ABSTRACT
Objective To learn the salt intake level of residents with hypertension in rural community and the influencing factors of salt restriction behavior. Methods We used random cluster sampling method to extract two rural communities. A total of 200 residents with hypertension or high - risk of hypertension were selected as the subjects. We conducted general information questionnaire,hypertension knowledge,attitudes and behavior questionnaire,3 - day salt intake survey and urine sodium detection to evaluate the level of sodium intake. We used multivariate logistic regression equation modeling to predict influencing factors of salt restriction behavior. Results After the completion of the investigation,M (QR )for daily sodium intake of 173 cases in the intervention group was 6. 72(5. 18)g,and the main route were through the salt,monosodium glutamate ,soy sauce,pickles. Daily 24 hours urinary sodium excretion amount was 90. 10(62. 28) mmol / 24 h and 152 cases(87. 86% )of respondents had salt - restriction - spoon,and 108 cases(71. 05% )use the salt- restriction - spoon,but only 53 cases(49. 07% )used the spoon correctly. The frequency of spoon for salt restriction and sodium intake was negatively correlated(P ﹤ 0. 05),whether spoon for salt restriction was used correctly and 24 - hour urinary sodium excretion was negatively correlated( P ﹤ 0 . 0 5 ). By multivariate logistic regression analysis ,those people who had high level of the average annual household income(OR = 2. 75,95% CI:1. 16 - 6. 53),identified 6 g of salt a day(OR = 5. 43,95% CI:1. 22 - 24. 07),regular consumption of vegetables(OR = 9. 35,95% CI:1. 16 - 75. 01) and initiative to take measures to control salt( OR = 5. 05,95% CI:1. 19 - 21. 45)were more likely to use salt -restricted spoons. Residents of drinking(OR = 0. 13,95% CI:0. 02 - 0. 84)did not tend to use salt - restricted spoons. Conclusion For people with high NaCl intake and no restriction behavior,the level of health knowledge,especially the knowledge of sodium salt,should be improved and the good dietary habits including salt - limited support tools and correct methods should be promoted .
ABSTRACT
Salt is composed of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) which in body water becomes essential electrolytes, viz., Sodium (Na + ) and Chloride (Cl - ) ions, including in the blood and other extracellular fluids (ECF). Na + ions are necessary cations in muscle contractions and their depletion will effect all the muscles in body including smooth muscle contraction of blood vessels, a fact which is utilized in lowering the blood pressure. Na+ ions also hold water with them in the ECF. Na + homeostasis in body is maintained by thirst (water intake), kidneys (urinary excretion) and skin (sweating). In Na + withdrawal, body tries to maintain homeostasis as far as possible. However, in certain conditions (e.g., during exercise, intake of drugs and in disorders causing Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti Diuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH), diuretics, diarrhea) coupled with moderate or severe dietary salt restriction (anorexia nervosa), hyponatremia can get precipitated. Hyponatremia is one end point in the spectrum of disorders caused by severe Na + depletion whereas in moderate depletion it can cause hypohydration (or less total body water) and lower urinary volume (U v ). Moreover, salt sensitivity varies in various populations leading to different responses in relation to dietary Na + intake. Diabetes and Hypertension often co-exist but Na + withdrawal in salt sensitive subjects worsens diabetes though hypertension gets better and reverse occurs in salt loading. Therefore, Na + or salt restriction may be non-physiological. In hypertensive subjects other alternatives to Na + withdrawal could be Potassium (K + ) and Calcium (Ca 2+ ) supplementation. Further studies are required to monitor safety/side effects of salt restriction.