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OBJECTIV E To investigate the calculation method of drug market share in budget impact analysis （BIA）in order to provide new ideas for BIA research. METHODS In view of the situation that some drugs had multiple indications or the indications in the drug instructions were not clear enough and inconsistent with the indications in the reimbursement catalogue ， starting from the concept of “times per person ”，the parameters such as sample hospital and average treatment time per person for each time were introduced to develop a new market share calculation method. At the same time ，the calculation process was demonstrated by taking the treatment drugs for liver cirrhosis as an example. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Taking treatment drugs of liver cirrhosis as an example ，the calculation results of market share showed that the results of the two calculation methods were quite different. The market share calculated on the basis of “the number of people ”was mostly higher than that calculated on the basis of “times per person ”. Compared with the traditional calculation method based on “the number of people ”，the calculation method of market share based on “times per person ”could calculate the market share more accurately ，which could solve the problem that the traditional method didn ’t fully consider that most drugs had multiple indications ，the indications of drug instructions were not clear enough and inconsistent with the reimbursement catalogue ，resulting in inaccurate calculation of market share；at the same time ，this method could also be used to try to solve the problem that the total number of patients could not be obtained from epidemiological data based on the average treatment time per person of each time in the sample hospital. This method can be considered when the indications of the target drug are not clear enough or there are multiple indications ，or when the researchers collect clinical ，epidemiological and medical insurance data to estimate the number of target population ，the prediction results of market capacity do not conform to the theoretical logic or actual situation due to the lack of necessary data ，or when the target disease has the characteristics of repeated attacks and short course of disease.
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Under the diagnosis-related groups(DRG) prospective payment system, innovative health technologies with high costs and risks may be limited to some extent. How to balance the increase of health care cost and the development of innovative health technology is a difficult problem to be solved in the current reform. By studying the relatively mature payment systems of innovative health technologies in the world, the authors found that countries generally adopted additional payment or compensation to encourage the development of new technologies. But at the same time, a relatively perfect health technology assessment and payment management mechanism had been established to ensure the standardized operation of payment plan. These international advanced experience and practice could provide references for China′s innovative health technology payment strategy under the DRG payment system. It is suggested to establish a scientific and reasonable assessment mechanism of innovative health technology, create a special access channel for innovative health technology with limited short-term evidence, and gradually form a long-term incentive mechanism of innovative health technology in DRG payment system.
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Licorice extract has the efficacy of anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidation and anti-aging. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. This paper analyzes the status of licorice extract’s global trade and its international competitiveness. The main purpose is to clarify the status of our country’s licorice extract in the international market and provide reference for improving the international competitive advantage of licorice extract of China. Germany, the United States, Netherlands, France, Japan, Israel and China were the main import and export countries for licorice extract. The international market share (IMS), trade competitiveness index (TC Index), revealed comparative advantage index (RCA Index) and competitive advantage index (CA Index) were used to compare the licorice extract’s international competitiveness of these countries. It showed that Israel has the strongest international competitiveness and followed by France. The United States has the maximum IMS, but its competitiveness was on sagging tendency. Germany and the Netherlands are the major importers of licorice extract. Although they are lack of international competitiveness, its international competitiveness is on the rise, especially in Germany. China’s licorice extract has a high IMS, but its international trade competitiveness is weak, far lower than the United States and France. Japan was the basic export country of China’s licorice extract. The TC index and CA index of licorice extract in Japan are less than zero, which means Japan’s licorice extract is not competitive.
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Objective Analyze the application status and existed problems of clinical biobank in China,propose possible application mechanisms for clinical biobank.Methods Through questionnaire survey and case analysis combined with relevant literature reports from home and abroad,conduct qualitative analysis to understand the application status and problems of clinical biobank.Results With the rapid development of biobank,its application rate was far from expected.The construction of clinical database lags behind in China will affect the application of samples.The lag of application mechanism will affect the opening and application of the biobank.Conclusions At the beginning of construction,the clinical biobank should take full account of what and how resources can be used,and establish tailored application mechanism.More attention should be paid to the possible benefit of biobank construction.
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Objective:To explore the value of real-time shear wave elastography (SWE) in staging of common femoral venous thrombosis (CFVT). Methods: Totally 92 patients with unilateral CFVT were divided into acute phase (1-14 d, n=41), subacute phase (15-30 d, n=24) or chronic phase (>30 d, n=27) according to the time of complaint. Young's modulus mean values and two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound scores were compared among the three phases. ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic effect of 2D ultrasound and SWE for acute and chronic CFVT. Results: 2D ultrasound scores and Young's modulus values were significantly different among the three phases (P<0.001), and the differences between each two phases were all statistically significant (all P<0.05). AUC of SWE in diagnosing acute CFVT was 0.916 (P<0.05), and the cutoff Young's modulus value was 13.50 kPa, with the sensitivity of 85.37% and specificity of 82.35%. AUC of 2D ultrasound for diagnosing acute CFVT was 0.800 (P<0.05), and the cutoff ultrasound score was 2.00, with the sensitivity of 75.61% and specificity of 66.67%. AUC of the two methods for diagnosing acute CFVT had significant difference (P<0.001). AUC of SWE in diagnosing chronic CFVT was 0.917 (P<0.05), and the cutoff Young's modulus value was 16.40 kPa, with the sensitivity of 85.19% and specificity of 87.69%. AUC of 2D ultrasound in diagnosing chronic CFVT was 0.842 (P<0.05), and the cutoff ultrasound score was 2.03, with the sensitivity of 87.21% and specificity of 69.23%. AUC of these two methods for diagnosing chronic CFVT had significant difference (P=0.010). Conclusion: Real-time SWE can be used to judge the clinical stage of CFVT, and its diagnostic efficiency may be better than conventional ultrasonography.
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PURPOSE: The study examined the Chinese and Japanese consumers' preference for Korean home meal replacement (HMR) product package designs using conjoint analysis. METHODS: The questionnaire survey was completed by 270 consumers living in Beijing, China and Osaka, Japan, over the age of 20 years old, who had previously purchased or consumed a Korean HMR. Based on the attributes and levels within each attribute related to the Korean HMR product package design, 54 profiles were constructed. Of the 54 profiles, 11 combinations were selected using an orthogonal design, and the participants were asked to rank the 11 combinations in order of preference from top to bottom. RESULTS: The relative importance of the Korean HMR product package design attributes were analyzed. Chinese consumers regarded illustration, ingestion form, concept, and brand name, in that order, to be most important. In the case of Japanese consumers, illustration, concept, ingestion form, and brand name, in that order, were most important. For the illustration attributes, in order of importance, Chinese consumers preferred raw materials, characters, and celebrities, and Japanese consumers preferred characters, raw materials, and celebrities. For the concept attributes, Chinese consumers favored, witty, traditional Korean, and modern concepts, whereas Japanese consumers favored witty, modern, and then traditional Korean concepts. For the ingestion form attributes, both Chinese and Japanese consumers preferred Ready To Eat (RTE), followed by Ready To Heat (RTH), and then Ready To Cook (RTC). For the brand name attributes, both Chinese and Japanese consumers preferred the localized brand name over the Korean brand name. CONCLUSION: Differences in the relative importance of Korean HMR product package design attributes were observed among Chinese and Japanese consumers, and there were differences in preference according to the levels within each attribute. These results are expected to provide useful basic data to assist in the future development of differentiated HMR package designs and marketing strategies to meet consumer needs in the market for Korean HMR in China and Japan.
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Humans , Asian People , Beijing , China , Eating , Hot Temperature , Japan , Marketing , MealsABSTRACT
To study the data of the trade of the ginseng products in the UN COMTRADE database and analyze the overall situation of the international trade of the ginseng products. China, South Korea, Canada, and the United States are not only the market for the production of ginseng products, but also the main consumer markets for Ginseng products. Hong Kong, China is dominated by entrepot trade and is an important consumer market for ginseng products as well. The four countries mentioned above and Hong Kong, China, play a decisive role in the international trade of ginseng products. Using trade specialization coefficient (TSC), international market share (IMS), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), and competitive advantage (CA), the trade status of the Ginseng products in the four countries from 2007 to 2015 was studied, and the situation of its trade competitiveness was analyzed. The results showed that the average values of three indicators of international trade competitiveness of Canada were ranked the first with the absolute superiority except the mean value of TSC, which was slightly lower than that of South Korea. The average of TSC indicators of South Korea was ranked first, the means of RCA and CA were ranked the second in the world. As for China, the three indexes were all ranked the third except for IMS, ranked the second. However, the four indicators in the United States were all ranked in the last place.
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The use of internet medical big data is conducive to improving the efficiency and quality of health care services,but also contains the problems about the risk of the infringement of the personal information right and privacy right,the hidden dangers of data security,and how to allocate the economic interests of big data.In the internet medical big data ethics,it should establish the regulation principles from four levels of privacy,confidentiality,transparency and identity.In the legal regulation,it should clear the distribution of the economic interests of big data,define the personal information right and data right and have classification protection.
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The basic functions and characteristics of AUTU-IFC, Union Remote Access System, Shangyi Easy Share System and VPN358 were described in this paper in order to help the users to select their appropriate remote access systems and meet their requirements to access digital resources at any time and at any place.
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The basic functions and characteristics of AUTU-IFC, Union Remote Access System, Shangyi Easy Share System and VPN358 were described in this paper in order to help the users to select their appropriate remote access systems and meet their requirements to access digital resources at any time and at any place.
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OBJECTIVES: In India, both communicable and non-communicable diseases have been argued to disproportionately affect certain socioeconomic strata of the population. Using the 60th (2004) and 71st (2014) rounds of the National Sample Survey, this study assessed the balance between infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) from 2004 to 2014, as well as changes in the disease burden in various socioeconomic and demographic subpopulations. METHODS: Prevalence rates, hospitalization rates, case fatality rates, and share of in-patients deaths were estimated to compare the disease burdens at these time points. Logistic regression and multivariate decomposition were used to evaluate changes in disease burden across various socio-demographic and socioeconomic groups. RESULTS: Evidence of stagnation in the infectious disease burden and rapid increase in the CVD burden was observed. Along with the drastic increase in case fatality rate, share of in-patients deaths became more skewed towards CVD from 2004 to 2014. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant shift of the chance of succumbing to CVD from the privileged class, comprising non-Scheduled Castes and Tribes, more highly educated individuals, and households with higher monthly expenditures, towards the underprivileged population. Decomposition indicated that a change in the probability of suffering from CVD among the subcategories of age, social groups, educational status, and monthly household expenditures contributed to the increase in CVD prevalence more than compositional changes of the population from 2004 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of the ongoing tendency of CVD to occur in older population segments, and also confirms the theory of diffusion, according to which an increased probability of suffering from CVD has trickled down the socioeconomic gradient.
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Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases , Communicable Diseases , Diffusion , Educational Status , Family Characteristics , Health Expenditures , Hospitalization , India , Logistic Models , Mortality , Population Groups , Prevalence , Social Class , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Background: Didactic lecture is the current method of choice but it is not effective way of teaching. Interactive lecture with various innovative teaching methods is the best proven way for teaching and learning. Material and methods: Cross sectional study was conducted in Department of Forensic Medicine for period of 1 year by voluntary participation of 100 students 2nd MBBS. Three topics of Forensic Medicine were taught by jigsaw, think-pair-share and team project to three equal number groups of students and they were subjected to pre and post intervention questionnaire. Results: There was significance increase in mean post test score for all the innovative teaching methods for all topics. There was no significance difference in mean post test scores of all three innovative teaching methods which indicated that all three innovative teaching methods were effective and good to practice. Conclusion: Instead of didactic lecture, interactive lecture with innovative methods like think-pair-share, team project , and jigsaw is a very helpful and essential for effective teaching and learning.
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Objective To discuss the application about the TPDS educational reform of molecular biology in the medical students. Methods Choose 2009 and 2010 7-year program students (174 person) of clinical medicine as the research object, achieve to TPDS teaching; Control group ( 2010 basic medicine and general medicine students , 2011 basic medicine and pediatric medical students (394 person) carry out general teaching model. Taking the students test scores as the main teaching effect evaluation index, the questionnaire survey as the supplement. Statistical analysis was carried out using t test analysis method. Results Molecular biology of the experimental group students scores (94.39 ±4.34)are significantly higher than that of the control group (85.1 ±8.77), and P<0.05. The questionnaire showed that more than 80%students improved themselves in the areas of self-study ability, information collecting ability, problem-solving ability, and team cooperation abilityafter the course of study. Conclusion TPDS educational reform isoptional for the cultivating applied talents, intend to stimulate students' autonomous learning ability, inspire students to independent analysis and solve problems, improve students' unity cooperation spirit and model the humanistic spirit.
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OBJECTIVE:To research the effect of price change on pharmaceutical enterprises in China to improve the assess-ment of drug pricing. METHODS:Market share,competitive products’price and substitutes of the elasticity of drug price were an-alyzed to receive the effect of price change on pharmaceutical enterprises. RESULTS:The market share of homogeneous drugs for a same disease had positive correlation with price change,that is to say,if raised the price,its market share was on the rise;in terms of the effects on the price of competitive products and substitutes,the drug price change in an enterprise had a positive effect on the price of competitive products and substitutes. CONCLUSIONS:Price change of drugs has effect on market share and the price of competitive products and substitutes. Therefore,according to the price index,the enterprise can predict the market share and the price of competitive products and substitutes to assess the effect of drug quotation on the enterprise itself and external envi-ronment.
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<b>Purpose</b> : To seek opinions of medical doctors regarding self-management of assessed personal problems in health information records (SAPPHIRE) by patients themselves. <br><b>Methods</b> : Ten-item questionnaires regarding SAPPHIRE were sent to each of two groups of medical doctors, using regular mail for A) doctors of private clinics, and hand-delivered to B) doctors working in a large hospital. <br><b>Results</b> : Of the responding 292 medical doctors, 72.9% were in favor of using SAPPHIRE. More medical doctors of private clinics indicated preference for recording and assessment by a medical doctor (47.4%) than doctors working in a large hospital (25.2%). On average, responding medical doctors answered that problem lists could be recorded by co-medical staff (44.1%), but in the end, need to be created with the trustworthy assessment of a medical doctor (79.7%). <br><b>Conclusion</b> : More than 70% of medical doctors responded in favor of using SAPPHIRE. Patients' reliable problem lists could be recorded by co-medical staff or a medical doctor, but need to be created with the trustworthy assessment of a medical doctor.
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Neste estudo, propõe-se o conceito de singularização como mais uma possibilidade de aproximação à compreensão de como a subjetividade é constituída socialmente, de acordo com a abordagemda psicologia histórico-cultural. Inicia-se com uma retrospectiva histórica da introdução do sentidoe do significado na psicologia, ao longo da Modernidade, marcada por resistências à consideraçãoda cultura na constituição dos fenômenos psicológicos. A partir daí, discutem-se os aportes teóricostrazidos pelos conceitos de internalização, apropriação e conversão. Essa discussão aponta afalta de uma explicação para a transformação do conhecimento coletivo em conhecimento individualsem viés dualista. Conclui-se, por fim, que o conceito de singularização ressalta o caráter ativodo sujeito e sua ação interpretativa, ao criar versões singulares para os significados, ao mesmotempo em que os reproduz nos intercâmbios sociais. Esclarece-se, ainda, que essas versões sãobaseadas nos sentidos, os quais, por sua vez, são articulados com a história, as motivações e asintenções do sujeito, bem como com o contexto de sua ação.
This paper proposes the concept of singularization as another means of approach to the understandingof how subjectivity is socially constituted in accordance with the approach of historical--cultural psychology. It begins with a historical overview of the introduction of sense and meaningin psychology, throughout modernity, marked by resistance to the consideration of culturein the constitution of psychological phenomena. Thereafter, we discuss the theoretical contributionsbrought by the concepts of internalization, appropriation and conversion. This discussionsuggests the lack of a non-dualistic explanation for the transformation of collective knowledgeinto individual knowledge. We conclude that the concept of singularization emphasizes the activecharacter of the subject and its interpretative action, to create singular versions for the meaningsat the same time it reproduces them in social exchanges. It is clarified also that these versions arebased on the creation of senses, which, in turn, are hinged to the history, motivations and intentionsof the subject and the context of its action.
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Humans , Cognition , Psychology/history , Researcher-Subject Relations , Psychology, SocialABSTRACT
Teaching resource sharing refers to the process and mode of sharing teaching resources among various universities.The problems existed are:traditional thought restriction,realistic system obstacles,defensive mentality of competitors etc.These problems can be resolved by establishing the highest leadership,setting up joint academic evaluation mechanism,setting up teaching operation monitoring institution,applying organizational management means (such as mobilizing more support form government).Meanwhile,these problems can be tackled by through achieving objectives of course sharing,exploring mode of course sharing,establishing responsibility system of course sharing and establishing credit parallel recognition mechanism.
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The comprehensive university has the advantage of wide range of disciplines as well as rich teaching resources.Integrating and sharing teaching resources among similar disciplines is the direction of development in higher education.Tongji university was taken as an example.Medical college and life sciences college of Tongji university have tried to construct and share the laboratory teaching resource platform.The construction experiences and the effects were summarized.The methods and strategies used in integrating teaching resources of the two colleges were discussed from the perspective of laboratory construction,which provided references for building teaching resource platform in comprehensive university.
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Objective:To establish hospital infection data sharing and service platform for collecting and issuing the hospital infection data. Methods:The relational database was used to realize data storage and J2EE light structure was employed to enhance the development and the operating efficiency and flexibility of the system according to the principles of Web information system.Results and Conclusion:An open and sharing hospital infection data platform for data processing, retrieving and analyzing was established. The established hospital infection data set and surgery infection data set contained more than 20 000 records. The system provided an effective software platform support for the utilization of hospital infection data and the prevention and control of hospital infection. This article introduces key technologies of the design and realization of the system.
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@#ObjectiveTo study a standardization to establish data element in medical data resource share.MethodsThe library of data element's structural glossary items was established frist, then whole data element was established by selecting structural glossary items, finally, the input of data element's character was executed.ResultsA standardization method to establish data element was desigened based on definition, structure and national standard of data element.ConclusionIt's a important work to share medical data resource that establish data element by standardization, and it must be followed correlative standard and select logical method.