Cloning and characterization of the promoters of the key genes CPT, SRPP and REF involved in Periploca sepium rubber biosynthesis / 生物工程学报

Hevea brasiliensis is the main source of natural rubber. Restricted by its tropical climate conditions, the planting area in China is limited, resulted in a low self-sufficiency. Periploca sepium which can produce natural rubber is a potential substitute plant. cis-prenyltransferase (CPT), small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and rubber elongation factor (REF) are key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cis-1, 4-polyisoprene, the main component of natural rubber. In this study, we cloned the promoter sequences of CPT, SRPP and REF through chromosome walking strategy. The spatial expression patterns of the three promoters were analyzed using GUS (β-glucuronidase) as a reporter gene driven by the promoters through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The results showed that GUS driven by CPT, SRPP or REF promoter was expressed in leaves and stems, especially in the leaf vein and vascular bundle. The GUS activity in stems was higher than that in leaf. This study provided a basis for analyzing the biosynthesis mechanism of natural rubber and breeding new varieties of high yield natural rubber.

Chemical constituents from Calystegia sepium / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents from Calystegia sepium. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatography, preparative HPLC and so on. Their structures were determined on the basis of physicochemical properties and their spectroscopic data, as well as literatures. Results A total of 20 compounds were separated and identified as tyrosol (1), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), scutellarein-7-O-β- glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), kaempferol-3-O-galactoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-robinobioside (6), nicotiflorin (7), rutin (8), uridine (9), tachioside (10), 2-methoxy-4-(2’-hydroxyethyl)-phenyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), 4-hydroxyphenethylol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), polybotrin (13), pyridine-3,5-dicarboamide (14), skimmin (15), benzylalcohol-β-D-glucopyranoside (16), 5-hydroxyl-2-hydroxymethylpyridine (17), picein (18), 5-hydroxymethyl-furaldehyde (19), and sessiline (20). Conclusion Compounds 1-20 are isolated from Calystegia sepium for the first time.

Efecto de la suplementación con ensilaje de estiércol porcino sobre los indicadores productivos en bovinos Hartón del Valle / Effect of supplementation with pig manure silage on the productive indicators bovine Hartón del Valle / Efeito da suplementação com silagem de estrume de suínos sobre os indicadores de produção de bovino Hartón del Valle

Resumen Se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con ensilaje de estiércol porcino sobre indicadores productivos de novillas raza Hartón del Valle, Se utilizó un diseño Irrestrictamente al azar, se aplicó pruebas de normalidad distributiva, análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey, los animales fueron asignados al azar a dos grupos experimentales. Los dos grupos consumieron como base forrajera, pasto King grass morado (Pennisetum purpureum CV King grass) y los ensilajes suministrados a las novillas contenían dos niveles de inclusión del estiércol 15% (T1) y 30% (T2). Se seleccionaron 12 hembras destetadas de la línea Zanjón Hondo, con peso promedio de 218 kg ± 6 kg, de 12 meses de edad, donde se determinaron por un periodo de 45 días, los indicadores productivos de consumo, cambio de peso y conversión alimenticia. Los dos niveles de suplementación con porquinaza no afectaron (P>0.05) el consumo voluntario de materia seca (CVMS) 6,58 (T1) y 7,06 (T2) kg/MS/animal/día. Sin embargo, si hubo diferencias (P< 0.05) en ganancia diaria de peso, las cuales fueron de 0,53 para T1 y 0,38 kg/día en T2. La conversión alimenticia se estimó en 11,66 en T1 y 18,89 en T2 (P<0.05). Se concluye que los indicadores productivos de novillas Hartón del Valle resultan satisfactorios al incorporar 15 % de estiércol de cerdo deshidratado en el ensilaje como el alimento suplementario en el periodo de levante.

Abstract The effect of porcine manure silage supplementation on productive indicators of Hartón del Valle heifers was evaluated. An Irresistibly Random design was used, distributive normality tests, analysis of variance and Tukey test were applied. The animals were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. Both groups consumed forage purple king grass (Pennisetum purpureum CV King grass) and silage supplied to heifers contained two levels of inclusion of manure 15% (T1) and 30% (T2). Twelve weaned females were selected from the Zanjón Hondo line, with a mean weight of 218 kg ± 6 kg, of 12 months of age, where were determined for a period of 45 days, productive indicators of consumption, weight change and feed conversion. The two levels of supplementation with porkase did not affect (P>0.05) voluntary dry matter intake (CVMS) 6.58 (T1) and 7.06 (T2) kg/d.m./animal/día. However, there were differences (P<0.05) in daily weight gain, which were 0.53 for T1 and 0.38 kg / day for T2. Feed conversion was estimated at 11.66 for T1 and 18.89 for T2 (P<0.05). It is concluded that the productive indicators of Hartón del Valle heifers are satisfactory by incorporating 15% of dehydrated pig manure in silage as the supplementary feed in the period of rising.

Resumo Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com silagem de suínos em indicadores produtivos de novilhas Hartón del Valle, utilizando-se um desenho Irresistivelmente Random, testes de normalidade distributiva, análise de variância e teste de Tukey, os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais. Ambos grupos consumiram como base de forragem a grama king grass roxa (Pennisetum purpureum CV King grass) e os silagem para as novilhas tinham dois níveis de inclusão de estrume de 15% (T1) e 30% (T2). Foram selecionados 12 fêmeas recém-desmamados da linha Zanjón Hondo, com um peso médio de 218 kg ± 6 kg, 12 meses de idade, onde foram determinadas por um período de 45 dias os indicadores de consumo produtivas, mudança de peso e conversão alimentar. Os dois níveis de suplementação porquinasa não afetou (P>0.05) a ingestão voluntária de matéria seca (CVMS) 6,58 (T1) e 7,06 (T2) kg/MS/animal/día. No entanto, se houve diferenças (P<0.05) no ganho de peso diário, que foram 0,53 para T1 e 0,38 kg/dia para T2. A conveção alimentar estimo-se em 11,66 em T1 e 18,89 em T2 (P<0.05). Conclui-se que os indicadores de novilhas produtivas Harton del Valle são satisfatórios para incorporar 15% da silagem de estrume de porco deidratado como o alimento-suplemento no período de criação.

Effect of sepium and calcined gypsum for the treatment of diabetic foot / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the cuttlebone and calcined gypsum comfeel dressing treatment of diabetic foot results and provide reference basis for measures to explore the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes foot selection methods in January 2016 to March 2017 in our hospital 80 casesⅠ-Ⅲ diabetic foot patients hospitalized with, take meter method is divided into trial group and control group randomly 40 cases, all patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Two groups based on diabetic foot ulcers qing disinfection comprehensive treatment, treatment group give cuttlebone and calcined gypsum with comfeel dressing therapy, the control group simply give comfeel dressing treatment, the result of the two groups to compare the effect of diabetic foot patients with diabetic foot treatment after 15 days, the experimental group cure the total effective rate 85.00%, control group total effective rate 47.50%, two groups of treatment was significant difference.

Effect of sepium and calcined gypsum for the treatment of diabetic foot / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the cuttlebone and calcined gypsum comfeel dressing treatment of diabetic foot results and provide reference basis for measures to explore the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes foot selection methods in January 2016 to March 2017 in our hospital 80 casesⅠ-Ⅲ diabetic foot patients hospitalized with, take meter method is divided into trial group and control group randomly 40 cases, all patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Two groups based on diabetic foot ulcers qing disinfection comprehensive treatment, treatment group give cuttlebone and calcined gypsum with comfeel dressing therapy, the control group simply give comfeel dressing treatment, the result of the two groups to compare the effect of diabetic foot patients with diabetic foot treatment after 15 days, the experimental group cure the total effective rate 85.00%, control group total effective rate 47.50%, two groups of treatment was significant difference.

Simultaneous Determination of Rutin, Hyperin and Quercetin in Vicia Sepium L. by RP-HPLC / 中国药师

Objective: To develop an HPLC method for the determination of rutin, hyperin and quercetin in Vicia sepium L. . Methods:The samples were separated on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column(250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-1‰ phosphoric acid solution with gradient elution at the flow rate of 0. 8 ml·min-1 . The column tem-perature was 30℃, and the detection wavelength was set at 370 nm. Results: The linear range of the three components was 4. 090-130.940 μg ·ml-1(r=0.999 9), 4.600-147.200 μg ·ml-1(r=0.999 9) and 0.810-25.780 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8), and the average recovery was 103. 45% (RSD=1. 25%), 98. 96% (RSD=1. 77%) and 102. 88% (RSD=0. 84%)(n=6), respectively. Conclusion:The method is stable, reproducible and simple, which can be used in the quality control of Vicia sepium L. .

Cytotoxic activity of crude extracts and fractions from Premna odorata (Blanco), Artocarpus camansi (Blanco) and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) against selected human cancer cell lines

Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic activities of Premna odorata (P. odorata) leaves and bark, Artocarpus camansi (A. camansi) and Gliricidia sepium against selected human cancer cell lines by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Methods: The crude extracts of P. odorata, A. camansi and Gliricidia sepium were subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning by using hexane and ethyl acetate to separate compounds based on their polarity. The fractions were tested for their cytotoxic activity against human colon cancer cell line (HCT116), breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) and Chinese hamster ovary cell line (AA8) by using MTT assay. Results: Based on the standard values of toxicity set by the study of Suffness and Pezzuto, P. odorata leaves and P. odorata bark hexane fractions and A. camansi leaves were all considered highly cytotoxic against the selected human cancer cell lines. P. odorata bark hexane extract exhibited the highest selectivity index for HCT116, MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines. Conclusions: The results obtained indicated that P. odorata leaves and bark and A. camansi leaves have excellent cytotoxic activity and warrant further studies to isolate novel compounds for chemotherapeutic use.

Correlation between elements accumulation and active components in velamen and stem bark of Periploca sepium / 中草药

Objective: To study the dynamic variation of Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, K, Ca, and Mg in velamen and stem bark of Periploca sepium and their correlation with the elements such as periplocin and 4-methoxysalicylic aldehyde in different harvesting periods, and to reveal dominant factors on the accumulation of two active components. Methods: The contents of periplocin and 4-methoxysalicylic aldehyde were detected by FAAS and electric heating wet digestion, and the data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Results: The seven elements were varied widely in velamen and stem bark. The variation trends of Ca and periplocin, Fe and 4-methoxysalicylic aldehyde in velamen were similar, equally, those of Fe and 4-methoxysalicylic aldehyde, Ca and Mg in stem bark were similar and like double peaks. Periplocin has highly significant positive correlation with Ca in velamen and significant negative correlation with Zn in stem bark. To 4-methoxysalicylic aldehyde, when in velamen, it has highly significant positive correlation with 4-methoxysalicylic aldehyde and Fe in stem bark, significant negative correlation with Mn in stem bark, and significant positive correlation with Fe in velamen; when in stem bark, it has highly significant positive correlation with Fe in both velamen and stem bark. Conclusion: Ca, Zn, Fe, and Mn are dominant elements of accumulation, the key factors for periplocin are Ca in velamen and Zn in stem bark, and Mg in velamen is indierect acting factors; The key factors for 4-methoxysalicylic aldehyde are Mn in stem bark and Fe, Ca and Mg in stem bark are indirect acting factors.

Inhibitory Effects of Periplocin from Cortex Periplocae on Human Lung Cancer Cell Line QG56 / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of periplocin from cortex periplocae (CPP) on human lung cancer cell line QG56 and to discuss its mechanism. Methods QG56 cells were cultured in vitro. The final concentrations of CPP in control group were 1.25, 2.50, 5.00, 10.00 and 20.00μg/L. QG56 cells were treated with ascending concentration of CPP for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The cell proliferation was measured using MTT method. The morphological changes of QG56 cells were observed under inverted microscope. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect the effects of CPP on cell cycle and cell apoptosis. The expression of apoptosis associated gene bax mRNA in QG56 cells was detected by RT-PCR. The expres-sion of bax protein before and after treatment of CPP was examined by SP immunocytochemistry. Results The inhibitory ef-fect of CPP on the proliferation of QG56 cells was increased with the increasing concentrations of CPP and the prolonged du-ration of treatment. The morphological changes were displayed in QG56 exposed to CPP. The results of FCM showed that CPP caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. The apoptotic rate of QG56 cells was significantly increased after CPP treatment for 48 h (P<0.05). The expression of bax mRNA was increased in QG56 exposed to CPP. The result of immunocytochemis-try indicated that CPP up-regulated the expression of bax protein. Conclusion CPP showed significant inhibitory effect on human lung cancer cell lines QG56 through inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Lack of Mutagenicity Potential of Periploca sepium Bge. in Bacterial Reverse Mutation (Ames) Test, Chromosomal Aberration and Micronucleus Test in Mice

OBJECTIVES: The root barks of Periploca sepium Bge. (P. sepium) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for healing wounds and treating rheumatoid arthritis. However, toxicity in high-doses was often diagnosed by the presence of many glycosides. The potential mutagenicity of P. sepium was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: This was examined by the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test using Escherichia coli WP2uvrA and Salmonella typhimurium strains, such as TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537. Chromosomal aberrations were investigated using Chinese hamster lung cells, and the micronucleus test using mice. RESULTS: P. sepium did not induce mutagenicity in the bacterial test or chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster lung cells, although metabolic activation and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were seen in the mice bone marrow cells. CONCLUSIONS: Considering these results, it is suggested that P. sepium does not have mutagenic potential under the conditions examined in each study.

Improvement of Growth and Periplocin Yield of Periploca sepium Adventitious Root Cultures by Altering Nitrogen Source Supply / 中草药·英文版

Objective To increase the ultimate yield of periplocin in Periploca sepium adventitious root cultures by a two-stage culture based on nitrogen source.Methods Firstly,the effects of nitrogen source(NH-NO-)at different ratios and different total initial nitrogen amounts on the accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites in adventitious root cultures of P sepium were investigated,and growth and production media for the two-stage culture based on the above results were established.Results The highest biomass and periplocin content were obtained in the culture medium of 15 mmol/L total nitrogen amount with NH-NO(1:2)and 30 mmol/L total nitrogen amount with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source.By adopting a fed-batch cultivation strategy,the dry weight adventitious root,periplocin content and yield were increased by 136%,108%,and 389%,respectively when compared with those of the control,reaching up to 8.13 g/L,157.15 μg/g,and 1277.63 μg/L,respectively.Furthermore,it was found that in the process of two-stage culture,the adventitious roots grew thicker significantly after they were transferred into production medium directly.Conclusion The ultimate yield of periplocin in P.sepium adventitious root cultures could be significantly increased by a two-stage culture based on nitrogen source.

Abelhas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) visitantes das flores de gliricídia no Recôncavo Baiano / Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) visitors of gliricidia flowers (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. ) Stend. ) in the Reconcavo Baiano region

Objetivou-se, nesse trabalho, obter informações sobre a diversidade de abelhas visitantes em gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Stend.), na região do Recôncavo Baiano. As espécies visitantes nas flores foram coletadas, no período de setembro a novembro de 2005. Definiu-se, aleatoriamente, 15 inflorescências por intervalo de hora para a coleta efetiva das abelhas, sendo utilizado um minuto por inflorescência, ao longo do intervalo de 07:00 às 18:00 horas, durante o período de floração. Um total de 10 espécies foram identificadas, sendo que Apis mellifera foi a espécie mais abundante, com freqüência relativa igual a 25,40 %, seguida da Trigona spinipes (23,81 %), Nannotrigona testaceicornis (14,28 %), Xylocopa grisescens e Trigona fuscipennis (ambas com 12,70 %). O pico de visita das abelhas ocorreu das 10:01 às 11:00 horas. A. mellifera, T. spinipes e N. testaceicornis foram consideradas as espécies com potencial para a polinização das flores de gliricídias, na região do Recôncavo Baiano.

The focus of this paper was to get information about the diversity of bees visiting Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Stend. in the Recôncavo Baiano region. The species visiting the flowers were collected in the period from September to November 2005. For the collection of the bees, 15 inflorescences were defined randomly per hour, one minute being used per inflorescence, throughout the interval from 07:00 a.m. to 06:00 p.m., during the blooming period. A total of ten species were identified, Apis mellifera being the most abundant species, with relative frequency equal to 25.40%, followed by Trigona spinipes (23.81%), Nannotrigona testaceicornis(14.28%), Xylocopa grisescens, and Trigona fuscipennis (both with 12.70%). The peak of bee visits occurred from 10:01a.m. to 11:00 a.m. A. mellifera, T. spinipes, and N. testaceicornis were considered the species with potential for the pollination of Gliciridia sepium flowers in the region of the Recôncavo Baiano.

Antifeedant activity of botanical crude extracts and their fractions on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) adults: I. Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae)

Bemisia tabaci is an important virus vector on a number of crops worldwide. Therefore, a preventive approach to deal with viral epidemics may be the deployment of repellents or phagodeterrents at earlier stages of plant development (critical period). Thus, the crude extract and four fractions thereof (water, water:methanol, methanol, and diethyl ether) of mother-of-cocoa (Gliricidia sepium, Fabaceae) were tested for phagodeterrence to B. tabaci adults under greenhouse conditions, on tomato plants, in Costa Rica. Both restricted-choice and unrestricted-choice experiments showed that the crude extract and some fractions exerted such effect on the insect. In the former (in sleeve cages), three fractions caused deterrence at doses as low as 0.1% (methanol), 0.5% (water:methanol) and 1.5% (diethyl ether). However, in the latter (plants exposed in a greenhouse) no one of the fractions performed well, suggesting that the deterrent principles somehow decomposed under the experimental conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2099-2113. Epub 2008 December 12.

Mundialmente, Bemisia tabaci es un importante vector de virus en numerosos cultivos. Por tanto, un enfoque preventivo para enfrentar las epidemias virales podría ser el empleo de sustancias repelentes o fagodisuasivas en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo de las plantas (período crítico). Así, tanto el extracto crudo como cuatro fracciones (agua, agua:metanol, metanol y éter dietílico) del madero negro (Gliricidia sepium, Fabaceae) fueron evaluadas en cuanto a su actividad fagodisuasiva sobre los adultos de B. tabaci en condiciones de invernadero, utilizando plantas de tomate, en Turrialba, Costa Rica. Tanto los experimentos de escogencia restringida como los de escogencia irrestricta revelaron que el extracto crudo y algunas fracciones mostraron dicha actividad. En los primeros experimentos (en jaulas de manga), tres fracciones causaron fagodisuasión a dosis tan bajas como 0.1% (metanol), 0.5% (agua:metanol) y 1.5% (éter dietílico). Sin embargo, en los segundos (plantas expuestas dentro de un invernadero) ninguna de las fracciones lo hizo, lo cual sugiere que los principios fagodisuasivos perdieron su actividad en esas condiciones experimentales.

Soil mineral N dynamics beneath mixtures of leaves from legume and fruit trees in Central Amazonian multi-strata agroforests

Long term applications of leguminous green mulch could increase mineralizable nitrogen (N) beneath cupuaçu trees produced on the infertile acidic Ultisols and Oxisols of the Amazon Basin. However, low quality standing cupuaçu litter could interfere with green mulch N release and soil N mineralization. This study compared mineral N, total N, and microbial biomass N beneath cupuaçu trees grown in two different agroforestry systems, north of Manaus, Brazil, following seven years of different green mulch application rates. To test for net interactions between green mulch and cupuaçu litter, dried gliricidia and inga leaves were mixed with senescent cupuaçu leaves, surface applied to an Oxisol soil, and incubated in a greenhouse for 162 days. Leaf decomposition, N release and soil N mineralization were periodically measured in the mixed species litter treatments and compared to single species applications. The effect of legume biomass and cupuaçu litter on soil mineral N was additive implying that recommendations for green mulch applications to cupuaçu trees can be based on N dynamics of individual green mulch species. Results demonstrated that residue quality, not quantity, was the dominant factor affecting the rate of N release from leaves and soil N mineralization in a controlled environment. In the field, complex N cycling and other factors, including soil fauna, roots, and microclimatic effects, had a stronger influence on available soil N than residue quality.

Aplicações a longo prazo de leguminosas como adubo verde podem aumentar o nitrogênio (N) mineralizável sob árvores de cupuaçu em solos pouco férteis e ácidos (Ultisols e Oxisols) da Bacia Amazônica. Entretanto, a baixa qualidade da liteira de cupuaçu pode influênciara liberação de N do adubo verde e a mineralização deste no solo. Neste estudo foram comparados o N mineral, N total, e o N da biomassa microbiana sob árvores de cupuaçu cultivadas em dois sistemas agroflorestais, ao norte de Manaus, Brasil, as quais receberam diferentes aplicações de adubo verde sob sua liteira natural durante sete anos. Para testar as interações entre o adubo verde e a liteira de cupuaçu, folhas secas de gliricídia e ingá foram misturadas com as folhas senescentes de cupuaçu, distribuídas na superfície de um solo Oxisol, e incubadas em casa de vegetação durante 162 dias. A decomposição das folhas, a liberação de N e mineralização do N no solo foram periodicamente mensurados nos tratamentos de mistura de liteira de diferentes espécies e comparados com as aplicações de liteira de apenas uma espécie. O efeito da biomassa de leguminosas e da liteira de cupuaçu no N mineral do solo foi aditivo, indicando que o uso de adubação verde em plantas de cupuaçu pode ser baseado na dinâmica do N em cada espécie usada como adubo verde. Os resultados demonstraram que a qualidade do resíduo, e não a quantidade, foi o principal fator que influenciou a taxa de liberação de N das folhas e a mineralização deste no solo, em ambiente controlado. No campo, o complexo ciclo do N e outros fatores tais como a fauna do solo, raízes e os efeitos do microclima, tiveram uma influência mais forte na disponibilidade de N no solo do que a qualidade d o resíduo vegetal.

Comportamiento Productivo y Fermentación Ruminal de Corderos Suplementados con Harina de Cocoíte (Gliricidia sepium), Morera (Morus alba) y Tulipán (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) / Productive Lambs Performance and Ruminal Fermentation Using Cocoíte (Gliricidia sepium), Morera (Morus alba) and Tulipan (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) Meal as Supplement

Para conocer el efecto de suplementación con harina de tres arbustivas forrajeras tropicales, en el comportamiento productivo y fermentación ruminal de corderos en crecimiento, se realizó un estudio durante 90 días, utilizando 30 corderos con encaste de Pelibuey y Black Belly (18,29 ± 1,56 kg PV), mantenidos en pastoreo continuo en estrella africana (Cynodon plestostachyus; 75,5% FDN y 6,1% PC) de 7:00 a.m. a 4:00 p.m, posteriormente los animales fueron alojados en corraletas individuales, proporcionándoles 200 g animal-1 d-1 de suplemento de acuerdo a los tratamientos (T) evaluados: T1 = sólo pastoreo (SP), T2 = T1+concentrado comercial (CC), T3 = T1+harina de cocoíte (Gliricidia sepium; HC), T4 = T1+harina de morera (Morus alba; HM) y T5 = T1+harina de tulipán (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; HT). Las variables registradas fueron: consumo de suplemento y pasto, ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), digestibilidad aparente de materia seca del suplemento y del pasto. En fluido ruminal se midió pH, concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles, nitrógeno amoniacal, bacterias totales y protozoarios. El CC y la HT presentaron el mejor (P < 0,05) consumo de suplemento (CC, 181,6ª; HC, 97,7c; HM, 149,7b; HT, 167,2ab g d-1), de materia seca total (SP, 789,1b; CC, 976,8ª; HT, 941,8ª g d-1) y la mejor GDP (SP, 46,1b; CC, 81,6ª; HT, 77,1ª; g d-1). El CC propició la más alta (P < 0,05) digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca (DAMS, 60,97ª); en contraste la más baja (P < 0,05) DAMS se presentó con el uso de HC (SP, 49,27ab; CC, 54,00ª; HC, 48,52C; HM, 50,47ab; HT, 50,54ab). En las variables ruminales, no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos para pH, nitrógeno amoniacal y AGV; solamente se registraron cambios (P < 0,05) en la concentración (1 × 10(8) mL-1) de bacterias totales (SP, 45,0ª; HM, 1,1b) y de protozoarios (SP, 20,73b; CC, 96,01ª; 1 × 10(4) mL-1). La harina de tulipán mostró una respuesta similar a la del CC. La menor respuesta se obtuvo con HC. Por lo anterior se recomienda HT como sustituto de CC para corderos en pastoreo en el trópico.

A study was carried out in order to determine the effect of a commercial feed and three different meals produced by tropical forage shrubs, on productive performance, digestibility and some rumen variables, when used as supplements for grazing lambs. Thirty crossbreed (Pelibuey X Black Belly) male lambs (18.29 ± 1.56 Kg BW), were used in a 90 d study. Animals were on continuous grazing of African star (Cynodon plestostachyus; (75.5% NDF, 6.1% CP) from 7:00 am to 4:00 pm. After grazing animals were housed in individual pens and fed (200 g animal-1 d-1)any of four supplements, according to treatment: T1 = grazing (G); T2 = T1 + commercial concentrate (CC); T3 = T1 + cocoite meal (Gliricidia sepium; CM); T4 = T1 + morera meal (Morus alba; MM), and T5 = T1 + tulipan meal (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; TM). Supplement and forage intake, dry matter digestibility and daily weight gain, were measured. Volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen concentration, total bacteria and protozoa were determined in rumen liquor. Differences in supplement intake (P < 0.05) (CC, 181.6ª; CM, 97.7c; MM, 149.7b; TM, 167.2ab g d-1), dry matter intake (OG, 789.1b; CC, 976.8ª; TM, 941.8ª g d-1) and daily weight gain (OG, 46.1b; CC, 81.6ª; TM, 77.1ª; g d-1) were found. The highest (P < 0.05) percentage of dry matter digestibility (DMD) was found for CC (CC, 60.97ª). Forage DMD was the lowest for CM (OG, 49.27ab; CC, 54.00ª; CM, 48.52C; MM, 50.47ab; TM, 50.54ab). No differences (P > 0.05) were found for rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen and VFA concentration among treatments. Compared with OG treatment, supplementation with MM decreased (P < 0.05) total bacteria concentration (OG, 45.0ª vs MM, 1.1b × 10(8) mL-1)whilst CC increased protozoa concentration (OG, 20.73b vs CC, 96.01ª × 10(4) mL-1). Supplementation with TM showed similar results that those observed with CC. The lowest response was observed for CM and OG. It is concluded that TM can be used as a supplement instead of CC in the tropic for grazing lambs.