ABSTRACT
Introducción. La edad en que los niños son introducidos a los dispositivos de comunicación es cada vez más temprana. Las investigaciones sobre los hábitos relacionados con ellos, en niños pequeños, son importantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los hábitos sobre el uso de dispositivos mediáticos (edad de comienzo, tiempo frente a las pantallas, preferencias populares) de niños preescolares y explorar la relación con las características familiares. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal: Los padres de niños de 36-72 meses que asistían a los centros de cuidado infantil en Kayseri, una ciudad central de Anatolia, Turquía, completaron un cuestionario sobre los hábitos familiares y de los niños, relacionados con los medios de comunicación. Resultados. Se incluyeron 858 cuestionarios. El 28 % de los niños utilizaban pantallas por más de 2 h/día; el 36 % fueron introducidos a los dispositivos de comunicación antes de los 2 años de edad. La televisión fue el dispositivo más usado (95 %), y los dibujos animados, el programa elegido en el 86,7 %. Los hijos de padres con educación superior tuvieron menos tiempo de pantallas frente a la televisión, la computadora o el teléfono móvil (p = 0,012; p = 0,007; p <0,01 para la madre y p = 0,049; p = 0,032; p = 0,04 para el padre respectivamente). La introducción de libros en los primeros 6 meses de edad se asoció con menor tiempo diario frente a las pantallas (p = 0,011; p = 0,009; p = 0,002 para televisión, computadora y teléfono móvil, respectivamente). El tiempo de los padres frente a la televisión se correlacionó positivamente con el de los niños (p <0,05; r: 0,354). Conclusión. El nivel de educación de los padres, el tiempo que ellos dedican a las pantallas y la introducción de libros en etapas tempranas se relacionaron con los hábitos de los niños frente a los dispositivos mediáticos. Se necesitan estudios amplios para explicar esta relación con mayor claridad.
Introduction: The age at which children are introduced to media devices is becoming increasingly earlier. Studies regarding the media habits of young children have gained importance. The aim of the study was to describe the screen media habits (age of introduction media, time spend with screen, popular choices) of preschool children and to explore their relationship with household characteristics. Population and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study; the parents of children aged 36-72 months who attended childcare centers in Kayseri, a central Anatolian city in Türkiye, completed a questionnaire on media habits of families and children. Results: There were 858 questionaires included. The proportion of children using screen media more than 2 h/day was 28%; 36% of children were introduced to media devices before the age of two. The most frequently used media tool was television (95%) and the program watched was cartoons for TV (86.7%). Children of highly educated parents had shorter TV, computer and smartphone screen time (p = 0.012, p = 0.007, p <0.01 for mother and p = 0.049, p = 0.032, p = 0.04 for father respectively). Introducing books in the first 6 months was associated with shorter daily screen time (p = 0.011, p = 0.009, p = 0.002 for TV, computer and smartphone ,respectively). Parent's time spent on TV was positively correlated with children's time spent on TV (p <0.05, r = 0.354). Conclusion: Parents' education levels, parents' screen time and introducing book in early age was related to children's media habits. Comprehensive studies are needed to explain this relationship more clearly.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Parents , Screen Time , Mothers , Turkey , Attitude , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a associação entre o tempo de uso excessivo de diferentes telas, a qualidade da dieta em adolescentes e características do entorno escolar. Adolescentes de 30 escolas estaduais de Curitiba/PR relataram tempo de tela: televisão, videogame e portáteis. A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada pela frequência de consumo de alimentos. A renda do entorno escolar foi obtida do Censo. O ambiente construído para atividade física investigado por observação sistemática do entorno escolar. A regressão de Poisson multinível foi empregada para estimar associações com as variáveis de exposição. Entre 1.200 adolescentes, 50,9% do sexo masculino, 74,4% tiveram tempo excessivo de tela. O tempo excessivo de TV (56,5%) esteve associado à pior qualidade da alimentação. O tempo excessivo de videogame (22,0%) foi menor no sexo feminino (RP 0,25; IC95% 0,18;0,36), associado à pior qualidade da alimentação, à menor renda do entorno escolar, e à pior classificação do ambiente construído para atividade física. O tempo excessivo de telas portáteis (53,2%) apresentou tendência de aumento com a renda do entorno escolar. O uso excessivo de TV e telas portáteis foi amplamente praticado por adolescentes, com diferentes variáveis demográficas e contextuais associadas de acordo com o tipo de dispositivo utilizado.
Abstract Adolescents from 30 state schools in Curitiba, State of Paraná, reported total screen time, namely television, video games and laptops. Diet quality was assessed by the frequency of food consumption. The income of the school environment was taken from the Census. The built environment for physical activity was investigated by systematic observation of the school surroundings. Multilevel Poisson Regression was used to estimate associations with the exposure variables. Among 1,200 adolescents, 50.9% being male, and 74.4% were found to be exposed to excessive screen time. Excessive TV screen time (56.5%) was associated with poor diet quality. Excessive video game time (22.0%) was lower among females (PR 0.25; 95%CI 0.18;0.36), associated with poor diet quality, lower school environment income, and the worst classification of the built environment for physical activity. Excessive use of portable screens (53.2%) tended to increase with the income of the school environment. Excessive use of TV and laptops was widespread among adolescents, with different demographic and contextual variables associated according to the type of device used.
ABSTRACT
The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a serious impact on global public health and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 infiltrates host cells via its surface spike protein, which binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on the host cell membrane. As a result, small molecules targeting spike protein have emerged as a hotspot in anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug research. Activity screening is an important step in seeking small molecule drugs. Therefore, this article aims to review the biological activity evaluation methods of small molecule inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with the goal of laying the foundation for the discovery of new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
ABSTRACT
The correlation between inattention and hyperactivity symptoms/behavior manifestations and screen time was evaluated among Brazilian children and adolescents (7-18 years old) who were socially isolated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 517 legal guardians completed questionnaires about electronic media use (MAF-P) and emotional/behavioral problems (CBCL/6-18). The results showed that texting was correlated to less inattention/hyperactivity symptoms; listening to music, the use of social media and electronics for school purposes were negatively correlated to attention problems and inattention/hyperactivity symptoms and playing videos games and online videos were associated to more attention problems and inattention/hyperactivity symptoms. The results contribute to the understanding of the relationship between inattention/hyperactivity symptoms and screen time in a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents during the pandemic.
Se evaluó la correlación entre síntomas/manifestaciones conductuales de inatención e hiperactividad y tiempo de uso de medios electrónicos entre niños y adolescentes brasileños (7-18 años) en aislamiento social por la pandemia de COVID-19. Los participantes fueron 517 tutores que completaron inventarios de uso de medios (MAF-P) y problemas emocionales/conductuales (CBCL/6-18), entre junio y agosto de 2020. Los resultados indican que más tiempo dedicado a la comunicación de mensajes se correlacionó con menos informes de síntomas de inatención/hiperactividad; Escuchar música durante más tiempo, usar redes sociales y dispositivos electrónicos para la escuela/el trabajo se asoció con menos síntomas inatención/hiperactividad y problemas de atención. Finalmente, jugar más videojuegos y ver videos en línea se asoció con más síntomas de falta de atención/hiperactividad y problemas de atención. Los resultados contribuyen a comprender que existen asociaciones entre la frecuencia de síntomas de inatención/hiperactividad y el tiempo de uso de medios electrónicos en una muestra de niños y adolescentes brasileños durante la pandemia.
Avaliou-se a correlação entre sintomas/manifestações comportamentais de desatenção e hiperatividade e tempo de uso de mídias eletrônicas entre crianças e adolescentes (7-18 anos) brasileiras em isolamento social devido a pandemia da COVID-19. Participaram 517 responsáveis que preencheram inventários de uso de mídias (MAF-P) e de problemas emocionais/comportamentais (CBCL/6-18), entre junho-agosto de 2020. Resultados indicam que mais tempo em comunicação por mensagens correlacionou-se a menos relatos de sintomas de desatenção/hiperatividade; já mais tempo ouvindo música, usando redes sociais e eletrônicos para escola/trabalho associaram-se com menor número de sintomas de desatenção/hiperatividade e de problemas atencionais. Por fim, maior em videogames e assistindo vídeos online associaram-se a mais sintomas de desatenção/hiperatividade e problemas atencionais. Os resultados contribuem para entender que existem associações entre frequência de sintomas de desatenção/hiperatividade e tempo de uso de mídias eletrônicas em uma amostra de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros durante a pandemia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Child Behavior/psychology , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Social Media , COVID-19 , Time Factors , ChecklistABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Headache represents the most common neurologic symptom in children. In this study, we investigated the relationship between watching television, listening to music with headphones, smartphone, tablet, and computer use, and primary headaches in children. We aimed to determine whether primary headache in children is associated with excessive use of digital display devices and headphones and whether reducing the use of digital display devices and headphones affects primary headache. Methods: The study included 69 children with primary headaches and 64 with no headaches as a control group. All subjects were evaluated for demographic and headache characteristics and the use of digital display devices and headphones. Our recommendation for patients and families was to decrease the use of digital display devices and headphones, and the headache burden was re-evaluated after one month. Results: Headache frequency was more common in patients who watched television and used smartphones or tablets for more than 6 hours per day. Using a smartphone or tablet for more than 3 hours daily was more common in the study group than the control group. Headache frequency decreased in all patients one month after the digital imaging device and headphones were restricted. Conclusions: Watching television and using a smartphone or tablet strongly associates with primary headaches during childhood.
Resumen Introducción: La cefalea representa el síntoma neurológico más común en los niños. En este estudio se investigó la relación entre ver televisión, escuchar música con auriculares, el uso del teléfono inteligente o tableta y computadora y el dolor de cabeza primario en niños. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre la cefalea primaria en niños y el uso excesivo de dispositivos de visualización digital y auriculares, y el efecto de la disminución del uso de dispositivos de visualización digital y auriculares sobre la cefalea primaria. Métodos: El estudio incluyó a 69 niños con cefaleas primarias y 64 niños sin cefaleas como grupo control. Se evaluaron las características demográficas y de dolor de cabeza y uso de dispositivos de visualización digital y auriculares de los participantes. Se aconsejó a los pacientes y familiares que disminuyeran el uso del dispositivo de pantalla digital y los auriculares y se volvió a evaluar la carga de dolor de cabeza después de 1 mes. Resultados: La frecuencia de la cefalea fue más frecuente en los pacientes que veían televisión y utilizaban un teléfono inteligente o una tableta más de 6 horas al día. El uso de más de 3 horas al día fue más común en el grupo de estudio que en el grupo control. La frecuencia del dolor de cabeza disminuyó en todos los pacientes 1 mes después de la restricción del dispositivo de imagen digital y los auriculares. Conclusiones: Ver la televisión y el uso de un teléfono inteligente o tableta se asocian estrechamente con el dolor de cabeza primario en la infancia.
ABSTRACT
Adolescents (children aged 11-19 years) are at the greatest peril when it comes to use of smart gadgets. These gadgets are essential for literacy and development, but also have the potential to cause addiction and other unwanted effects. Finding the right balance is the key. Thus, there is a considerable need to devise, enlist and convey to parents, various hacks and heuristics that can be used by them to optimize the use of smart gadgets by their teenager children. This communication should prove helpful for all health care professionals who are directly or indirectly involved in adolescent health care.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Increased screen time has been a major concern among the students who have adopted the online curriculum amid the pandemic. The study was conducted to shed light on the changing trends of symptoms pertaining to dry eye disease and digital eyestrain due to the online curriculum and its negative implications on the ocular health of students. Methods: A cross?sectional study was conducted among students of Manipal Academy of Higher Education who are currently following the E?learning curriculum amid the COVID?19 pandemic the participants were surveyed using a pre?validated structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age of study participants was 23.33 ± 4.604 years. In total, 97.9% (321/352) of the respondents experienced at least three symptoms associated with the usage of digital devices. 88.1% of the participants were exposed to an average screen time of more than 4 hours per day. An increased number of hours of digital device usage was found to be associated with higher total symptom scores (P = 0.04). The total symptom scores were found to be considerably higher for those with continuous contact with the screen (P = 0.02). Headache (69.9%, n = 246) is the most commonly reported symptom followed by neck pain (65.3%, n = 230), tearing (44.6%, n = 157), eye pain (40.9%, n = 144), and burning sensation (40.1%, n = 141). Conclusion: This study highlights a tremendous increase in the prevalence of symptoms related to dry eye and digital eyestrain among students attending online classes during the COVID?19 pandemic. Eye care professionals need to be aware of this emerging public health threat and the appropriate measures for its prevention
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface. It showed an increased incidence during the pandemic situation, which may be due to long hours of exposure to electronic gadgets. We aimed to find the prevalence of dry eye disease among medical students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) pandemic and pre?pandemic periods. Methods: This was a cross?sectional study conducted in a tertiary care teaching institute. This was an institution?based, cross?sectional study conducted among medical students. A modified Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to find the severity and prevalence of dry eye disease. Considering 95% confidence interval (CI) and prevalence as 50%, the calculated sample size was 271. Online responses were collected and entered in an Excel sheet. The Chi?square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: Data were collected from 271 medical students; the prevalence of dry eye disease was 41.5 and 55.19 during the pre?pandemic and pandemic periods, respectively. There was a significant rise in dry eye disease cases during the pandemic when compared to pre?pandemic period (P < 0.05). The odds of getting dry eye disease were 1.7 times more during the pandemic than pre?pandemic. Conclusion: The lockdown situation during the pandemic forced people to use electronic gadgets for work, recreation, and academics. Prolonged screen time predisposes to the development of dry eye disease
ABSTRACT
Background: Continuous and long-term exposure to the screens of electronic devices, especially smartphones, cell phones, and tablets, is associated with poor quality of sleep. Aim and Objectives: The study was undertaken to correlate screen time exposure and the quality of sleep in undergraduate medical students and to find out the effects of increased screen time exposure on the health of students. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 200 undergraduate medical students at Smt. B. K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat with the help of an online pre-validated questionnaire constructed on Google Form after obtaining ethical approval. The questionnaire was comprised demographic profiles, screen time exposure, and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) statements. Data were entered into an Microsoft Excel sheet. For the descriptive statistical part, means, standard deviations, and frequency tables were used. A Chi-square test was applied to detect the strength of the association. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of increased screen time among the study population was found 79%. The prevalence of PSQI scores >5 observed in the present study was 73%. There was a significant association observed between increased screen time exposure and PSQI score >5. Conclusion: Increased screen time was significantly associated with poor sleep quality. The most common effect of increased screen time exposure among students found was a headache.
ABSTRACT
Background: Smartphone addiction among adolescents is an increasingly recognized problem worldwide. It affects the psychological well-being of an individual. Aim and objective: The current study aimed to assess smartphone addiction’s prevalence and its relation to depression among adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 school-going adolescents. Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short version (SAS-SV) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to assess the prevalence of smartphone addiction and depression. Data were analyzed using Epi info software for windows (CDC, Atlanta). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of study participants was 14.4 years (SD=1.5 years). The prevalence of smartphone addiction was 23%, while depression was present among 45% of the study participants. Comparatively higher duration of smartphone use was significantly associated with smartphone addiction. Depression was significantly higher among smartphone addicts (77.2%) as compared to their counterparts (35.4%). Conclusion and Recommendation: The smartphone usage of adolescents, if not monitored, could lead to its addiction and thus increase the risk of depression among them. To prevent smartphone addiction, limiting children’s screen time is recommended. In this regard, parents can play a pivotal role by becoming responsible digital role models for their children.
ABSTRACT
The aims of the study were to verify the effect of an intervention on the stage of behavior change for TV viewing and to identify the possible mediating role of knowledge on screen time guidelines among Brazilian students. This study is a multicomponent school-based intervention conducted with 727 students (54.3% female, 13 years; 427 in the intervention group and 300 in the control group). The intervention was performed in 2017 with baseline and post-intervention assessments (over one academic year). Teacher training was carried out at the beginning of the intervention along with en-vironmental improvements, while educational curriculum such as the delivery of folders and posters were performed throughout the year. The stages of behavior change for TV viewing and knowledge of screen time guidelines were measured by a self-reported questionnaire and the structural equation modeling approach was performed. The intervention had no significant effects on stages of behavior change for TV (p = 0.744) nor did it result in significant changes on knowledge of screen time guide-lines (p = 0.741). While there was no mediation between knowledge of screen time guidelines and the effect of the intervention on stages of behavior change for TV (95%CI: -0.45;0.63), an associa-tion was found between knowledge of screen time guidelines and stages of behavior change for TV (p<0.001). In conclusion, intervention had no significant effect on the stages of behavior change for TV and no mediating effect was observed. However, enhancing awareness on screen time guidelines may positively impact the adolescent's intention to reduce TV time
Os objetivos do estudo foram verificar o efeito de uma intervenção nos estágios de mudança de comporta-mento para assistir TV e identificar o papel mediador do conhecimento sobre as recomendações de tempo de tela. A intervenção multicomponente, randomizada e controlada obteve a participação de 727 alunos em 2017 (54,3% meninas, 13 anos; 427 no grupo intervenção e 300 no grupo controle). A formação dos pro-fessores foi realizada no início da intervenção juntamente com as melhorias ambientais, enquanto as ações educativas foram realizadas ao longo do ano. Os estágios de mudança de comportamento para assistir TV e o conhecimento sobre as recomendações do tempo de tela foram mensurados por questionário auto reportado, pré e pós-intervenção (um ano letivo). Para análise dos dados foi realizada uma modelagem de equações estru-turais. Não houve efeito da intervenção nos estágios de mudança de comportamento para TV (p = 0,744) e também não houve mudanças significativas no conhecimento dos estudantes sobre as recomendações do tempo de tela (p = 0,741). Embora não tenha havido mediação entre conhecimento das recomendações do tempo de tela e o efeito da intervenção nos estágios de mudança de comportamento para TV (IC95%: -0,45;0,63), foi encontrada associação entre o conhecimento das recomendações e os estágios de mudança de comportamento para TV (p < 0,001). Conclui-se que a intervenção não teve efeito significativo nos estágios de mudança de comportamento para TV e efeito mediador. No entanto, aumentar a conscientização sobre as recomendações de tempo de tela pode impactar positivamente na intenção do adolescente de reduzir o tempo de TV
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Health Behavior , Screen Time , School Health Services , AdolescentABSTRACT
Comparar o tempo de exposição a telas de lactentes entre os períodos pré e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 e averiguar fatores relacionados a exposição de tela durante esse período. Responderam ao "Questionário tempo de exposição a telas", 63 responsáveis de lactentes, em dois períodos: pré e durante a pandemia COVID-19. Para a comparação entre os períodos, foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon Rank. Durante a pandemia da COVID-19, aumentou-se significativamente o tempo de telas, passando de mediana de 4 para 7 horas semanais, destacando-se a televisão como dispositivo mais utilizado. Observou-se a correlação entre idade do lactente e tempo de exposição a telas. Houve aumento do tempo de exposição a telas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 nos lactentes avaliados. O tempo total de telas apresentou uma correlação proporcional com a idade nos períodos avaliados, porém não se correlacionou com a realização de home-office dos responsáveis.
To compare the infants' time exposure to screens between pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate factors related to screen exposure during this period. The "Screen exposure time questionnaire" was answered by 63 caregivers of infants, in two periods: before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For comparison between periods, the Wilcoxon Rank test was used. During the COVID-19 pandemic, infants' time exposure to screens increased significantly, from a median of 4 to 7 hours per week, with television being the most used device. A correlation was observed between infant age and time exposure to screens. There was an increase in infants' time exposure to screens during the COVID-19 pandemic. Total screen time showed a proportional correlation with age in the evaluated periods; however, it did not correlate with the home-office performance of those responsible.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: This introductory study aims to analyze the association of serum vitamin D3 levels with recently detected myopia in Indian children following home confinement post?COVID?19 pandemic. Methods: Children aged 5–15 years who had not attended physical school in the past 1 year and visited the ophthalmology department with various ocular symptoms were divided into two groups: the myopic group with recently detected myopia and the non?myopic group with ocular ailments other than myopia. All children underwent basic ophthalmic evaluation and a general physical examination. Blood samples were collected for serum vitamin D3 levels. A pretested questionnaire inquiring about the duration of exposure to a digital screen, outdoor activities, and socioeconomic status was filled out for all children. Results: The mean serum vitamin D3 level in the myopic group was 28.17 ± 15.02 ng/dl in comparison to 45.36 ± 17.56 ng/dl in the non?myopic group (P value < 0.05). Linear regression of the data establishes that myopia is associated with hypovitaminosis D3 (OR? 13.12, 95% CI 2.90–50.32, a P value of 0.001). The correlation between spherical equivalent and vitamin D3 levels was significant (Pearson correlation value: 0.661). In the myopic group, 63.3% of children had screen use >6 hours against 43.3% of children in the non?myopic group. In the myopic group, 33.3% of the children had an outdoor activity duration of <2 hours against 6.6% of children in the non?myopic group. Conclusion: This study proposes hypovitaminosis D3 as a strong factor associated with the development of myopia in children. Although it is a preliminary study, it suggests that the trial for vitamin D3 supplementation in young children to delay or cease the development of myopia is warranted.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the use of digital screens in early childhood, from the perspective of mothers and education professionals. Method: Qualitative study, based on Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory. Nine mothers of children under three years of age, enrolled in daycare centers in a municipality in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, and six education professionals who worked in these daycare centers participated. The data were collected between July and October 2021 via virtual interviews and analyzed according to inductive thematic analysis. Results: The restrictions imposed by the pandemic made screens the only available resource for children's educational activities, interaction, leisure, and distraction, causing an exponential increase in the time they spent in front of screens. Conclusion: The pandemic had a direct impact on the use of digital screens in early childhood, increasing the child's exposure time, according to parents and education professionals.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar las repercusiones de la pandemia de Covid-19 en el uso de pantallas digitales en la primera infancia, desde la perspectiva de las madres y los profesionales de la educación. Método: Estudio cualitativo, basado en la Teoría Bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner. Participaron nueve madres de niños menores de tres años, matriculados en guarderías de un municipio del estado de Paraíba, Brasil, y seis profesionales de la educación que actuaban en esas guarderías. Los datos se recogieron entre julio y octubre de 2021 mediante entrevista virtual y se analizaron según un análisis temático inductivo. Resultados: Las restricciones impuestas por la pandemia convirtieron a las pantallas en el único recurso disponible para las actividades educativas, la interacción, el ocio y la distracción de los niños, lo que provocó un aumento exponencial del tiempo que pasaban frente a ellas. Conclusión: La pandemia tuvo un impacto directo en el uso de pantallas digitales en la primera infancia, repercutiendo en el aumento del tiempo de exposición del niño, según padres y profesionales de la educación.
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a repercussão da pandemia da Covid-19 no uso de telas digitais na primeiríssima infância, na perspectiva de mães e profissionais da educação. Método: Estudo qualitativo, baseado na Teoria Bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner. Participaram nove mães de crianças menores de três anos, matriculadas em creches de um município do estado da Paraíba, Brasil e seis profissionais da educação, que atuavam nessas creches. Os dados foram coletados entre julho e outubro de 2021 por meio de entrevista virtual e analisados conforme a análise temática indutiva. Resultados: As restrições impostas pela pandemia fizeram das telas o único recurso disponível para as atividades educativas, interação, lazer e distração das crianças, causando aumento exponencial no tempo em que essas passaram diante das telas. Conclusão: A pandemia repercutiu diretamente no uso de telas digitais na primeiríssima infância, impactando no aumento do tempo de exposição da criança, segundo os pais e profissionais da educação.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: O cotidiano está cada vez mais permeado pela tecnologia. A evolução das plataformas de mídia, além de otimizar a informação, tem um papel importante na aproximação das pessoas, sobretudo em contextos de isolamento social, como o vivido na pandemia da Covid-19. Pais, professores, pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas relatam preocupação com possíveis efeitos desfavoráveis do uso excessivo de telas, em especial, na saúde mental das pessoas. Como os indivíduos podem responder diferentemente a exposição às telas em cada etapa do desenvolvimento, este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar as associações entre tempo de tela e a saúde mental dos indivíduos nas diferentes fases do ciclo vital. Desde crianças, nos adolescentes, nos adultos até os idosos serão avaliados quanto aos potenciais efeitos da exposição às telas. Método: A investigação foi realizada por meio de quatro revisões sistemáticas da literatura. Uma pergunta PICO foi estabelecida, em conformidade com o Protocolo PRISMA, bem como foi realizado registro da revisão no PROSPERO e avaliado risco de viés por instrumentos padronizados. As bases de dados Scopus, Pubmed e PsycInfo foram escolhidas para busca do tema e os descritores foram escolhidos conforme a faixa etária e de acordo com o significado no MESH. Como o uso das telas tem se modificado ao longo dos anos, optamos por incluir apenas estudos dos últimos 10 anos. Amostras com as idades pertinentes a cada fase do ciclo vital, sem diagnóstico mencionado de problemas de saúde mental prévio, que utilizaram escalas para avaliar os diversos aspectos de saúde mental e que apresentaram associações diretas de tempo de tela com desfechos de saúde mental foram selecionadas. A perspectiva ao longo da vida foi norteadora para a comparabilidade e análise dos resultados. Resultados: Dentre os desfechos em saúde mental, depressão e ansiedade foram os que apareceram em todas as quatro fases investigadas do ciclo vital. As respostas à influência do tempo de tela na saúde mental foram diferentes em cada fase do ciclo vital. O uso de telas apontou fatores particulares com adolescentes apresentando mais autoagressão relacionada ao uso de telas; adultos mais estresse, idosos mais sofrimento psicológico e crianças apresentaram mais problemas de comportamentos. O conteúdo das telas demonstrou exercer impacto importante na saúde mental e não somente a contabilização do tempo. Conclusão: O indicador "tempo de tela" pode não ser o mais apropriado para as investigações dos efeitos da exposição a dispositivos de tela em resultados de saúde mental. Pesquisas futuras devem considerar a ideia de que nos encontramos irremediavelmente envolvidos pelas telas e resta descobrir maneiras de se conviver de forma saudável com essa nova realidade.
Introduction: Everyday life is increasingly permeated by technology. The evolution of media platforms, in addition to optimizing information, plays an important role in bringing people together, especially in contexts of social isolation, such as that experienced during the Covid-19 pandemic. Parents, teachers, researchers and policy makers report concern about possible unfavorable effects of excessive screen use, especially on people's mental health. As individuals may respond differently to exposure to screens at each stage of development, this study aims to investigate the associations between screen time and the mental health of individuals at different stages of the life cycle. Children, teenagers, adults and the elderly will be assessed regarding the potential effects of exposure to screens. Method: The investigation was carried out through four systematic literature reviews. A PICO question was established, in accordance with the PRISMA Protocol, and the review was registered in PROSPERO and risk of bias was assessed using standardized instruments. The Scopus, Pubmed and PsycInfo databases were chosen to search for the topic and the descriptors were chosen according to the age group and according to the meaning in MESH. As the use of screens has changed over the years, we chose to only include studies from the last 10 years. Samples with ages relevant to each phase of the life cycle, without a previous diagnosis of mental health problems, which used scales to assess the different aspects of mental health and which presented direct associations between screen time and mental health outcomes were selected. The lifelong perspective was a guide for comparability and analysis of results. Results: Among the mental health outcomes, depression and anxiety were those that appeared in all four phases of the life cycle investigated. Responses to the influence of screen time on mental health were different at each stage of the life cycle. The use of screens highlighted particular factors with adolescents presenting more self-harm related to the use of screens; adults more stress, elderly people more psychological suffering and children showed more behavioral problems. The content of screens has been shown to have an important impact on mental health, not just time tracking. Conclusion: The "screen time" indicator may not be the most appropriate for investigations of the effects of exposure to screen devices on mental health outcomes. Future research should consider the idea that we find ourselves irremediably involved in screens and that it remains to discover ways to live in a healthy way with this new reality.
Subject(s)
Child , Adolescent , Adult , Academic DissertationABSTRACT
Abstract Most children grow up in homes with easy access to multiple screens. Screen use by children between the ages of 0 to 5 has become a worldwide preoccupation. In the present narrative review, we examine child and parent screen use and its contribution to physical, cognitive, and social developmental outcomes. As research has mostly focused on the adverse consequences of screen media, we aim to depict both the negative and the positive influences of screen usage. To provide a more nuanced portrait of the potential benefits and harms of screen use, we examine how consequences of media use vary according to the content of media (ex., educational, violent), context (ex., using screens during mealtimes), and the nature (ex., passive vs active use) of child screen use. Our review supports existing screen time guidelines and recommendations and suggests that media content, the context of use, and the nature of child use, as well as the parent's own screen use, be considered clinically. Future research should seek to clarify how these dimensions jointly contribute to child screen use profiles and associated consequences. Finally, child sex, behavioral/temperamental difficulties, and family adversity appear to contribute to child screen use and its consequences and should be considered in future research. Suggestions for harm-reduction approaches are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Este trabalho está inserido em uma pesquisa que buscou explorar as articulações forjadas entre crianças e telas durante o isolamento físico imposto pela pandemia da COVID-19. O objetivo aqui foi analisar como as brincadeiras se desenrolaram nesse momento tão especial, levando em conta a presença das telas. Nossos principais referenciais teóricos foram a psicanálise e a Teoria Ator-Rede e adotamos a cartografia como metodologia, a fim de explorar o campo em toda sua fluidez e complexidade. Utilizamos questionários online e entrevistas com responsáveis e crianças. Foi possível observar que as crianças não deixaram de brincar por causa das telas, mas puderam construir múltiplas e singulares articulações, brincaram nas, com e apesar das telas
This article is part of a piece of research that sought to explore the articulations forged between children and screens during the physical isolation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal was to analyse how children's games developed in this particular moment, taking into account the presence of digital screens. In order to explore the research field in all its fluidity and complexity, our main theoretical references were psychoanalysis and Actor-Network Theory. Besides this, we adopted cartography as a methodology where online questionnaires and interviews with parents and children were carried out. It was possible to observe that the children didn't stop playing because of the screens but were able to build multiple and unique articulations, playing on, with and in spite of the screens
Este trabajo es parte de una investigación que buscó explorar las articulaciones entre los niños y las pantallas durante el aislamiento físico impuesto por la pandemia del COVID-19. El objetivo aquí fue analizar cómo se desarrollaron los juegos en este momento tan especial, teniendo en cuenta la presencia de las pantallas. Nuestros principales referentes teóricos fueron el psicoanálisis y la Teoría del Actor-Red y adoptamos la cartografía como metodología para explorar el campo en toda su fluidez y complejidad. Utilizamos encuestas virtuales y entrevistas con responsables y niños. Se pudo observar que los niños no dejaron de jugar por causa de las pantallas, sino que lograron construir múltiples y singulares articulaciones, jugaron en, com y a pesar de las pantallas
Ce travail s'inscrit dans une recherche qui visait à explorer les articulations forgées entre les enfants et les écrans lors de l'isolement physique imposé par la pandémie de COVID-19. L'objectif était d'analyser le déroulement des jeux dans ce moment particulier, en tenant compte de la présence des écrans. Nos principales références théoriques étaient la psychanalyse et la théorie de l'acteur-réseau et nous avons adopté la cartographie comme méthodologie afin d'explorer le domaine dans toute sa fluidité et complexité. Nous utilisons des questionnaires en ligne et des entretiens avec les parents et les enfants. Il a été possible de constater que les enfants n'ont pas arrêté de jouer à cause des écrans, mais ils ont su construire des articulations multiples et uniques, ils ont joué dans, avec et malgré les écrans
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Recreation , Social Isolation/psychology , Child , Online Social Networking , COVID-19/psychology , Interviews as Topic , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
A adolescência é um período marcado por alterações neuroendócrinas que influenciam o desenvolvimento do cérebro e o comportamento. Adolescentes apresentam chances aumentadas de adotar comportamentos de risco em seu estilo de vida, dentre eles o comportamento sedentário. Nesse sentido, estudos de intervenção têm buscado desenvolver estratégias eficientes para estimular adolescentes a adotarem um estilo de vida saudável. No entanto, embora ações promissoras possam ser identificadas na literatura, o real mecanismo que atua na regulação do comportamento em adolescentes parece estar associado a uma neurotrofina chamada de Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Cérebro (BDNF), e estudar como os comportamentos de risco influenciam na sua secreção são de grande relevância para desenvolver intervenções mais efetivas. Sendo assim, o objetivo da presente tese é descrever a fundamentação teórica para o planejamento de uma intervenção multicomponente baseada na escola com ações combinadas para a promoção da atividade física, redução do comportamento sedentário e educação alimentar e nutricional, e as possíveis consequências para o desempenho cognitivo e saúde de adolescentes. A metodologia está descrita em formato de coletânea de artigos e foi dividida em quatro etapas. A primeira etapa descreve uma revisão sistemática que foi desenvolvida durante os estudos de fundamentação teórica para o planejamento da intervenção do Programa Atitude, Movimento e Escolhas para uma vida saudável (Programa AME), em que foi possível identificar a necessidade de implementar uma etapa específica de formação dos professores de educação física. Na segunda etapa foi detalhada a metodologia de uma revisão sistemática que tem como objetivo de investigar a associação entre comportamento sedentário e BDNF em adolescentes. O protocolo metodológico da revisão foi registrado no Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO) sob o identificador CRD42023392246 e segue as diretrizes dos Principais Itens para relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-análises (PRISMA). A etapa três apresenta essa revisão sistemática concluída, com todos os resultados das buscas e análise das informações extraídas dos artigos incluídos. A quarta etapa trata-se de um estudo de justificativa e fundamentação teórica para os métodos abordados no eixo de comportamento sedentário da intervenção do Programa AME, a qual foi registrada na plataforma do Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos sob o número RBR-86xv46. Pode-se dizer que o Programa AME é uma proposta integrada, sustentável e de baixo custo, com grande potencial para produzir benefícios no estilo de vida, desempenho cognitivo e saúde de adolescentes. Por fim, os resultados desses estudos fortalecerão a prática baseada em evidências no âmbito de pesquisas voltadas para a promoção da saúde no contexto escolar (AU).
Adolescence is a period marked by several neuroendocrine changes that influence brain development and behavior. Adolescents are more likely to adopt risky behaviors in their lifestyle, including sedentary behavior. In this sense, intervention studies have sought to develop efficient strategies to encourage adolescents to adopt a healthy lifestyle. However, although promising actions can be identified in the literature, the real mechanism that acts in the regulation of behavior in adolescents seems to be associated with the neurotrophin Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and studying how risk behaviors influence its secretion are of great relevance to develop more effective interventions. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to describe the theoretical foundation to the planning of a school-based multicomponent intervention with combined actions to promote physical activity, reduction of sedentary behavior and food and nutrition education, and the possible consequences for cognitive performance and adolescent health. The methodology of this thesis is described in the format of a collection of articles and was divided into four stages. The first stage describes a systematic review that was developed during the theoretical foundation studies for planning the intervention of the Attitude, Movement and Choices for a Healthy Life Program (AME Program), and it was possible to identify the need to implement a specific training stage for physical education teachers. In the second stage, was detailed the methodology of a systematic review that will be developed with the objective of investigating the association between sedentary behavior and BDNF in adolescents. The methodological protocol for the review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the identifier CRD42023392246 and follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The third stage presents this completed systematic review, with all search results and analysis of information extracted from the included articles. The fourth step is a study of rationale and theoretical foundation for the methods addressed in the sedentary behavior axis of the AME Program intervention, which was registered on the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials platform under the number RBR-86xv46. It can be said that the AME Program is an integrated, sustainable and low-cost proposal, with great potential to produce benefits in lifestyle, cognitive performance and health of adolescents. Finally, the results of these studies will strengthen evidence-based practice in research aimed at promoting health in the school context (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Primary Health Care , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor , Sedentary Behavior , Life Style , Decision MakingABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as alterações oculares em crianças e adolescentes secundárias ao fator do isolamento social e ao consequente aumento do uso de telas. Métodos Estudo observacional, descritivo e analítico, do tipo transversal realizado no período de julho a agosto de 2021, por meio da aplicação de questionários. Resultados Apresentaram cefaleia associada ao uso excessivo de tela 26,51% dos estudantes e 38,8% relataram suspeita de insuficiência de convergência. Em relação ao questionário de olho seco, 18,8% foram sintomáticos e 7,5% sintomáticos de difícil manejo. O computador foi o dispositivo mais utilizado em atividades escolares (71,5%), e, em segundo lugar, esteve o celular (66,3%). Casos sintomáticos de olho seco foram mais relatados em participantes que não faziam uso de computador (36,4%). Não foi possível identificar relação entre insuficiência de convergência e tempo de uso de dispositivos. Em relação ao olho seco, aqueles que passaram mais tempo em frente a tela relataram maior porcentagem de sintomas de difícil manejo (42,9%). Conclusão Foram mais prevalentes olho seco e sintomas de insuficiência de convergência na população estudada.
ABSTRACT Objective To identify eye conditions associated to social distancing and related increase in screen time exposure on children and teenagers. Methods Observational, descriptive and analytical study, with a cross-section design, carried out between July and August 2021, by questionnaire survey. Results Headaches related to excessive screen time exposure were reported by 26.51% of the students surveyed, while 38.8% reported suspect convergence insufficiency. Regarding the questionnaire about dry eye, 18.8% were symptomatic and 7.5% reported hard-to-manage symptoms. Computers were the devices most used for schoolwork (71.5%), followed by cellphones on second place (66.3%). Symptomatic cases of dry eye were mostly reported by participants that did not make use of computers (36.4%). It was not possible to establish a connection between convergence insufficiency and device usage time. Those participants that reported more screen time exposure also reported an increased percentage of hard-to-manage symptoms (42.9%), regarding dry eye. Conclusion Dry eye and convergence insufficiency symptoms were more prevalent in the surveyed population.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To identify and map families' time of exposure to screens during the COVID-19 pandemic and to associate it with the frequency of children's food consumption. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with parents or guardians of children aged between 2 and 9 years through an online questionnaire. The participants answered questions about socioeconomic data, family's screen habits, and children's food consumption. Results: A total of 517 parents or guardians participated in the research. Children's median age when first exposed to screens was 6 months (interquartile range: 1-12 months). The average number of hours that children and guardians/parents were exposed to electronic devices was 3.9±2.3 and 9.0±2.9 respectively. As for food consumption, 60.9% of the guardians/parents and 54.3% of the children had the habit of having meals in front of screens. In addition, the consumption of snacks outside mealtimes, while using screens, was frequent in both groups. Conclusions: Children aged 2 to 9 years are excessively exposed to screens and the consumption of meals or snacks while using the devices is frequent. Considering the current demands of the pandemic, the necessity of using electronic devices is understandable. However, the authors emphasize the importance to educate families regarding limiting the use of screens, especially during meals, and monitoring the content of activities with electronic devices, as this exposure can influence food consumption and affect children's nutritional status and health.
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e mapear o tempo de exposição das famílias às telas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e associá-lo com a frequência de consumo alimentar das crianças. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com pais ou responsáveis de crianças de dois a nove anos de idade por meio de um questionário online. Participantes responderam a perguntas sobre dados socioeconômicos, hábitos familiares de uso de telas e consumo alimentar das crianças. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 517 pais ou responsáveis. A mediana de idade em que as crianças foram expostas pela primeira vez às telas foi de seis meses (intervalo interquartil: 1-12 meses). A média de horas durante as quais as crianças e os responsáveis ficavam expostos aos aparelhos eletrônicos foi de 3,9±2,3 e 9,0±2,9, respectivamente. Sobre o consumo de alimentos, 60,9% dos responsáveis e 54,3% das crianças tinham o hábito de realizar refeições em frente às telas. Além disso, o consumo de petiscos fora do horário das refeições, durante o uso de telas, foi frequente em ambos os grupos. Conclusões: Crianças de dois a nove anos estão expostas excessivamente às telas e o consumo de refeições ou petiscos durante o uso dos aparelhos é frequente. Diante das demandas atuais da pandemia, entende-se a importância do uso dos eletrônicos, porém reforça-se a necessidade de educar as famílias em relação à importância de limitar o uso de telas, especialmente durante as refeições, e de monitorar o conteúdo das atividades com telas, pois essa exposição pode influenciar a alimentação e repercutir no estado nutricional e na saúde das crianças.