La vía respiratoria en la reanimación cardiopulmonar y cerebral / Respiratory airway in brain and cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Introducción: acceder a la vía respiratoria constituye un elemento de vital importancia en la parada cardiaca. Tanto cuando los principios básicos establecidos para la reanimación eran el ABC por sus siglas en inglés (airway, breathing and circulation), como los del actual CAB (circulation, airway and breathing). Existen controversias entre la técnica utilizar de manera que se garantice de la mejor forma la ventilación: ¿intubación orotraqueal o dispositivos supraglóticos? Objetivo: realizar una actualización sobre las técnicas para acceder a la vía respiratoria en la reanimación cardiopulmonar y cerebral. Método: se visitó la página web de la Biblioteca Médica Nacional de los Estados Unidos (PubMed), con las siguientes palabras clave en inglés: airway AND reanimation y con el filtro activado para los últimos cinco años, en humanos y a texto completo. Conclusiones: la intubación traqueal requiere entrenamiento y práctica regular para evitar complicaciones. El personal poco entrenado no siempre tiene suficientes habilidades para lograrlo y no deberían perder tiempo realizando estos procedimientos y sí centrarse en las compresiones torácicas de alta calidad, la ventilación con bolsa y mascarilla, hasta la llegada de reanimadores expertos(AU)

Introduction: Accessing the airway is an element of vital importance in cases of cardiac arrest. Both when the basic principles established for resuscitation were the ABC (English acronym for airway, breathing and circulation), and for those of the current CAB (circulation, airway and breathing). There are controversies between the technique used to ensure ventilation the best way: orotracheal intubation or supraglottic devices? Objective: To carry out an update on the techniques to access the airway in cardiopulmonary and cerebral resuscitation. Method: We visited the website of the National Medical Library of the United States ( PubMed) with the following keywords in English: airway AND reanimation, and with the filter activated for the last five years, in humans and in full text. Conclusions: Tracheal intubation requires regular training and practice to avoid complications. The untrained staff members do not always have enough skills to achieve it and should not waste time doing these procedures, but focus on high-quality chest compressions, the ventilation bag and mask, instead, until the arrival of rescuer experts(AU)

The Adequacy of a Conventional Mechanical Ventilator as a Ventilation Method during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Manikin Study / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: We conducted this study to verify whether a mechanical ventilator is adequate for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: A self-inflating bag resuscitator and a mechanical ventilator were used to test two experimental models: Model 1 (CPR manikin without chest compression) and Model 2 (CPR manikin with chest compression). Model 2 was divided into three subgroups according to ventilator pressure limits (P(limit)). The self-inflating bag resuscitator was set with a ventilation rate of 10 breaths/min with the volume-marked bag-valve procedure. The mode of the mechanical ventilator was set as follows: volume-controlled mandatory ventilation of tidal volume (Vt) 600 mL, an inspiration time of 1.2 seconds, a constant flow pattern, a ventilation rate of 10 breaths/minute, a positive end expiratory pressure of 3 cmH2O and a maximum trigger limit. Peak airway pressure (P(peak)) and Vt were measured by a flow analyzer. Ventilation adequacy was determined at a Vt range of 400-600 mL with a P(peak) of < or = 50 cmH2O. RESULTS: In Model 1, Vt and P(peak) were in the appropriate range in the ventilation equipments. In Model 2, for the self-inflating bag resuscitator, the adequate Vt and P(peak) levels were 17%, and the P(peak) adequacy was 20% and the Vt was 65%. For the mechanical ventilator, the adequate Vt and P(peak) levels were 85%; the P(peak) adequacy was 85%; and the Vt adequacy was 100% at 60 cmH2O of P(limit). CONCLUSIONS: In a manikin model, a mechanical ventilator was superior to self-inflating bag resuscitator for maintaining adequate ventilation during chest compression.

Reduction of intubation rate during newborn resuscitationafter transition from self-inflating bag to T-piece resuscitator: A quality improvement project

Introduction: T-piece resuscitator (TPR) has many advantages compared to self-inflating bag (SIB). Early Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) during newborn resuscitation (NR) with TPR at delivery can reduce intubation rate. Methods: We speculated that the intubation rate at delivery room was high because SIB had always been used during NR and this can be improved with TPR. Intubation rate of newborn 50%. An audit was carried out in June 2010 to verify this problem using a check sheet. Results: 25 neonates without major congenital anomalies who required NR with SIB at delivery were included. Intubation rate of babies <24 hours of life when SIB was used was 68%. Post-intervention audit (August to November 2010) on 25 newborns showed that the intubation rate within 24 hours dropped to 8% when TPR was used. Proportion of intubated babies reduced from 48.3% (2008-2009) to 35.1% (2011-2012), odds ratio 0.58 (95% CI 0.49-0.68). Proportion of neonates on CPAP increased from 63.5% (2008-2009) to 81.0% (2011-2012), odds ratio 2.44 (95% CI 2.03-2.93). Mean ventilation days fell to below 4 days after 2010. Since then, all delivery standbys were accompanied by TPR and it was used for all NR regardless of settings. There was decline in intubation rate secondary to early provision of CPAP with TPR during NR. Mean ventilation days, mortality and length of NICU stay were reduced. Conclusion: This practice should be adopted by all hospitals in the country to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 (2/3 decline of under 5 mortality rate) by 2015.

The Adequacy of a Conventional Mechanical Ventilator as a Ventilation Method during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Manikin Study / 대한중환자의학회지

BACKGROUND: We conducted this study to verify whether a mechanical ventilator is adequate for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: A self-inflating bag resuscitator and a mechanical ventilator were used to test two experimental models: Model 1 (CPR manikin without chest compression) and Model 2 (CPR manikin with chest compression). Model 2 was divided into three subgroups according to ventilator pressure limits (P(limit)). The self-inflating bag resuscitator was set with a ventilation rate of 10 breaths/min with the volume-marked bag-valve procedure. The mode of the mechanical ventilator was set as follows: volume-controlled mandatory ventilation of tidal volume (Vt) 600 mL, an inspiration time of 1.2 seconds, a constant flow pattern, a ventilation rate of 10 breaths/minute, a positive end expiratory pressure of 3 cmH2O and a maximum trigger limit. Peak airway pressure (P(peak)) and Vt were measured by a flow analyzer. Ventilation adequacy was determined at a Vt range of 400-600 mL with a P(peak) of < or = 50 cmH2O. RESULTS: In Model 1, Vt and P(peak) were in the appropriate range in the ventilation equipments. In Model 2, for the self-inflating bag resuscitator, the adequate Vt and P(peak) levels were 17%, and the P(peak) adequacy was 20% and the Vt was 65%. For the mechanical ventilator, the adequate Vt and P(peak) levels were 85%; the P(peak) adequacy was 85%; and the Vt adequacy was 100% at 60 cmH2O of P(limit). CONCLUSIONS: In a manikin model, a mechanical ventilator was superior to self-inflating bag resuscitator for maintaining adequate ventilation during chest compression.

Severe Hypotension Caused by Valve Malfunction in the Self-Inflating Bag-Valve Unit: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Mishaps related to valve malfunction in a self-inflating bag-valve unit can lead to fatal complications. We report a case of severe hypotension that resulted from the locking of the Laerdal valve in the inspiratory position during transport in the operating room. A 36 year old man had undergone an off-pump coronary artery bypass graft. Immediately before leaving the operating room, severe hypotension developed abruptly. But an EKG showed only a reduction of heart rate. We started closed cardiac massage with an intravenous bolus injection of epinephrine 0.5 microgram and reconnected the anesthesia breathing circuit. The patient was manually ventilated using the anesthesia reservoir bag. Vital signs immediately recovered. At that time, the patient's abdomen was distended and we suspected an expiratory abnormality. The self-inflating bag-valve unit was tested with an anesthesia reservoir bag as a test lung. Expiration did not occur. Another self-inflating bag-valve unit was substituted and normal ventilation was restored. It is essential that before use, a self-inflating bag-valve unit should be tested for proper function during both expiration and inspiration using a test lung such as, an anesthesia reservoir bag.