical standards of acupuncture.

Construction and application of total quality management system in pharmacy intravenous admixture service / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish a total quality management system for pharmacy intravenous admixture services （PIVAS）， in order to promote the standardization， accuracy and rationalization of clinical intravenous infusion. METHODS Based on information system in PIVAS， the management system and quality monitoring items of the whole process before， during and after PIVAS infusion preparation were formulated. The quality control and quality improvement were carried out regularly with quality management tools and methods such as PDCA （plan， do， check， process） cycle， quality control circle， and root cause analysis. The main quality control indexes of PIVAS were retrospectively analyzed before （in 2019） and after PDCA cycle management （in 2020 and 2021）. RESULTS The indexes of quality monitoring in the whole process of PIVAS infusion preparation， such as the score of drug quality management， the drug residue qualification rate and the qualified rate of drug content in infusion， were increased from 92 points， 79%， 86.4% in 2019 to 99 points， 92%， 99.8% in 2021， respectively. The indexes of safe and rational drug use， such as the ratio of intravenous irrational medical orders， the rate of drug repercussion， the rate of antibiotics use， and the rate of TCM injection use decreased from 0.98%， 6.1%， 40.55%， 39.70% to 0.23%， 3.2%， 37.18%， 26.00%， respectively. CONCLUSIONS The established total quality management system for PIVAS can improve the quality management level in the infusion preparation process， improve the quality of infusion preparation and promote clinical safe and rational drug use.

Final evaluation of the prevention and control plan of key parasitic diseases in Hubei Province, 2016-2019 / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To evaluate the completion and final effect of key parasitic disease prevention and control planning tasks in Hubei Province from 2016 to 2019, summarize the experience, find out the problems, and provide the basis for the next stage of prevention and control. Methods　According to the requirements of the Final Evaluation Plan of the National Plan for the Prevention and Control of Hydatid Disease and Other Major Parasitic Diseases (2016-2020), a retrospective survey method was adopted to collect relevant data on the implementation and safeguard measures of the prevention and control of major parasitic diseases, and population infection status in Hubei Province in 2016-2019. Results From 2016 to 2019, We carried out 2 920 992 person times of publicity and education, 209 times of prevention and control technology training, 7 680 person times of business training, with an average of 52 sessions and 1 920 person times per year. We have allocated 3.445 2 million yuan for the prevention and control of parasitic diseases, including 1.722 2 million Yuan froom provincial government, to achieved full coverage of safe drinking water in rural areas under the current national standards, and 7.687 9 million harmless toilets have been built in rural areas. From 2016 to 2019, we carried out 39 658 person times of monitoring and disease investigation, the infection rate of human liver fluke was 0, and the infection rate of soil transmitted nematode was 0.42%. While the annual infection rates varied, there was no statistically significant difference in infection rate between years (χ2＝2.276, P>0.05), but there were statistically significant differences in the infection rates between various soil nematodes (χ2=112.807, P<0.01). From 2016 to 2019, a total of 5 393 people were detected at 17 monitoring points, with the serum positive rate of 3.93% for paragonimiasis, there was a statistically significant difference in serological positive rate between years (χ2=146.011, P<0.01); a total of 738 stream crabs were collected, and the infection rate of intermediate host was 16.26%, wtih a statistically significant difference in the infection rate of stream crabs between years (χ2=49.731, P<0.01). Conclusions　From 2016 to 2019, we adhered to the prevention and control strategy of "prevention first, prevention and control combined", implemented comprehensively various prevention and control measures, and achieved remarkable results in Hubei Province. The key parasitic diseases have been in a low epidemic situation, meeting the requirements of the prevention and control objectives. But the transmission risk still exists, the next step is to continue to strengthen security and monitoring and consolidate the achievements of prevention and control.

Signal mining and analysis of adverse drug events of baloxavir marboxil based on American FAERS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To mine adverse drug event （ADE） signals related to baloxavir marboxil， and to provide reference for clinically safe drug use. METHODS The ADE signals related to baloxavir marboxil from January 1， 2018 to May 31， 2022 in the US FDA adverse event reporting system （FAERS） were mined using the proportional reporting odds ratio （PRR） method. ADE with report number≥3， PRR≥2 and χ2≥4 was defined as a positive signal， and PRR method was used to analyze the ADE signal. RESULTS A total of 1 424 ADE reports with baloxavir marboxil as the main suspected drug were collected， involving 460 ADE signals. The femininity and patient under 18 years old were reported more， the country with the highest number of reports was the United States， and the main indication of drug reported was influenza. A total of 37 ADE positive signals were obtained after PRR calculation and screening exclusion， the first three ADE signals in the list of the reported number were diarrhea， vomiting and immediate hypersensitivity， and the first three ADE signals in the list of PRR value were febrile delirium， ischaemic colitis and hemorrhagic cystitis. Compared with the instructions of baloxavir marboxil， 18 ADE signals had not yet been included， such as abnormal liver function， hematuria， hemorrhagic cystitis， etc. Five new SOCs were involved， such as kidney and urinary system diseases， hepatobiliary system diseases， investigations， nervous system disorders and musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders. CONCLUSIONS When clinical application of baloxavir marboxil， in addition to the adverse drug reactions mentioned in the drug instructions， attention should be paid to abnormal liver function， hematuria， hemorrhagic cystitis， etc， so as to guarantee the safety of drug use.

Clinico-epidemiological study of safe and unsafe chronic suppurative otitis media

Introduction: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) remains one of the most commonest chronic infectious diseases worldwide particularly in children and adolescents. India has been classified as the high prevalence country with national prevalence of 4%. Knowledge of differential regional prevalence of risk factors is required for adequate health education of masses and for customised preventive and control measures in respective areas. Aims: To study the clinical and sociodemographic profile of patients with CSOM. Methods: The study was carried out in the department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh from November, 2017 to December, 2019. Patients with CSOM attending the otorhinolaryngology OPD and those admitted in IPD were included in the study. Results: A total 200 cases of chronic suppurative otitis media including both safe (mucosal) and unsafe (squamous) type were studied. The mean age of participants was 22.8 ± 15.18 years. Of the total participants, 111 (55.5%, 95% CI 48.6 to 62.2) were males, 89 (44.5%, 95% CI 37.8 to 51.4) were females and the majority (60.5%, 95% CI 53.6 to 67) of them were from rural background. Around onefourth of the patients were illiterate (23%, 95% CI 17.7 to 29.3) and the patients mostly belonged to lower side (lower middle, upper lower and lower) of the spectrum of Kuppuswamy socioeconomic classification. The distribution of age-group, gender and laterality (side of involvement) was similar (P>0.05) in both safe and unsafe type. Overall, 151(75.5%, 95% CI 69.9 to 80.9) patients were found to have conductive hearing loss, 30 (15%, 95% CI 10.7 to 20.6) with mixed and 19 (9.5%, 95% CI 6.2 to 14.4) did not have any hearing loss at presentation. The distribution of patients with regards to hearing loss was found to be similar in both safe and unsafe groups (P = 0.311). Conclusion: CSOM particularly afflicts younger age populations from rural background with poor socioeconomic status. Appropriate timely interventions in the form of health promotion, education about the risk factors and improvement in the living conditions will result in decrease in incidence and prevalence of the disease. Moreover, knowledge of symptoms and signs of the disease is likely to result in early seeking of healthcare and hence better treatment outcomes and prevention of complications.

A segurança do paciente no centro cirúrgico: papel da equipe de enfermagem / The patient safety at the surgical center: role of the nursing team

Objetivo: identificar o papel da equipe de enfermagem de um centro cirúrgico quanto à aplicação da segurança do paciente. Material e Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo de caráter exploratório com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com profissionais da equipe de enfermagem atuantes no centro cirúrgico de uma instituição hospitalar privada, localizada na Serra Gaúcha, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários formulados por 25 perguntas, que posteriormente foram armazenados em planilhas no Microsoft® Windows® Excel® 2010 em forma de tabelas para análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, a amostra foi composta por 24 questionários válidos. Os dados analisados evidenciaram predomínio de concordância entre os enfermeiros e os técnicos em enfermagem referente à adesão da segurança do paciente em centro cirúrgico. Conclusão: a pesquisa ressaltou as dificuldades que os profissionais relatam durante sua jornada de trabalho. Tornou-se evidente a insatisfação dos mesmos em relação ao quantitativo dos profissionais de enfermagem, que, de acordo com eles, é um número insuficiente em relação à demanda das necessidades de um processo de cuidar e de segurança do paciente.

Objective: to identify the role of the nursing team in a surgical center regarding the application of patient safety. Material and Method: this is an exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative approach, carried out with professionals of the nursing team of the surgical center of a private institution, located in the Serra Gaúcha, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Data were collected through questionnaires formulated by 25 questions, which were later stored in Microsoft® Windows® Excel® 2010 spreadsheets in the form of tables for descriptive statistical analysis. Abstract Results: considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample consisted of 24 valid questionnaires. The analyzed data showed a high level of agreement between nurses and nursing technicians regarding adherence to patient safety in the operating room. Conclusion: the research highlighted the difficulties that professionals report during their workday. It became evident their dissatisfaction in relation to the number of nursing professionals, which, according to them, is an insufficient number in relation to the demand for the needs of a patient care and safety process.

CBCT study on the safe location of palatal microscrew implant anchorage nail between maxillary first and second molars / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#Conebeam CT (CBCT) was used to measure the palatine between the maxillary first and second molars. The proximal and distal palatal widths of the maxillary first and second molar and the palatal mucosal thickness and bone tissue thickness when microscrew implant anchorage nail were implanted at different angles provided a reference for the clinical selection of microscrew implant placement.@* Methods@#The image data of 90 adult patients were selected as the research object, and the jaw bone was reconstructed by scanning. In maxillary palatine, selection of distances at 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, and 18 mm from the palatal apex of maxillary first molar between the maxillary first and second molar were used as measurement, measured the proximal and distal palatal widths of maxillary first and second molar and the palatal mucosal thickness and bone tissue thickness when microscrew implant anchorage nails were implanted at 30 °, 45 °, 60 °, and 90 °. SPSS 26.0 software was used for one-way ANOVA and LSD pair comparison. @*Results@#The larger the angle of the microscrew implant anchorage nail was, the smaller the proximal and distal medial widths between the maxillary first and second molar, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the 90° direction, the proximal and distal medial widths of the microscrew implant anchorage nail were larger in the 60° direction. The greater the angle of implantation, the smaller the mucosal thickness and the greater the bone tissue thickness, and the results showed a significant difference (P < 0.001). Compared with the direction of 30° and 45°, the mucosal thickness at the direction of 60° was smaller, and the bone tissue thickness was larger. The higher the position of the microscrew implant anchorage nail, the greater the width of the proximal and distal medial, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the positions 12 and 14 mm from the palatal tip, the proximal and distal medial widths of the microscrew implant anchorage nail were larger. The higher the implant position was, the greater the mucosal thickness and the smaller the bone tissue thickness. The results showed a significant difference (P < 0.001). Compared with the position of 18 mm from the palatal tip of the maxillary first molar, the mucosal thickness was smaller and the bone tissue thickness was larger.@*Conclusion@#It is most appropriate to implant microscrew implant anchorage nail at least 10 mm in length in the direction of 60° at the palatal apex 16 mm from the maxillary first molar in palatine between the first and second molar.

A novel predictive model for safe discharge after upper gastrointestinal bleeding / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common gastrointestinal disease in the emergency department. Identifying low-risk patients suitable for outpatient treatment is the focus of clinical and research. A simple predictive model was developed to identify patients with UGIB who could safely avoid hospitalization, thus providing a feasible basis for triage by emergency physicians.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients with UGIB treated at Zhongda Hospital Southeast University from January 2015 to December 2020. Baseline demographic data and clinical parameters at the initial presentation were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify predictors of safe discharge.Results:Six hundred and twelve patients (45.9%) were not safely discharged. There were significant differences in age, Charlson comorbidity index, systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, hemoglobin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and international normalized ratio between the safe discharge group and the non-safe discharge group ( P<0.05). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, a total of 7 variables were included in the clinical prediction model of UGIB risk stratification: Charlson comorbidity index > 2, systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, hemoglobin < 10 g/dL, blood urea nitrogen ≥6.5 mmol/L, albumin <30 g/L, pulse ≥100 beats/min and international normalized ratio ≥1.5. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for predicting unsafe discharge were 98.37%, 24.10%, 52.3%, and 94.6%, respectively, with the best cutoff value ≥1. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was 0.822, which was significantly higher than Glasgow Blatchford score (GBS) 0.786 (95% CI: 0.752-0.820, P< 0.01) and AIMS65 0.676 (95% CI: 0.638-0.714, P< 0.01). Conclusions:The predictive model has a reliable predictive value, which can provide references for emergency medical staff to triage patients with UGIB, thereby reducing medical expenses and having certain social and economic benefits.

Stakeholders' perceived achievements and challenges after the safe motherhood project in Northern Uganda

The Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) and the Uganda Red Cross Society (URCS) implemented the Safe Motherhood project topromote mother-friendly society in northern Uganda from 2010 to 2016. The follow-up study has not been conducted and the information on achievements and challenges after the project were limited. To review the safe motherhood project in northern Uganda, the purpose of the study was to explore the stakeholders' perceived achievements and challenges after the project. Study design was qualitative content analysis using interview guides. After the approval of Institutional Review Board Clearance, the study was started (Approval Number: 2017-034). The subjects were informed about the ethical considerations (informed consent, participation on free will, confidentiality, and anonymity) in participating in the research, and they participated after signing the consent form. Six volunteers, 2 health center staff, and 2 former Uganda Red Cross staff were interviewed. Achievements were the acquisition of knowledge, attitudes changes, behavioural changes, linkage of all stakeholders, and positive influence on Safe Motherhood in community. Challenges of sociocultural barriers, attitudes toward women, accessibility and human resources, incentives and facilities, and sustainability of the project were derived from the interview. The study revealed that the project linked all stakeholders to achieve Safe Motherhood in community and all the developed registration systems were taken over. Long-term support is necessary for Safe Motherhood to take root

Predisponentes conductuales y hábitos sociales relacionados con la vida sexual en estudiantes universitarios / Behavioral predisposing and social habits related to sexual life in university students

Introducción: los estudiantes universitarios suelen ser un grupo de riesgo en cuanto a su vida sexual, ya sea por los hábitos sociales o por los predisponentes conductuales a los que se encuentran expuestos. Este artículo analiza la relación entre estos factores. Objetivo: establecer la frecuencia y relación entre predisponentes conductuales y sociales con la vida sexual activa (VSA) en estudiantes universitarios. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, realizado en 360 estudiantes de Medicina. Los datos de la vida sexual y los factores conductuales y sociales asociados a ella, se analizaron a través de prevalencias con sus intervalos de confianza, así como con el cálculo del Odds Ratio (OR). Resultados: los resultados mostraron que el 58.9% (IC95%: 53.7%-63.9%) de los estudiantes han tenido alguna vez relaciones sexuales. El único predisponente conductual que se asoció con la VSA fue la ausencia de prácticas religiosas (OR: 2.6; IC95%: 1.6-4.1; p < 0.001), mientras que todos los hábitos y conductas sociales analizados, se asociaron significativamente con la VSA, siendo los más comúnes la asistencia a fiestas (77.8%) y el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (67.2%). Conclusiones: nuestros resultados muestran que los jóvenes presentan una amplia gama de características conductuales y sociales que influyen en su vida sexual, por lo que, el implementar estrategias orientadas a proteger la salud sexual y reproductiva también es necesario en este grupo etario.

Background: University students are usually a risk group in terms of their sexual life, either because of social habits or because of the behavioral predisposers to which they are exposed. This article analyse the relationship between these factors. Objective: To establish the frequency and relationship between behavioral and social predisposers with active sexual life (ASL) in university students. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study, carried out in 360 medical students. The data of sexual life and the behavioral and social factors associated with it were analyzed through prevalences with their confidence intervals, as well as the calculation of the Odds Ratio (OR). Results: The results showed that 58.9% (95%CI: 53.7%-63.9%) of the students have ever had sexual intercourse. The only behavioral predisposing associated with ASL was the absence of religious practices (OR: 2.6; 95%CI: 1.6-4.1; p < 0.001), while all the habits and social behaviors analyzed were significantly associated with ASL, the most common being attendance at parties (77.8%) and the consumption of alcoholic beverages (67.2%). Conclusions: Our results show that young people present a wide range of behavioral and social characteristics that influence their sexual life, therefore, implementing strategies aimed at protecting sexual and reproductive health is also necessary in this age group.

An Interventional Study on Knowledge and Practice of Injection Safety and Appropriate Biomedical Waste Disposal among Students of One of the Nursing Colleges, Ahmedabad

Background: Injection is an important drug delivery system especially for severely ill patient, acute emergency condition and immunization. A safe injection is that, does not harm the recipient (patient), does not expose the provider (Health Workers) to any avoidable risk and does not result in waste that is dangerous for the community. Nursing personnel are an important risk group for occupational exposure to needle stick injuries as they are directly involved in the patient care activities like giving injections, starting IV line, taking blood sample etc. Objectives: To study the knowledge & impact of educational intervention of injection safety, post exposure prophylaxis following needle stick injury and segregation of bio medical waste among study nd rd nd rd participants. Methods: An Interventional study was carried out among 2 ,3 and final year B.Sc. & 2 ,3 year GNM nursing students of one of the Nursing Colleges in Ahmedabad. Results: Out of total, 233 (89.6%) were females and 27(10.4%) were males. Overall comparison between pre-test and post-test score regarding various factor of knowledge and practice of safe injection was statistically significant. Out of total, 36(13.8%) study participants were suffered from needle stick injury due to quickness or not wearing gloves. Only 11.1% study participants were not taking post exposure prophylaxis because of lack of knowledge and dread about long time medication course. Conclusion: Practice of injection safety standards was inappropriate except for routine use of hand gloves. The level of knowledge was poor especially in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Needle-prick injury accident management (NPIAM) protocol and register for post-exposure prophylaxis. Post-intervention assessment showed significant improvement in Knowledge for injection safety, PEP/NPIAM and category wise segregation of Bio-medical waste. Periodic reinforcement of the Nursing students by MBBS level educator with IEC and hands on training intervention will significantly protect them from NSIs and prevent the spread of blood borne pathogens.

Screening of tomato cultivars in cadmium-polluted areas and study on their antioxidant capacity / 生物工程学报

To screen the available tomato pollution-safe cultivar varieties and reduce the potential food safety risks in Cd-polluted areas, the differences of Cd accumulation in different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) varieties in southern China were studied by soil culture and hydroponic experiments. Firstly, the high and low accumulation varieties were selected from 25 tomato varieties under 2.94 mg/kg Cd stress by soil culture test, and then the responses of high and low accumulation tomato varieties to Cd stress were determined by hydroponic experiments. The results of soil culture test show that under 2.94 mg/kg Cd stress, there were significant differences in plant height, total biomass and yield among 25 tomato cultivars, and the Cd contents of fruits of all 25 tomato cultivars exceeded the highest limit value (0.05 mg/kg) of CAC (Codex alimentarius commission). Through cluster analysis, 7, 4 and 14 varieties accumulating relatively high, medium, and low concentrations of Cd in the fruits were screened, among which the highest, the lowest, and the average Cd contents in the fruits were 3.06 mg/kg DW, 1.47 mg/kg DW, and 2.21 mg/kg DW, respectively. The results of hydroponic experiment show that under the same concentration of Cd stress, Qiantangxuri F1, a high Cd accumulating variety, absorbed Cd faster, accumulated more Cd, used shorter oxidative stress response time and had stronger tolerance to Cd than Zhefen 3053, a low Cd accumulating variety. The typical high and low Cd accumulating varieties can provide a reference for agricultural production in heavy metal polluted areas and the development of molecular-assisted breeding methods of PSC. At present, cultivating low Cd accumulating PSC varieties and dynamic monitoring of Cd contents in tomato fruits are feasible methods in medium and light Cd-polluted areas.

Investigation and Analysis of the Understanding of Pharmacy Practitioners in Retail Pharmacies and Parents to Children’s OTC Drug Knowledge / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To standardize the use of children’s over-the-counter（OTC）drugs in China，control the risk of children’s self medication and ensure the safety of children’s medication. METHODS：The questionnaire was randomly distributed to pharmacy practitioners in retail pharmacies in 13/parents in 16 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. The results of questionnaire survey were analyzed descriptively. The corresponding suggestions were put forward for the problems existing in the use of OTC drugs for children among pharmacy practitioners in retail pharmacies and parents.RESULTS：Totally 5 367 people filled the questionnaire at pharmacies，and 5 353 questionnaires were filled validly with effective rate of 99.74％；the number of consumers（parents）who filled the questionnaires was 6 111，and 5 094 questionnaires were filled validly with effective rate of 83.36％. The results of survey showed that 93.67％ of retail pharmacies were equipped with 1-2licensed pharmacists；most of the employees in pharmacies had college degree（46.59％），and their professional knowledge was relatively weak，and only 30.00％ of them were very familiar with pharmaceutical professional knowledge. Pharmacy practitioners could provide basic pharmaceutical care，but they were not sensitive to the information of children’s age and weight；only 44.11％of the practitioners would approve the dosage according to the age and weight of the children；98.09％ of pharmacies would regularly conduct OTC drugs knowledge training，but they did not pay attention to the knowledge of children related to drug use. About half of the pharmacy practitioners were very clear about the indications，usage and dosage，precautions of OTC drugs forchildren. About 70％ of parents did not fully understand the difference between prescription drugs，green OTC drugs and red OTC drugs，and did not know the risk of home OTC treatment；63.06％ of parents chose OTC drugs according to their previous experience， and 23.05％ of parents relied on drug advertisements to choose OTC drugs； 92.64％ of parents would read the drug instruction carefully before using OTC drugs， but they had blind spots in understanding many contents of the drug instruction. In the process of OTC drug use，46.21％ of parents had used adult OTC drugs for their children，and 41.54％ of parents did not convert the amount of children；52.89％ of parents said that their children suffered from adverse reactions after taking OTC drugs. CONCLUSIONS：The pharmacy practitioners have low education on the whole，professional level needs to be improved，their understanding of children’s OTC drugs is not comprehensive enough，and there is a lack oftraining on children’s medication knowledge. Parents have a poor awareness of children’s OTC drugs，and there are many problems in the process of using children’s OTC drugs，such as inaccurate dosage，using adult’s drugs. It is suggested that we should improve the access standard of pharmacy practitioners and increase the number of licensed pharmacists；organize special training on safe drug use for children to improve the pharmaceutical service ability of pharmacies；strengthen the supervision of retail pharmacies and formulate pharmaceutical care standards for the use of OTC drugs for children；strengthen the publicity and education on rational drug use for children and popularize the knowledge of safe drug use of OTC drugs for children；give full play to the guiding role of pharmacists and pay attention to the medication guidance of parents.

Innovative practice of " two hearts and four wings" in the construction of safe hospital / 中华医院管理杂志

The construction of safe hospital is the foundation of high-quality development of the hospital, and innovation provides power for the construction of safe hospital from the perspective of high-quality development. Taking Zhejiang Provincial People′s Hospital as an example, the authors introduced the innovation construction path of safe hospital in detail, and put forward the construction strategy of safe hospital with " two hearts" (patient-centered, employee-centered)and " four wings" (multimedia doctor-patient communication, Wulin aunt medical studio, integrated operation safety inspection, third-party medical liability insurance). Through the combination of basic safety management and innovative practice, the hospital vigorously promoted the culture of " two hearts" , and established an efficient collaborative information management system, so as to form replicable and promotable practical experience and promote the development of safe hospital.

Advances in research on pediatric oral liquid dosage forms / 中国药科大学学报

@#Liquid preparations are the commonly used oral dosage forms in pediatric clinical practice.This review introduces the pediatric oral liquid dosage forms including extemporaneous preparation of oral liquid formulations, oral liquid sustained and controlled release formulations, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, self-nanoemulsions and milk-based liquid formulations.In addition, the efficient flavoring and taste masking technologies, using safe pharmaceutical excipients, high-demanding technical standards and verification strategies, establishing excellent workflow management systems can contribute to the development and application of pediatric oral liquid dosage forms which are safer, more effective and better compliant.This review is helpful in laying the relevant theoretical foundation for further studies on pediatric oral liquid dosage forms.

Início da atividade sexual e sexo protegido em adolescentes / Comienzo de la actividad sexual y sexo protegido en adolescentes / Initiation of sexual activity and protected sex in adolescents

Resumo Objetivos Identificar a prevalência do início da atividade sexual em adolescentes e a prática de sexo seguro entre os mesmos. Método Estudo transversal realizado com 499 adolescentes, em Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais, de fevereiro a abril de 2017, por meio de um questionário autoaplicado e semiestruturado, contemplando iniciação, práticas sexuais, conhecimento sobre contracepção, prevenção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e participação em atividades educativas sobre o tema. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, as diferenças estatísticas avaliadas pelo teste X2 de Pearson. Resultados A prevalência da atividade sexual foi 47,3%, com idade média da sexarca de 14,1 anos, e tendência de iniciação sexual precoce no sexo masculino. Um terço das primeiras relações sexuais foram desprotegidas (33,9%). As participantes do sexo feminino apresentavam maior conhecimento a respeito de contracepção e prevenção de doenças, menor adesão ao uso de preservativos e maior utilização de contraceptivos orais e de emergência. Conclusão e implicações para a prática O estudo mostrou início precoce de vida sexual entre adolescentes, e um terço das relações sexuais sem proteção. Há necessidade de ações de saúde e educação que garantam a aquisição de conhecimento e acesso a métodos contraceptivos.

Resumen Objetivos Identificar la prevalencia de la actividad sexual en adolescentes y la práctica de sexo seguro entre ellos. Método Estudio transversal realizado con 499 adolescentes, de febrero a abril de 2017, por medio de un cuestionario autoadministrado y semiestructurado, que abarca la iniciación sexual y las prácticas, conocimiento sobre métodos anticonceptivos, prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual y participación en actividades educativas sobre el tema. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y las diferencias estadísticas se evaluaron mediante la prueba X2 de Pearson. Resultados La prevalencia de la actividad sexual fue del 47,3%, con una edad promedio de la primera relación sexual de 14,1 años y una tendencia a la iniciación sexual temprana entre los participantes masculinos. Un tercio de las primeras relaciones sexuales fueron desprotegidas (33,9%). Las mujeres participantes tenían mayor conocimiento sobre los métodos anticonceptivos y prevención de enfermedades, menos adherencia al uso del condón y mayor uso de anticonceptivos orales y de emergencia. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica El estudio mostró un inicio temprano de la vida sexual entre un grupo de adolescentes y un tercio de las relaciones sexuales sin protección. Se advierte la necesidad de llevar a cabo acciones en materia de salud y educación que garanticen la adquisición de conocimiento y el acceso a métodos anticonceptivos.

Abstract Objective Identify the prevalence of sexual activity initiation in adolescents and the practice of safe sex among them. Method A cross-sectional study carried out with 499 adolescents in Porto Alegre, Minas Gerais, from February to April 2017, using a self-administered and semi-structured questionnaire, covering sexual initiation and practices, knowledge about contraceptive methods, prevention of sexually transmitted infections and participation in educational activities on the theme. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the statistical differences were assessed using Pearson's X2 test. Results The prevalence of sexual activity was 47.3%, with a mean age of 14.1 years old at first sexual intercourse, and a tendency for early sexual initiation in the male gender. One third of the first sexual intercourses were unprotected (33.9%). Female participants had greater knowledge about contraceptive methods and disease prevention, lower adherence to condom use and greater use of oral and emergency contraceptives. Conclusion and implications for the practice The study showed an early initiation of sexual life among adolescents, and one third of unprotected sexual intercourses. There is a need for health and education actions that guarantee the acquisition of knowledge and access to contraceptive methods.

Análisis en el uso del condón femenino en estudiantes de una universidad privada de Cali-Colombia / Analysis of the use of the female condom in students of a private university in Cali, Colombia / Análise do uso do preservativo feminino em estudantes de uma universidade privada em Cali-Colômbia

Introducción. El condón femenino es un método de barrera eficaz para prevenir las enfermedades de transmisión sexual y los embarazos, permite la mejora de la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres y sus parejas. Presenta barreras al utilizarse en aspectos socioculturales, económicos, religiosos y psicológicos, los cuales pueden ser superados a través de la promoción y educación. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar el uso del condón femenino en estudiantes universitarios de un programa de salud. Metodología. Estudio cuasiexperimental, con muestreo por conveniencia realizado en 82 estudiantes, organizados en un grupo de 74 mujeres y otro de 8 hombres, quienes utilizaron el condón femenino en sus relaciones sexuales durante un período de tres meses. Reconocieron las ventajas, desventajas, sensaciones y reacciones de la pareja. Resultados. Las ventajas establecidas por todos los hombres y el 70% de las mujeres es colocar el condón femenino antes de la relación sexual, del mismo modo, el 39.2% de las mujeres y el 37.2% de los hombres indican como ventaja poder usarlo hasta el final de la relación. Las desventajas identificadas comprenden que el 54.1% de las parejas de las mujeres no les gusta utilizarlo, al 40.5% de las mujeres les parece difícil su colocación, y al 33.8% le disminuye el placer sexual. En los hombres se identifican como desventajas la disminución del placer en la relación sexual, al 87.5% de sus parejas no le gusta utilizarlo, y el 62.5% de los hombres expresa dificultad para su colocación. Discusión. El uso del condón femenino está limitado por las condiciones de acceso y disponibilidad. El procedimiento de inserción del dispositivo en las mujeres requiere entrenamiento previo e información específica para su uso. Conclusión. La utilización del condón femenino es una alternativa viable para tener sexo seguro, los hombres presentan mayor rechazo al verse afectado el placer sexual.

Introduction. The female condom is an effective barrier method to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy; it allows the improvement of the sexual and reproductive health of women and their partners. Using it presents barriers in sociocultural, economic, religious and psychological aspects, which can be overcome through promotion and education. The objective of this article is to analyze the use of the female condom in university students of a health program. Methodology. Quasi-experimental study, with convenience sampling carried out in 82 students, organized in a group of 74 women, and another of 8 men, who used the female condom in their sexual intercourse during a period of three months. They recognized the advantages, disadvantages, feelings and reactions of the partner. Results. The advantages established by all men and 70% of women is to place the female condom before sexual intercourse; in the same way, 39.2% of women and 37.2% of men indicate as an advantage the possibility to use it until the end of the intercourse. The identified disadvantages include that 54.1% of women's partners do not like to use it, 40.5% of women find it difficult to insert, and for 33.8% of them, it decreases sexual pleasure. In men, the disadvantages identified were the decrease in pleasure in sexual intercourse, 87.5% of their partners do not like to use it, and 62.5% of men express difficulty in inserting it. Discussion. The use of the female condom is limited by the conditions of access and availability. The procedure for inserting the device in women requires prior training and specific information for its use. Conclusion. The use of the female condom is a viable alternative to have safe sex. Men show greater rejection when sexual pleasure is affected.

Introdução. O preservativo feminino é um método de barreira eficaz na prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e gravidez, melhorando a saúde sexual e reprodutiva da mulher e dos seus parceiros. Apresenta limitações no seu uso com relação a aspectos socioculturais, econômicos, religiosos e psicológicos, que podem ser superadas por meio de promoção e educação. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o uso do preservativo feminino em estudantes de universidade de um programa de saúde. Metodologia. Estudo quase experimental, com amostragem por conveniência realizada em 82 estudantes, organizados em um grupo de 74 mulheres e outro de 8 homens, que usaram o preservativo feminino nas suas relações sexuais durante um período de três meses. Eles reconheceram as vantagens, desvantagens, sensações e reações do casal. Resultados. As vantagens estabelecidas por todos os homens e 70% das mulheres é colocar o preservativo feminino antes da relação sexual, da mesma forma, 39.2% das mulheres e 37.2% dos homens apontam como vantagem poder usá-lo até o fim da relação sexual. As desvantagens identificadas incluem que 54.1% dos parceiros das mulheres não gostam de usá-lo, 40.5% das mulheres têm dificuldade em colocá-lo e 33.8% acham que diminui o prazer sexual. Nos homens, identificam-se como desvantagens diminuição do prazer na relação sexual, 87.5% das parceiras não gostam de usá-lo e 62.5% dos homens expressam dificuldade em colocá-lo. Discussão. O uso do preservativo feminino é limitado pelas condições de acesso e disponibilidade. O procedimento de inserção do dispositivo em mulheres requer treinamento prévio e informações específicas para seu uso. Conclusão. O uso do preservativo feminino é uma alternativa viável para a prática de sexo seguro, os homens apresentam maior rejeição quando o prazer sexual é afetado.

Adaptación cultural y evaluación psicométrica del cuestionario de conducta sexual segura en jóvenes universitarios chilenos / Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Safe Sex Behavior Questionnaire among Chilean college students

Introducción: Las infecciones de transmisión sexual han tenido un notable incremento en adolescentes, jóvenes y estudiantes universitarios en Chile. Las conductas sexuales riesgosas constituyen un importante factor de riesgo en este grupo etario. La necesidad de medir intervenciones enfocadas a la disminución de conductas sexuales de riesgo es un tema esencial para la prevención y promoción. Por este motivo, es necesario contar con instrumentos de medición con las propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para evaluar las conductas sexuales en esta población. Objetivo: adaptar culturalmente y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario sobre conducta sexual segura de DiIorio, Parsons, Lehr, Adame y Carlone en jóvenes universitarios chilenos. Material y Métodos: se efectuó adaptación cultural y evaluación de propiedades psicométricas. Se realizó traducción, retro-traducción, análisis de equivalencia conceptual, semántica y operacional con expertos. Se aplicó la escala adaptada a 222 estudiantes, se efectuó análisis factorial exploratorio y se evaluó consistencia interna y homogeneidad de los ítems. Se evaluó confiabilidad test-retest con una submuestra de 56 estudiantes. Resultados: se realizaron cambios en la terminología en todos los ítems, se eliminaron cuatro ítems y se modificaron siete. La validación arrojó un Alpha de Cronbach de 0,794 (I de C de 95 por ciento: 0,693 a 0,790); siete componentes explican 60,8 por ciento de la varianza total. El resultado test-retest fue de 0,757 (I de C de 95 por ciento: 0,617 a 0,850). Conclusión: la escala posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para utilizarse en jóvenes universitarios, fundamentalmente femeninas y en carreras relacionadas a ciencias de salud(AU)

Introduction: The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has increased significantly among adolescents, young people and university students in Chile. Risky sexual behaviors are an important risk factor in this age group. The need to measure interventions focused on the reduction of risky sexual behaviors is an essential issue for prevention and promotion. For this reason, reliable measuring instruments having adequate psychometric properties are necessary for the evaluation of these behaviors in this population. Objective: To evaluate and culturally adapt psychometric properties of the Safe Sex Behavior Questionnaire (SSBQ) among college students in Chile. Material and Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation was performed and psychometric properties were evaluated. Translations, back-translations, and an analysis of conceptual, semantic, and operational equivalence were carried out considering expert´s judgment. An adapted scale was applied to 222 students. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency and homogeneity among items were conducted. Test-retest reliability was determined in a subsample of 56 students. Results: Following content analysis of experts, four items were eliminated and seven items were modified; the other items were not influenced by conceptual, operational or semantic equivalence. Validation showed a Cronbach´s Alpha of 0,794 (95 percent CI: 0,693 a 0,790). Seven components explained 60.8 percent of the total variance. The result of the Test-retest was 0,757 (95 percent CI: 0,617 a 0,850). Conclusion: The Chilean version of SSBQ showed good psychometric properties for evaluating safe sex behavior in college students, mainly in women and students in the health professions(AU)