Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of parenting sense of competence scale in mothers of preschool children / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of parenting sense of competence scale (PSOC) in Chinese mothers of preschool children, and to explore the perception of preschool children's mothers on their own parenting skills and their comfort of being a parent in Yanqing District of Beijing.@*METHODS@#A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a convenience sample in 1 384 preschool children's mothers in Yanqing District of Beijing. SPSS 21.0 and Mplus 7.4 software were used for statistical analysis to test the structural validity, criterion related validity, internal consistency and split half reliability of the scale, and to analyze the score of the scale and its influencing factors.@*RESULTS@#The PSOC had good reliability and validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed that each item of the PSOC had more than 0.4 factor loading in efficacy factor or satisfaction factor, and there was no double load phenomenon. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor loadings ranged from 0.212 to 0.843 in efficacy factor and satisfaction factor, respectively. The goodness of fit test showed that all the fitting indexes were within the acceptable range, and the correlation between the effectiveness subscale and the satisfaction subscale was high. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the whole scale, the efficacy subscale and the satisfaction subscale were 0.872, 0.802, and 0.874, respectively. The Spearman-Brown coefficient of PSOC was 0.851. The average score of the whole scale, the efficacy subscale, and the satisfaction subscale were 72.33±11.31, 35.54±5.91, and 36.79±7.11, respectively, and the score of parenting competence in Chinese mothers of preschool children was influenced by the mother's educational level and the annual income of her family.@*CONCLUSION@#The PSOC has satisfactory reliability and validity in Chinese mothers of preschool children. It can be used as an evaluation instrument for measuring the parenting competency, self perceived efficacy and satisfaction in the mainland Chinese mothers of preschool children. The competency of preschool children's mothers in Yanqing District of Beijing is very good, which may be related to the higher education level of the mothers and the higher annual income of their families in this study.

Effective evaluation on informational support of the parenting sense of competence and parenting stress in primiparas / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the effectiveness on informational support of the parenting sense of competence and parenting stress in primiparas.@*Methods@#Ninety-five primiparas in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were recruited from November 2017 to April 2018, mothers of premature infants discharged from hospital from November 2017 to January 2018 were divided into the control group,and which discharged from February 2018 to April 2018 were divided into the experimental group conveniently.Seven cases in the control group and 5 cases in the experimental group dropped out. The control group received routine nursing care, 4 times of informational support were implemented to the mothers of premature infants at the first 4 months after discharged in the experimental group,included team teaching, live demonstration, set up a wechat group, et al. All primiparas were investigated using the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale(C-PSOC) and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form(PSI-SF) at the 1th,3th,6th month postpartum.@*Results@#At the 6th month postpartum, total scores of the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and subscale scores of self-efficacy, satisfaction of the mothers of premature infants were 82.60±4.45, 39.19±3.25, 43.40±3.47, respectively in the experimental group,and the scores were 76.83±7.88, 36.90±4.82, 39.93±5.16, respectively in the control group, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(t=4.117, 2.541, 3.613, P<0.05). At the 6th month postpartum,total scores of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form and subscale scores of parenting distress,parent-child dysfunctional interaction,difficult child of the mothers of premature infants were 80.31±9.50, 28.62±4.54, 23.98±4.91, 26.14±5.15, respectively in the experimental group,and the scores were 87.36±8.58, 32.55±4.88, 25.95±4.15, 28.84±4.88, respectively in the control group,the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(t=-3.568-3.823, P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Informational support can effectively improve the parenting sense of competence and relieve the parenting stress in primiparas.

Effective evaluation on informational support of the parenting sense of competence and parenting stress in primiparas / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness on informational support of the parenting sense of competence and parenting stress in primiparas. Methods Ninety-five primiparas in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were recruited from November 2017 to April 2018, mothers of premature infants discharged from hospital from November 2017 to January 2018 were divided into the control group,and which discharged from February 2018 to April 2018 were divided into the experimental group conveniently.Seven cases in the control group and 5 cases in the experimental group dropped out. The control group received routine nursing care, 4 times of informational support were implemented to the mothers of premature infants at the first 4 months after discharged in the experimental group,included team teaching, live demonstration, set up a wechat group, et al. All primiparas were investigated using the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale(C-PSOC) and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form(PSI-SF) at the 1th,3th,6th month postpartum. Results At the 6th month postpartum, total scores of the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and subscale scores of self-efficacy, satisfaction of the mothers of premature infants were 82.60 ± 4.45, 39.19 ± 3.25, 43.40 ± 3.47, respectively in the experimental group,and the scores were 76.83 ± 7.88, 36.90 ± 4.82, 39.93 ± 5.16, respectively in the control group, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(t=4.117, 2.541, 3.613, P<0.05). At the 6th month postpartum,total scores of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form and subscale scores of parenting distress,parent-child dysfunctional interaction,difficult child of the mothers of premature infants were 80.31 ± 9.50, 28.62 ± 4.54, 23.98 ± 4.91, 26.14 ± 5.15, respectively in the experimental group,and the scores were 87.36 ± 8.58, 32.55 ± 4.88, 25.95 ± 4.15, 28.84 ± 4.88, respectively in the control group,the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(t=-3.568-3.823, P<0.05). Conclusions Informational support can effectively improve the parenting sense of competence and relieve the parenting stress in primiparas.

A follow-up study about parenting sense of competence and rumination in mothers of premature infants / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the change trend of parenting sense of competence and rumination in mothers of premature infants and their relationship. Methods Qualified participants were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University between April and August 2016 by convenience sampling. Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and Chinese version of Nolen-Hoeksema Ruminative Responses Scale were used to collect data in 1 month,3 months,6 months and 12 months after premature leaving hospital. Results The parenting sense of competence scores were 62.20 ± 11.94, 67.32 ± 12.28, 68.13 ± 12.33 and 72.56 ± 13.39 respectively, which had significant differences(F=9.457,P<0.01).The rumination scores were 50.52±11.26,46.18±10.12,44.36±9.85 and 42.64 ± 9.13 respectively, which had significant differences (F=9.187,P<0.01). There were significant negative relationships between the parenting sense of competence and rumination,symptoms of rumination and forced thinking (r=-0.722--0.332, P<0.01). Rumination, income and marital status were the associated factors of parenting sense of competence after multiple linear regression analysis (t=-5.871, 2.782, 2.048, P<0.01 or 0.05). Conclusion Medical workers should pay attention to mobilize social support system and alleviate negative emotions of preterm mothers, teach them parenting skills and positive pressure coping style,in order to improve their parenting sense of competence.

A Study of the Relationship of Academic Achievement and Impulsivity in Children with Specifi c Learning Disabilities to Parenting Strain and Sense of Competence in their Mothers / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship of academic achievement and impulsivity in children with learning disorders with parenting strain and self-competence of their mothers. A sample of 70 students with learning disorders along with their mothers was recruited for the study. Data were collected using the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale, a modifi ed version of Zarit Burden Interview, Parent Sense of Competence Scale and each student’s grade point average as an index of academic achievement. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coeffi cients and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that academic achievement correlates signifi cantly and positively with mothers’ sense of competence but negatively with their experience of parenting strain. Furthermore, children’s impulsivity was negatively associated with mothers’ sense of competence but showed no relationship to parenting strain. Regression analysis indicated that while children’s impulsivity predicted mothers’ sense of competence but not their parenting strain, children’s academic achievement predicted both. Findings imply that when children with learning disorders are highly impulsive, their mothers only report an incapability to cope with stress. But when children’s academic achievement is low, mothers tend to not only experience increasing parenting stress but also report feeling overwhelmed by the stress. Findings imply that features of children with learning disorders have a differential impact on the mental health of their mothers.

Predictores del estrés parental en madres de familias en riesgo psicosocial / Parenting Stress Predictors in Mothers of Families at Psychosocial Risk

En este estudio se han analizado las relaciones entre el estrés parental, las competencias parentales percibidas y la contribución de factores sociodemográficos y psicológicos para la explicación del estrés parental. Participaron 80 madres portuguesas usuarias de servicios de protección a menores en riesgo. Los resultados mostraron niveles muy elevados de estrés parental -especialmente en madres con hijos adolescentes y desempleadas- y relaciones significativas entre el estrés y las competencias percibidas como madre. La satisfacción con el rol maternal y el empleo fueron los factores más robustos a la hora de explicar el estrés parental, prediciendo un 37% de la varianza.

In this study we analyzed the associations between parenting stress, parental sense of competence and the contribution of socio-demographical and psychological factors to the explanation of parenting stress. Participants were 80 Portuguese mothers, recipients of the child protection services. Results showed high levels of parenting stress, especially in unemployed mothers with adolescent children, and significant associations between parenting stress and perceived parental competences. Maternal role satisfaction and employment were the most robust factors on the explanation of parenting stress, predicting 37% of the variance.

Un análisis tipológico del estrés parental en familias en riesgo psicosocial / A typological analysis of parental stress in families at psychosocial risk

The aim of this study was to explore the level and type of both parental stress and coping strategies in a sample of 109 mothers from at-risk families attended by Social Services. A cluster analysis revealed three groups: Adapted-Strategic, Clinical-Avoidant, and Extreme-Passive. A multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that parental sense of competence, parental locus of control and family cohesion influenced the probability of inclusion of the mothers in each group. Implications for intervention strategies are discussed.

Este estudio examina el grado y tipo de estrés parental y de estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de 109 madres en situación de riesgo con un expediente activo en los Servicios Sociales Comunitarios. Los análisis de conglomerados realizados mostraron tres perfiles diferenciados: Ajustado-Estratégico, Clínico-Evitativo y Extremo-Pasivo. Un análisis de regresión logística multinomial indicó que el sentimiento de competencia parental, el locus de control como progenitor y la cohesión familiar influían en la pertenencia de las madres a cada uno de los grupos. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas de estos resultados de cara a la intervención con estas familias.

Estrés y competencia parental: un estudio con madres y padres trabajadores / Stress and parental competence: a study with working parents

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar dimensiones relativas al contexto familiar y laboral, y examinar su contribución al nivel de estrés asociado a la paternidad. Se analizó el papel desempeñado por la percepción de competencia, tanto del padre como de la madre, una vez controladas algunas características de ambos contextos. Se realizaron análisis con la información obtenida de 74 progenitores que, en el momento de la evaluación, disponían de un puesto laboral y cuidaban al menos a un menor en edad escolar. Los resultados indicaron que la dedicaciónlaboral, el número de hijos y la percepción de dificultad en el cuidado del menor, fueron las variables más robustas para explicar el estrés parental. Asimismo, los análisis mostraron que una evaluación positiva y optimista del papel que la persona desempeña en la educación y el cuidado de sus hijos, tendió a atenuar la aparición de estrés parental.

The aim of this study is to explore the role of some dimensions related with labor and family context, and examine their influence to the stress level associated with parenthood. Special attention was given to the perceived competence as a parent after controlling different characteristics from both contexts. Several analyses were performed with the information obtained from 74 active-working parents responsible for at least one school-aged child. The results indicated that the work time, the number of children at home and the perception of difficulty about child caring were the most important variables for explaining the parental stress. Furthermore,analysis showed that a positive and optimistic perception of the parental role and child care helped to mitigate the appearance of parental stress.

Evaluation of enteral formulas for nutrition, health, and quality of life among stroke patients

Enteral nutritional support has been used via tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients. We performed long and short term trials to evaluate the effects of commercial enteral nutritional supports on nutrition and health in stroke patients (mRS = 3~5) and quality of life in their caregivers. For a long term study, we recruited chronic (> or = 1 yrs) stroke patients (n = 6) and administered them 6 cans/day (1,200 kcal) of the commercial enteral formula N for 6 months according to IRB-approved protocol. We collected peripheral blood at 0, 2, 4 and 6 months. For a short term study, we recruited acute (< or = 3 months) stroke patients (n = 12) and randomly administered them two different commercial enteral formulas, N or J, for 2 weeks. We collected their blood at 0, 4, 7 and 14 day of the administration. Blood samples were analyzed to quantify 19 health and nutritional biomarkers and an oxidative stress biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA). In order to evaluate quality of life, we also obtained the sense of competence questionnaire (SCQ) from all caregivers at 'before' and 'after trials'. As results, the enteral formula, N, improved hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the long term trial and maintained most of biomarkers within normal ranges. The SCQ levels of caregivers were improved in the long term treatment (P < 0.05). In a case of the short term study, both of enteral formulas were helpful to maintain nutritional status of the patients. In addition, MDA levels were decreased in the acute patients following formula consumption (0.05 < P < 0.1). Most of health and nutrition outcomes were not different, even though there is a big difference in price of the two products. Thus, we evaluate the formula N has equal nutritional efficacy compared to the formula J. In addition, long term use of enteral formula N can be useful to health and nutrition of stroke patients, and the quality of life for their caregivers.

Strain, Burden and Depression of Caregivers of Hemiplegic Patients

OBJECTIVE: Study was designed preliminarily to observe the accordance of caregivers strain and depression with other factors such as sex of the patient, caregiver, lesion side, Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score and Beck's Depression Index (BDI). METHOD: We composed a questionnaire with BDI, and the Sense of Competence Questionnaire (SCQ) in order to evaluate the amount of stress and depression of caregivers. Evaluation of the patient was done by interviewing them along with reviewing their medical records and obtaining scores such as the MMSE, Functional Inependence Index (FIM) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESULTS: BDI of the caregivers showed a negative correlation with the patients' age. Lesion side nor age, nor the prevalence of hemiplegia of patients did not show statistical relevance with the strain that the caregiver felt. The first subscale of SCQ showed a positive correlation with the caregiving time that the caregiver gave. In accordance to the sex of the caregiver, females showed to spend more time with the patient, showed to be more unsatisfied with the patient but showed a tendency of lesser SCQ score. CONCLUSION: Depression, strain and burden that the caregivers went through showed to have slight correlation with the patient and caregiver factors.