Septo sigmoideo: ¿una variante de la hipertrofia ventricular o de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica? / Sigmoid septum: A variant of the ventricular hypertrophy or of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Resumen Objetivo El septo sigmoideo y la miocardiopatía hipertrófica cursan con hipertrofia ventricular izquierda y, aunque parecen ser entidades distintas, muchas veces plantean problemas de diagnóstico diferencial. Este estudio se ha realizado para evaluar la prevalencia y características del septo sigmoideo ecocardiográfico y sus hallazgos diferenciales con respecto a la miocardiopatía hipertrófica. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo. Se estudiaron 1,770 pacientes mediante ecocardiografía. El septo sigmoideo (hipertrofia focal y aislada del septo interventricular basal ≥ 13 mm en hombres y ≥ 2 mm en mujeres, que supera en ≥ 50% al grosor del septo medio) se clasificó en "tipo 1" (≤ 14 mm) y "tipo 2" (≥ 15 mm). Resultados Hubo 59 casos de septo sigmoideo (prevalencia del 3.3%): 26 (1.5%) pacientes con un tipo 1 (50% hombres) y 33 (1.9%) pacientes con un tipo 2 (72.7% hombres); se detectaron 25 (1.4%) casos de miocardiopatía hipertrófica (76% hombres). El grupo con septo sigmoideo tipo 2 se diferenció de esta última en: su mayor edad (73 ± 10.5 años; p < 0.0001), más hipertensión (84.8%; p < 0.0001), menor filtrado glomerular (73.3 ± 21.4 ml/min; p = 0.007), menor alteración de la repolarización (18.2%; p = 0.004) e índice de Cornell (en hombres; 22.2 ± 11 mm; p = 0.041), más disfunción diastólica (75%; p = 0.0089) y en la morfología y localización de la fibrosis ventricular en resonancia magnética. Conclusión Con respecto a la miocardiopatía hipertrófica, los pacientes con septo sigmoideo tipo 2 son de más edad y generalmente hipertensos; por lo demás, a menudo no presentan claras diferencias en sus características clínicas, electrocardiográficas o ecocardiográficas. Por ello, la resonancia cardíaca resulta de gran ayuda en su diagnóstico diferencial.

Abstract Objective Sigmoid septum and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presenting with left ventricular hypertrophy and, although they appear to be different entities, often involve problems in the differential diagnosis. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence and characteristics of the echocardiographic sigmoid septum and its differential findings regarding hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Methods Descriptive, observational and prospective study. A total of 1,770 patients were studied by echocardiography. Sigmoid septum (focal and isolated hypertrophy of the basal interventricular septum ≥ 13 mm in men and ≥ 12 mm in women, exceeding ≥ 50% of the median septum thickness) was classified as "Type 1" (≤ 14 mm) and "Type 2" (≥ 15 mm). Results There were 59 cases of sigmoid septum (prevalence of 3.3%): 26 (1.5%) patients with type 1 (50% male) and 33 (1.9%) patients with type 2 (72.7% male); there were 25 (1.4%) cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (76% male). The group with type 2 sigmoid septum differed from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in: was older (73 ± 10.5 years; P < .0001), with more hypertension (84.8%; P < .0001), lower glomerular filtering (73.3 ± 21.4 ml/min; P = .007), lower repolarization abnormalities (18.2%; P = .004) and Cornell index (in men, 22.2 ± 11 mm; P = .041), more diastolic dysfunction (75%; P = .0089) and in ventricular morphology and fibrosis location in magnetic resonance. Conclusion Regarding the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, patients with type 2 sigmoid septum are older and generally hypertensive; otherwise, often they have no clear differences in their clinical, electrocardiographic or echocardiographic characteristics. Therefore, cardiac resonance is helpful in the differential diagnosis.

A Case of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Accompanied with Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO) after Mitral Valve Replacement (MVR) for Combined Valvular Disease with Sigmoid Septum / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

<p>The onset mechanism of takotsubo cardiomyopathy is unkown. The reported cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy that happened after cardiac surgical operation were very few. We describe one case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) that occurred after having undergone mitral valve replacement (MVR) for combined valvular disease. The patient was an 82-year-old woman who was hospitalized with congestive heart failure in our hospital. She had diagnosis of rheumatic valvular disease (i.e. severe mitral regurgitation and mild mitral stenosis, secondary tricuspid regurgitation), atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension. She had a sigmoid septum pointed out by cardiac ultrasonography. Preoperative coronary angiography was normal. After general anesthesia induction, bradycardia and hypotension developed. Therefore epinephrine and norepinephrine were administered. The rheumatic mitral valve was replaced using a 27 mm-size mitral pericardial bioprosthesis, preserving the posterior mitral leaflet. DeVega tricuspid annuloplasty and maze surgery were also performed at the same time. We did not recognize wall motion abnormalities by the transesophageal echocardiographic examination during the operation. On postoperative day 1, she was extubated and became hypotensive immediately. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was diagnosed from characteristic views (an apical ballooning and a preserved basal contraction of the left ventricle) by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). This echocardiogram showed also LVOTO of pressure gradient 38 mmHg. Blood transfusion and discontinuation of epinephrine infusion improved LVOTO. TTE showed a gradual recovery of the left ventricle to normal systolic function, on postoperative day 34. The postoperative coronary angiogram was normal. We presumed that LVOTO was important in the onset and severity of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. In this report, we showed also the pathological significance of the sigmoid septum.</p>