Factors Associated with The Compliance of Tobacco Advertisement, Promotion and Sponsorship (TAPS) Ban in Bali, Indonesia

@#Introduction: Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest number of tobacco advertisements, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) across the globe, which play a significant role in increasing smoking prevalence. Since 2019, Klungkung District has adopted a TAPS ban at point of sale (PoS). Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate compliance with the total TAPS ban at PoS in Klungkung and the factors associated. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Klungkung district from August to October 2021. The survey involved 200 samples of PoS and also the managers, which selected using stratified simple random sampling for registered PoS and a walking protocol for unregistered PoS. Data was collected through observation using a checklist and interview using a structured questionnaire by eight well-trained enumerators. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The study successfully observed 200 PoS and also interviewed 200 PoS managers. The result showed the compliance was 72.5%. Of 9 factors analyzed using regression analysis, it was found that factors associated with the compliance were knowledge and attitude PoS manager toward TAPS ban (OR=11.3; CI:1.233-103.414; p=0.008), perceived of socio-economic impact factor (OR=8.1; CI:3.584-18.400; p<0.01), and tobacco industry interference (OR=2.8; CI:1.441-5.594; p=0,003). Conclusions: Compliance with the TAPS ban at PoS remain sufficient, even though it has not reached the target. Factors mainly associated with the compliance were the attitude of PoS manager, and tobacco industry interference. Hence, socialization and enforcement should be improved and sustained.

A Study On Customer Satisfaction Towards E-Banking Services With Special Reference To Axis Bank In Ramanathapuram Town

In traditional banking, the products and services handed by bank branches are not acceptable to meet the customer needs and solicitation. Customers are the king in any business. Every business should know the customer perception and satisfy their requirements. Customers are precipitously more demanding with precious services customized to their exact requirements, at least bring and instantly done. It is possible by the use of Information technology in banking sector. In Moment's script E-Banking service plays a vital part in attracting new customers and retaining old customers. Without e-banking service no banks can survive in this competitive banking business. E-Banking means the provision of information about a bank and its services through a home runner on the World Wide Web (WWW). E-Banking services give customer access to accounts, the capability to transfer their plutocrat between different accounts, and making payments or applying for loans through E- Channels. Electronic Banking is else called as Internet Banking or Virtual Banking or Online Banking or Web Banking. E – Banking is the medium and rearmost delivery channel to be offered by the retail banks. It handed number of benefits to customer in term of easy to use and at least cost of deals; it may be either through internet, telephone or other electronic delivery channels. Nationalization was a structural change in the performance of marketable banks which redounded in to the emergence of public sector banks. Privatization leads to the emergence of private sector banks and globalization which eased the entry of foreign banks in India. This super study helps to know the satisfaction position of customers towards e – banking services handed by Axis Bank in Ramanathapuram Town. Then E – Banking services includes ATM service, POS using benefit card and credit services, mobile banking and EFT etc.

Automedicación y autoprescripción / Self-medication and self-prescription

Resumen La automedicación y la autoprescripción son acciones de los pacientes; la primera como elemento del autocuidado que involucra medicamentos de venta libre y la segunda como una violación a la ley de salud, pues comprende medicamentos que solo pueden expenderse con receta. Todos los inconvenientes que se han atribuido a la automedicación en realidad lo son de la autoprescripción.

Abstract Self-medication and self-prescription are actions undertaken by patients; the former, as an element of self-care that involves over-the-counter drugs, and the latter, as a violation of the Statute of Health, since it includes drugs that can only be dispensed with a medical prescription. All the drawbacks that have been attributed to self-medication are actually associated with self-prescription.

Recomendaciones para la venta y promoción en el consultorio de tratamientos dermocosméticos / Recommendations for the sale and promotion of dermocosmetic treatments at the office

Resumen Un capítulo novedoso es la atención y promoción por parte de médicos especialistas de aspectos relacionados con procedimientos estéticos, más que con la salud. La aspiración humana de la búsqueda de la belleza personal ha generado nuevos escenarios en la labor médica. El Comité de Ética y Transparencia en la Relación Médico Industria (CETREMI) de la Academia Nacional de México ha revisado esta circunstancia y emite recomendaciones tanto a los médicos como a los productores y potenciales consumidores de procedimientos estéticos.

Abstract A novel chapter in current medical settings is the promotion and attention of esthetic aspects rather than health issues by health professionals. The human aspiration related to the search for personal beauty has generated new scenarios in medical practice. The Committee on Ethics and Transparency in the Physician-Industry Relationship (CETREMI) of the National Academy of Medicine of Mexico has analyzed this phenomenon and has issued recommendations directed both to medical professionals and to producers and potential consumers of esthetic procedures.

Uma análise histórico-crítica sobre o desenvolvimento das normas brasileiras relacionadas a queijos artesanais / [A critical-historical analysis of the continuous development of Brazilian legislation related to artisanal cheeses]

Diferentes tipos de queijos artesanais são produzidos, comercializados e consumidos no Brasil, o que impulsiona o constante desenvolvimento de normas por órgãos oficiais, como o Mapa. A criação do Suasa e do Sisbi-POA foi fundamental para esse setor, por permitir um sistema de equivalência na fiscalização e por ampliar a distribuição. Ainda, o Mapa passou a permitir que queijos artesanais produzidos com leite cru pudessem ser maturados em um período inferior a 60 dias, desde que comprovada sua inocuidade. A redução do tempo de maturação é um tema controverso e polêmico, já que não há critérios específicos que estudos científicos devem contemplar, o que permite múltiplas interpretações de dados. Com a criação e a regulamentação do selo Arte, a fiscalização dos produtos artesanais foi designada aos órgãos de agricultura, pecuária e de saúde pública, em complementação à atribuição já prevista pelo Mapa e pelo Sisbi-POA. Ainda, o selo Arte atribui aos órgãos de inspeção uma função orientadora, atividade que deveria ser prioritariamente executada por agências de extensão e associações. As normas que balizam a produção e comercialização de produtos artesanais devem ser frequentemente atualizadas, devido aos constantes avanços científicos na área e para assegurar a oferta de produtos com qualidade e inócuos aos consumidores.(AU)

Different artisanal cheeses are produced, commercialized and consumed in Brazil, leading to a constant development of related rules by the MAPA and other official agencies. The establishment of two national programs (SUASA and SISBI-POA) allowed an equivalence in inspection system and an expanded distribution. Also, MAPA allowed ripening time lower than 60 days for artisanal raw milk cheeses, based on scientific studies that assure their safety. However, lowering the ripening period is still controversial, once there are no proper established criteria for such scientific studies, leading to potential multiple interpretation of data. The newly established ARTE certification transferred the inspection responsibilities of artisanal products to secretaries of agriculture, livestock and health, in support of what was already predicated by MAPA and SISBI-POA. Based on ARTE certification, the inspection service must also provide orientation guidance to producers, which should be done specifically by extension organs and associations. The norms that guide the production and commercialization of these artisanal products often need to be updated, but based on well-established methodologies and procedures, to ensure the distribution of suitable products to consumers.(AU)

Efectos de las lesiones del sistema nervioso sobre la fisiología de la micción / Effects of nervous system injuries on the physiology of urination

Resumen La disfunción neurogénica del tracto urinario inferior abarca una amplia variedad de trastornos que se caracterizan por una disfunción de la fisio logía de la micción. Muchas veces su diagnóstico no suele ser fácil y suele primero diagnosticarse la disfunción del tracto urinario y posteriormente encontrar el diagnóstico del trastorno neurológico que lo ocasiona. Todos estos trastornos terminan afectando gravemente la calidad de vida de las pacientes, por sus complicaciones propias y las derivadas de la condición. Algunas de estas complicaciones son infecciones urinarias recurrentes, incontinencia urinaria, disfunción del vaciamiento vesical, estenosis uretral y enfermedad renal progresiva con daño irreversible. Los objetivos de esta revisión son exponer las diferentes alteraciones neurológicas según la cla sificación SALE y describir cómo afectan la fisiología de la micción.

Abstract Neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract encompasses a wide variety of disorders, which are characterized by a dysfunction of the urination physiology. In many times the diagnosis of this type of pathologies is usually not so easy, and the urinary tract dysfunc tion can be diagnosed first and secondarily find the diagnosis of the neurological disorder that causes it. All these disorders end up se riously affecting the quality of life of these patients, due to their own complications and the complications derived from the condition. Some of the associated complications are recurrent urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and bladder emptying dysfunction, urethral stricture and progressive kidney disease with irreversible damage. The location of the neurological lesion does not always de termine the type of inferior urinary dysfunction. The objective of this review is to expose the different neurological alterations according to the SALE classification and describe how they affect the physiol ogy of urination.

Analysis of Monitoring Focus Drugs in an Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Based on ABC-VEN Matrix Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To investigate drug use in an obstetrics and gynecology hospital and confirm the types of drugs that need to be monitored so as to provide reference for rational drug use in clinic. METHODS： Activity based classification （ABC） analysis， Vital-Essential-Nonessential Medicine （VEN） analysis and ABC-VEN matrix analysis were used to statistically analyze the types of drugs in the inpatients and outpatients of this hosptial during Jan. 2016-Dec. 2017， and consumption sum in the hospital so as to determine the types of monitoring focus drugs. RESULTS： The drugs were divided into class A， B， and C by using ABC analysis， and the constitute ratio of them were 6.08％， 7.71％ and 86.21％； the constitute ratio of consumption sum were 70.97％， 19.07％ and 9.96％， respectively. The drugs were divided into class V， E and N， and the constitute ratio of them were 36.51％， 43.61％ and 19.88％； constituent ratios of their consumption sum were 31.89％， 33.89％ and 34.22％， respectively. The drugs were divided into group Ⅰ （class AV， AE， AN， BV， CV）， group Ⅱ （class BE， CE， BN） and group Ⅲ （class CN） by using ABC-VEN matrix analysis； the constitute ratios of accumulative number of drug type were 40.56％， 44.43％ and 15.01％，while those of accumulative consumption sum were 77.29％， 20.52％ and 2.19％， respectively. Among class N， the constituent ratio of consumption sum of class AN as Chinese patent medicine， blood substitutes and perfusion solutions were higher， being 12.48％ and 7.92％； that of class BN as Chinese patent medicine was higher， being 3.21％； those of class CN as Chinese patent medicine， sex hormones and modulators of the genital system were higher， being 1.14％， 0.50％. CONCLUSIONS： In the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital， consumption sum of class A is the main part of the total consumption sum of drugs， and they should be seleted according to therapeutic efficacy. Active regulatory policies should be adopted for class V and E so that more drug types that possess cost- effectiveness advantages； for class N， management control and reasonable utilization should be monitored closely to reduce irrational drug use. Some Chinese patent medicines， blood substitutes and perfusion solutions among class AN should be monitored and controlled emphatically.

Disponibilidad de alimentos y bebidas aptos para la merienda escolar según la Ley 19.140 en supermercados de Montevideo, en 2015 / Disponibilidade de alimentos e bebidas aptos para o lanche escolar, segundo a Lei 19.140, em supermercados de Montevidéu, em 2015 / Availability of foods and drinks that comply with Law 19,410 regarding school snacks in Montevideo supermarkets, in 2015

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la disponibilidad de los alimentos y bebidas que pueden incluirse en la merienda escolar según la Ley 19.140, en supermercados de Montevideo, en 2015. Se seleccionaron, por conveniencia, cadenas de supermercados cuyas sucursales estuviesen distribuidas en la ciudad, de manera de abarcar gran parte de la superficie y alcanzar sectores de la población de diverso nivel socioeconómico. Es un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La población de estudio fue el total de los alimentos ofertados, correspondientes al Grupo 1 y 3 de la ley, que deben cumplir con los criterios nutricionales exigidos para incluirse en la merienda escolar. Las fuentes de información fueron las listas de los alimentos ofertados provistas por los supermercados o sus sitios web oficiales, fichas técnicas de Nutriguía, y rotulados nutricionales de productos de las góndolas. Se evaluaron 803 productos alimenticios. En el 80% de los casos no se pudo evaluar la totalidad de los criterios nutricionales exigidos por la ley, debido a que la declaración obligatoria del rotulado nutricional no incluye azúcares refinados, criterio que sí se tiene en cuenta para categorizar las meriendas como adecuadas para los centros educativos. De éstos, el 59% fueron No Adecuados para la merienda escolar. En el 20% restante, se evaluaron los seis criterios nutricionales de la ley; y de ellos, el 77% de los productos fueron No Adecuados para la merienda escolar. Existe por lo tanto, una elevada proporción de productos No Adecuados para este destino. El aporte calórico, las grasas totales y las saturadas fueron los criterios nutricionales excedidos en la mayoría de los productos evaluados. Hay un largo camino por recorrer por parte de la industria para superar estas limitantes y contar con una oferta de productos acordes a la ley.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a disponibilidade dos alimentos e das bebidas que podem ser incluídos no lanche escolar segundo a Lei 19.140, em supermercados de Montevidéu, em 2015. Foram selecionadas, por conveniência, cadeias de supermercados cujas sucursais estivessem distribuídas na cidade, de forma de abranger grande parte da superfície e atingir setores da população de diferentes níveis sócio-econômicos. Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal. A população de estudo foi o total dos alimentos oferecidos, correspondentes ao Grupo 1 e 3 da lei, que devem cumprir com os critérios nutricionais exigidos para ser incluídos no lanche escolar. As fontes de informação foram as listagens dos alimentos oferecidos, fornecidas pelos supermercados ou seus sítios web oficiais, fichas técnicas da Nutriguia, bem como rotulagens nutricionais dos produtos nas prateleiras. Foram avaliados 803 produtos alimentares. Em 80% dos casos, não foi possível avaliar a totalidade dos critérios nutricionais exigidos pela lei, devido a que a declaração obrigatória da rotulagem nutricional não inclui açúcares refinados, critério que sim é levado em consideração para categorizar os lanches como adequados para os centros educacionais. Destes, 59% foram Não adequados para o lanche escolar. No 20% restante, foram avaliados os seis critérios nutricionais da lei; e deles, 77% dos produtos foram Não adequados para o lanche escolar. Existe, por conseguinte, uma elevada proporção de produtos Não adequados para o lanche escolar. O valor calórico, as gorduras totais e as gorduras saturadas foram os critérios nutricionais excedidos na maioria dos produtos avaliados. Existe um longo caminho para percorrer por parte da indústria, para superar estas limitações e contar com uma oferta de produtos nos supermercados que estejam de acordo com a lei.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of foods and drinks that can be included in school snacks in compliance with Law 19,140 in Montevideo supermarkets, in 2015. Supermarket chains whose branches were scattered in the city were selected for convenience, so as to cover a large part of the area and to reach different socioeconomic sectors of the population. This is an observational, descriptive and transversal study. The studied population was the total of available foods corresponding to Groups 1 and 3 of such law which have to comply with the nutritional criteria required to be included in school snacks. The information sources were the lists of foods provided by supermarket or their official websites, Nutriguía technical specifications and nutrition facts labels of products found in supermarket aisles. 803 food products were evaluated. In 80% of them it was not possible to evaluate all the nutritional criteria required by law, since the mandatory declaration of nutritional labeling does not include refined sugars, a criterion that is taken into account in order to categorize the snacks as appropriate for educational centers. Of these, 59% were Not Suitable for school meals. In the remaining 20%, the six nutritional criteria of the law were evaluated; and of these, 77% of the products were Not Suitable for school meals. Therefore, a high number of products are Not Suitable for this purpose. Caloric intake, total and saturated fats were the nutritional criteria exceeded in most of the evaluated products. There is a long way to go on the part of the industry to overcome these limitations and offer products in supermarkets that comply with the law.

A review of trade practices of smokeless tobacco products in terms of prohibition on sale, manufacturing & importation in Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ratified Parties

Background & objectives: Over the past decade, the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) has served as a powerful tool to initiate and advance global tobacco control efforts. However, the control strategies have mainly targeted demand-side measures. The goal of a tobacco-free world by 2040 cannot be achieved if the supply-side measures are not addressed. This analysis was undertaken to examine the tobacco control legislations of various Parties ratifying WHO FCTC with an objective to ascertain the status of prohibition of importation, sale and manufacturing of smokeless tobacco products. Methods: All 180 Parties to WHO FCTC were included for the study. A comprehensive database of all the parties to FCTC was created and tobacco control legislations and regulations of all parties were studied in detail. Results: Overall, the sale of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products was prohibited in 45 Parties. Eleven Parties prohibited manufacturing of SLT products and six Parties imposed a ban on importation of SLT products. Australia, Bhutan, Singapore and Sri Lanka banned all three. Interpretation & conclusions: Comprehensive tobacco control strategy with effective tobacco cessation programme should complement strong legal actions such as prohibition on trade in SLT products to meet the public health objective of such laws and regulations. In addition, multisectoral efforts are needed for effective implementation of such restrictions imposed by the governments.

Survey of probiotic preparations and labeling practices in Indian market

A cross-sectional survey was conducted across 320 chemists shop in Pune city for their availability and labeling practices. The questionnaire revealed the data about the most sold probiotic preparations, their mode of sale, and their available forms such as tablet, capsule, and sachet. Top ten probiotic preparations were evaluated for labeling practice as per the existing regulations of the Indian Council of Medical Research-Department of Biotechnology, Indian guidelines. Majority of probiotic preparations were listing the best before date, viability, probiotic organisms, net quantity, and batch number, but none of them mentioned the health claims.

Problems and Countermeasures Existing in the Supervision System of Online Drug Sale in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the improvement of supervision system of online drug sale in China. METH-ODS:Usingonline pharmacyonline drugstoreinternet drugssupervisionas keywords,CNKI,Wanfang database from Jan. 2015 to Jan. 2016 and related websites were retrieved,experience about legislation,legal provisions and regulatory bodies in the United States,Britain,Germany and other countries were summarized. The problems existing in the current supervision system in China were analyzed,and related suggestions were proposed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The legal system of the online drug sale in the United States,Britain,Germany and other countries is more complete,legislation content is relatively perfect,pay-ing attention to the combination of administrative supervision and industry supervision. The supervision system of online drug sale in China exists problems as follows as legislation level relatively lower,conflict between laws and regulations;the legislation con-tent being not perfect,contents missing or provisions blur in many aspects;law enforcement existing in the government depart-ments,industry regulation being weak and others. It is suggested that the country should develop high-order law when improving the supervision system of online drug sale,modifying the existing law or promulgating the relevant specialized laws by legal form rather than regulations and rules;develop clear,actionable law and learn from foreign related systems (such as electronic evi-dence,blacklist)to improve legal contents;and further clear the powers and responsibilities of the regulatory authorities,actively develop industry associations(such as pharmaceutical association,etc.)to conduct supervision for online drug sale.

Analysis of the characteristics of Salmonella enteritidis virulence genes from different origins / 中国食品卫生杂志

Objective To investigate the differences and characteristics of virulence genes carried by Salmonella enteritidis from different sources in Shijiazhuang City.Methods One hundred and twenty-four strains of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from morning markets of raw and poultry stalls,slaughterhouses and food poisoning specimens in Shijiazhuang area were collected.Eight virulence genes (invA,sopE,agfA,spvR,hilA,stn,pefA,shdA) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results Salmonella enteritidis might have different virulence gene profiles.The above eight virulence genes were detected in different strains.The carrying rate of virulence genes invA,sopE,stn,hilA,spvR and pefA in the food poisoning strains was higher than 94％.There was no difference in the carrying rate of 8 virulence gene between the morning raw poultry stalls isolates and the patient strains,but was different with the slaughterhouse strains.Conclusion There were more risks of food poisoning caused by Salmonella enteritidis from morning markets,and the hygiene supervision should be strengthened to prevent and control foodborne disease.

Problems and countermeasures for after-sale service of medical equipment / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To explore the problems and countermeasures during the implementation of after-sale service of the medical equipment.Methods The common problems and their causes during after-sale service were analyzed,and some countermeasures were proposed from the aspects of signing purchase contract,acceptance check,operation quality,overall evaluation,personnel and etc.Results Strengthened after-sale service contributed to enhancing the medical equipment in operation quality,medical safety and efficiency.Conclusion It is important to take corresponding measures during after-sale service to improve operation quality and decrease operation cost of the medical equipment.

Inteligencia emocional y percepción de las emociones básicas como un probable factor contribuyente al mejoramiento del rendimiento en las ventas: Una investigación teórica / Emotional Intelligence and Perception of Basic Emotions as a Possible Contributing Factor to Improve Sales Performance: A Theoretical Research

La inteligencia emocional es uno de los conceptos que ha empezado a transformar el mundo empresarial gracias a los avances en el reconocimiento y el manejo de las emociones. Este es un campo que permitirá la elaboración de estrategias para robustecer los procesos de desarrollo organizacional. El presente artículo de investigación bibliográfica, sistematiza y aporta a la producción científica sobre el concepto de inteligencia emocional y sus potenciales aplicaciones al proceso de ventas. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de conceptualizar acerca del rol que puede jugar la percepción de los distintos estados emocionales en el proceso de ventas y cómo esto puede ayudar a mejorar el rendimiento empresarial.

Emotional intelligence is one of the concepts that have begun to transform the business world thanks to the advancements in emotional management and recognition. This is a field that allows the elaboration of strategies for the strengthening of organizational development processes. The present article of bibliographic research incorporates part of the scientific production about the concept of emotional intelligence and the possible application of this concept into the sales process. The objective is to conceptualize about the role that the perception of different emotional states can play in the sales process and how it can help improve organizational performance.

Tobacco industry tactics with advertisements at the point of sale in Mumbai.

INTRODUCTION: The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertising and Regulations of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 2003 (COTPA) set out a number of stringent regulations to address tobacco promotion, some of which were revised in 2004. The aim of the study was to monitor the industry tactics at the point of sale with advertising and promotion of tobacco product in Mumbai. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out by Cancer Patients Aid Association in Mumbai with the help of volunteers. The surveys consisted of two parts, observational information and an interviewer administered questionnaire. Observations like size of board, display of advertisement, backlighting, and use of any promotion were noted. A questionnaire captured information about any incentives from tobacco companies for advertisement and promotion was administered to the vendors who agreed to participate. Study was approved by the Scientific and independent Ethics committee. RESULTS: Total 125 establishments (58 shops, 55 kiosks, 12 other sites) with display boards were surveyed across 5 wards in Mumbai. It was noted that the most common violation was the placements of boards, mainly placed above the shop. The display boards were oversized and few of the advertisements were highlighted with backlights. Out of 125 tobacco vendors surveyed, 107 (85.5%) vendors agreed to answer the questionnaire. We noted that a majority of 67% (84 vendors) stated that they had been approached by tobacco companies to place the signages during the past 5 years post COTPA came into effect. 79 vendors (65 %) admitted to being paid by the tobacco companies. DISCUSSION: Although the civil society and various non-governmental organizations has casted voice against the industry tactics but ineffective enforcement of the law is a major hurdle. It is likely that cigarette companies will be further able to overcome advertising restrictions by finding loopholes in tobacco legislation unless the decision makers ban it comprehensively as evident in other countries.

Food safety knowledge and practices of abattoir and butchery shops and the microbial profile of meat in Mekelle City, Ethiopia

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the food safety knowledge and practices in meat handling, and to determine microbial load and pathogenic organisms in meat at Mekelle city.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A descriptive survey design was used to answer questions concerning the current status of food hygiene and sanitation practiced in the abattoir and butcher shops. Workers from the abattoir and butcher shops were interviewed through a structured questionnaire to assess their food safety knowledge. Bacterial load was assessed by serial dilution method and the major bacterial pathogens were isolated by using standard procedures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>15.4% of the abattoir workers had no health certificate and there was no hot water, sterilizer and cooling facility in the abattoir. 11.3% of the butchers didn't use protective clothes. There was a food safety knowledge gap within the abattoir and butcher shop workers. The mean values of bacterial load of abattoir meat, butcher shops and street meat sale was found to be 1.1×10(5), 5.6×10(5) and 4.3×10(6) cfu/g, respectively. The major bacterial pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The study revealed that there is a reasonable gap on food safety knowledge by abattoir and butcher shop workers. The microbial profile was also higher compared to standards set by World Health Organization. Due attention should be given by the government to improve the food safety knowledge and the quality standard of meat sold in the city.</p>

Food safety knowledge and practices of abattoir and butchery shops and the microbial profile of meat in Mekelle City, Ethiopia

Objective: To assess the food safety knowledge and practices in meat handling, and to determine microbial load and pathogenic organisms in meat at Mekelle city. Methods: A descriptive survey design was used to answer questions concerning the current status of food hygiene and sanitation practiced in the abattoir and butcher shops. Workers from the abattoir and butcher shops were interviewed through a structured questionnaire to assess their food safety knowledge. Bacterial load was assessed by serial dilution method and the major bacterial pathogens were isolated by using standard procedures. Results: 15.4% of the abattoir workers had no health certificate and there was no hot water, sterilizer and cooling facility in the abattoir. 11.3% of the butchers didn't use protective clothes. There was a food safety knowledge gap within the abattoir and butcher shop workers. The mean values of bacterial load of abattoir meat, butcher shops and street meat sale was found to be 1.1×105, 5.6×105 and 4.3×106 cfu/g, respectively. The major bacterial pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Conclusions: The study revealed that there is a reasonable gap on food safety knowledge by abattoir and butcher shop workers. The microbial profile was also higher compared to standards set by World Health Organization. Due attention should be given by the government to improve the food safety knowledge and the quality standard of meat sold in the city.

Study of sanitary irregularities related to the medicines merchandizing / Estudo do perfil do comércio irregular de medicamentos

Objective: identify the irregular sale of drugs by hawkers and peddlers on the streets of Belém(PA) from January 2009 to June 2010. Method: an observational retrospective study wascarried out by means of data collection collected at the Department of Health Surveillance(Devisa) in Belém-PA. Data had been acquired through 24 Writs of Seizure and Sale (WSS)yielded by the DEVISA, where 18,334 seized medicines had been entered. Results: it wasobserved that of the 24 WSS´s, 58% referred to the peddlers and 42% to the ambulant ones(hawkers). Amongst 18,334 medicines used in this analysis, 13,306 were in possession of 2peddlers and only 5,028 were under control of 7 hawkers. The place with the highest incidenceof irregular sale was the Cabanagem Fair with 73% of drugs seized. The pharmacological groupmost illegally commercialized was the anti-inflammatory one, as well as among the five moreseized medicines the most found were the Diclofenac Sodium and Diclofenac Potassium (59%).Through a series of half-yearly balance sheet, it became evident that the number of half-yearlyraids increased with decreasing of the quantity of confiscated drugs. Conclusion: this studydemonstrates the risk that the population is exposed to through the possibility of irrational use ofmedicines, especially anti-inflammatories. The importance of other papers in this area is pointedout to determine the effectiveness of repression actions to the illegal medicines commerce, andin this way, to promote improvements in the planning of the health surveillance actions.

Objetivo: identificar a venda irregular, por ambulantes e camelôs, de medicamentos nas ruas de Belém(PA) no período de janeiro de 2009 a junho de 2010. Método: realizado um estudo retrospectivo, pormeio de coleta de dados realizada no Departamento de Vigilância Sanitária (DEVISA) do município deBelém-PA. Os dados foram adquiridos através de 24 Autos de Apreensão e Remoção (AAR) cedidospelo DEVISA, onde foram contabilizados 18.334 medicamentos apreendidos. Resultados: foiobservado que dos 24 AAR?s, 58% faziam referência à camelôs e 42% à ambulantes. Dentre os 18.334medicamentos utilizados nesta análise, 13.306 estavam em posse de 2 camelôs e apenas 5.028 estavamno poder dos 7 ambulantes. O local com maior incidência de venda irregular foi a feira da Cabanagem,com 73% dos medicamentos apreendidos. O grupo farmacológico mais comercializado irregularmentefoi o anti-inflamatório, assim como dentre os 5 fármacos mais apreendidos, os mais encontrados foramo Diclofenaco sódico e potássico (59%). Através de um balanço da série histórica semestral, ficouevidente que o número de Ações por semestre aumentou e que a quantidade de medicamentosapreendidos diminuiu. Conclusão: este estudo demonstra o risco que está exposto a população, atravésda possibilidade do uso irracional de medicamentos, principalmente anti-inflamatórios. Ressalta-se aimportância de outros trabalhos na área para identificar a eficácia das ações de repressão ao comércioirregular de medicamentos, e desta maneira promover a melhoria no planejamento nas ações devigilância sanitária.

Thinking about re-evaluation on symptoms of postmarketing Xuezhikang Capsula treating lipid abnormality / 中草药

Xuezhikang Capsula which is used to regulate lipid is refined by using special-made red yeast rice as the raw material. Since being on sale, Xuezhikang Capsula has been intensively researched which comfirmed that it can lower blood lipid from Western medicine aspect. However, there was few reports about the Xuezhikang Capsula on improving dyslipidemia level in Chinese symptoms aspect. It is difficult to reflect whether differential treatment or special disease-specific. In order to solve the Xuezhikang Capsula qualitative problem as well as use it reasonably, it is urgent to re-evaluate Xuezhikang Capsula for treating dyslipidemia in clinic of traditional Chinese medicine aspect.

Factores de personalidad predictores de la disposición para la venta: Un estudio exploratorio con postulantes laborales / Personality factors that predict sale readiness: An exploratory study with industrial applicants

La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo detectar variables predictoras de la Disposición General para la Venta (DGV) y de los Estilos Receptivo y Agresivo de Venta partiendo del análisis de las correlaciones entre variables de personalidad del vendedor y otros factores de personalidad, factores sociodemográficos y Cociente Intelectual (CI). Se tomó una muestra de 33 postulantes a vendedor con edades entre 23 y 57, 94% hombres, a los que se administró el Inventario de Personalidad para Vendedores (IPV), el Cuestionario de 16 Factores de Personalidad (16 Personality Factor, PF) versión 5 y el Test de Factor General (G). Los resultados principales arrojan correlaciones significativas entre DGV e Independencia (r = .39, p = .02) y entre Estilo Receptivo de Venta y Dureza (r = -.48, p < .01). Tanto la DGV como los estilos de venta del IPV no varían significativamente con Edad, Nivel de Estudios o CI. Estos hallazgos son aplicables a la selección a corto plazo de personal comercial calificado.

The goal of the present research was to find predictive variables for the General Sale Readiness (GSR) and the Receptive and Aggressive Sale Styles by making correlational analysis among salesmen personality variables and other personality factors, sotiodemographic factors and Intelligence Quotient (IQ). A sample of 33 applicants for sales jobs aged 23 to 57 with 94% of men was taken and evaluated with the Salesmen Personality Inventory (SPI), the 16 Personality Factor 5th version Questionnaire and the General (G) Factor Test. Main results show significant correlations between GSR and Independence (r = .39, p = .02) and between Receptive Sale Style and Tough-Mindedness (r = -.48, p < .01). The GSR and the Sale Styles of the SPI do not vary significantly with Age, Studies Level or IQ. These findings are applicable to the short term selection of qualified commercial personnel.