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A person regulates body temperature by outside and inside heat from change of environmental temperature. One of the inside heats includes drinking water. However, the effect of drinking water temperature on body temperature is not clear. The purpose of this study was to examine how water temperature influences the change in body temperature. The study participant were 13 men (average age, 21.3 ± 0.8 years), and they drank water at 3°C, room temperature, and 60°C; in addition, one more task was not to drink water. We measured tympanic temperature using a thermometer, skin blood flow using a laser Doppler flow meter, and sweating rate using the capsule ventilation method. The mean skin temperature was measured at seven body points with a thermistor and calculated. Tympanic temperature of drinking water at 3°C and 60°C was significantly in comparison with other conditions. As for skin blood flow between water temperature at 60°C and 3°C, sweating rate between water temperature at 60°Cand other conditions, and mean skin temperature between water temperature at 3°C and other conditions significant differences were recognized. It is thought that the response to early change to drinking water at different temperatures is by responses of thermo-receptors and subsequently by the thermal energy of the drinking water.
ABSTRACT
A person regulates body temperature by outside and inside heat from change of environmental temperature. One of the inside heats includes drinking water. However, the effect of drinking water temperature on body temperature is not clear. The purpose of this study was to examine how water temperature influences the change in body temperature. The study participant were 13 men (average age, 21.3 ± 0.8 years), and they drank water at 3°C, room temperature, and 60°C; in addition, one more task was not to drink water. We measured tympanic temperature using a thermometer, skin blood flow using a laser Doppler flow meter, and sweating rate using the capsule ventilation method. The mean skin temperature was measured at seven body points with a thermistor and calculated. Tympanic temperature of drinking water at 3°C and 60°C was significantly in comparison with other conditions. As for skin blood flow between water temperature at 60°C and 3°C, sweating rate between water temperature at 60°Cand other conditions, and mean skin temperature between water temperature at 3°C and other conditions significant differences were recognized. It is thought that the response to early change to drinking water at different temperatures is by responses of thermo-receptors and subsequently by the thermal energy of the drinking water.
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<p><b>Objectives</b>: Radon is a major feature of radioactive springs. According to an official notification article in Japan, bathing in radioactive springs may alleviate the effects of hyperuricemia (gout), rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. This study focuses on changes in the body during the use of a low-temperature sauna at a radioactive hot spring.</p><p><b>Methods</b>: In this study, we measured the core temperature, skin temperature, and skin blood flow, and performed an emotional assessment (Mood Check List-Short form.2 (MCL-S.2), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)) in individuals using a sauna at a radioactive spring. Eight healthy adults participated in this study. All participants partook in two sauna interventions, including one sauna with a high radon concentration (approximately 710 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) and one with a low radon concentration (approximately 140 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>). The indoor temperature and relative humidity of the sauna room were approximately 38°C and 78%, respectively. All participants remained in the sauna room for 40 min, and then rested in an antechamber for 40 min.</p><p><b>Results and Discussion</b>: Comparing the MCL-S.2 scores, a significant increase was observed in the pleasantness score in the radon intervention. In addition, after comparing the VAS scores, significant improvements in the feelings of coldness and stress were observed only in the radon intervention. Moreover, skin blood flow increased for a longer duration in the radon sauna intervention than the control intervention. The results suggest that using radon saunas gives rise to positive effects, including reducing coldness, feelings of stress, and promoting blood circulation.</p>
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<p>Cutaneous vasodilator function plays a role in the thermoregulatory system during rest and exercise, and its dysfunction, especially in elderly people, can influence the system’s vulnerability in heat-stressed conditions. In this review, firstly, we describe the mechanisms that control the cutaneous vasculature in humans. The reflex mechanisms by which sympathetic nerves mediate vasoconstriction and active vasodilation during whole-body thermal stress are examined, including discussions of the mechanisms involving cotransmission, nitric oxide (NO) and other mediators. The mechanisms that effect local cutaneous vasomotor responses to local skin warming are also examined, including the roles of axon reflexes as well as NO and other mediators. Next, we highlight the effects of aerobic exercise training on reflexes and local vasomotor control in the skin. Factors that modulate control mechanisms of the cutaneous vasculature, such as aging and clinical conditions, are discussed. Finally, the beneficial influences of exercise training on cutaneous vasodilator function in healthy young and elderly people with or without chronic diseases are emphasized.</p>
ABSTRACT
Objectives: Radon is a major feature of radioactive springs. According to an official notification article in Japan, bathing in radioactive springs may alleviate the effects of hyperuricemia (gout), rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. This study focuses on changes in the body during the use of a low-temperature sauna at a radioactive hot spring.Methods: In this study, we measured the core temperature, skin temperature, and skin blood flow, and performed an emotional assessment (Mood Check List-Short form.2 (MCL-S.2), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)) in individuals using a sauna at a radioactive spring. Eight healthy adults participated in this study. All participants partook in two sauna interventions, including one sauna with a high radon concentration (approximately 710 Bq/m3) and one with a low radon concentration (approximately 140 Bq/m3). The indoor temperature and relative humidity of the sauna room were approximately 38°C and 78%, respectively. All participants remained in the sauna room for 40 min, and then rested in an antechamber for 40 min.Results and Discussion: Comparing the MCL-S.2 scores, a significant increase was observed in the pleasantness score in the radon intervention. In addition, after comparing the VAS scores, significant improvements in the feelings of coldness and stress were observed only in the radon intervention. Moreover, skin blood flow increased for a longer duration in the radon sauna intervention than the control intervention. The results suggest that using radon saunas gives rise to positive effects, including reducing coldness, feelings of stress, and promoting blood circulation.
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The aim of this paper was to explore the effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil on transdermal absorption in vitro of Chuanxiong, and to investigate the possible penetration mechanism of their essential oil from the perspective of skin blood perfusion changes. Transdermal tests were performed in vitro with excised mice skin by improved Franz diffusion cells. The cumulative penetration amounts of ferulic acid in Chuanxiong were determined by HPLC to investigate the effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil on transdermal permeation properties of Chuanxiong. Simultaneously, the skin blood flows were determined by laser flow doppler. The results showed that the cumulative penetration amount of ferulic acid in Chuanxiong was (8.13±0.76) μg•cm⁻² in 24 h, and was (48.91±4.87), (57.80±2.86), (63.34±4.56), (54.17±4.40), (62.52±7.79) μg•cm⁻² respectively in Azone group, Frankincense essential oil group, Myrrh essential oil, frankincense and myrrh singly extracted essential oil mixture group, and frankincense and myrrh mixed extraction essential oil group. The enhancement ratios of each essential oil groups were 7.68, 8.26, 7.26, 8.28, which were slightly greater than 6.55 in Azone group. In addition, as compared with the conditions before treatment, there were significant differences and obvious increasing trend in blood flow of rats in Frankincense essential oil group, Myrrh essential oil group, frankincense and myrrh singly extracted essential oil mixture group, and frankincense and myrrh mixed extraction essential oil group when were dosed at 10, 20, 30, 10 min respectively, indicating that the skin blood flows were increased under the effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil to a certain extent. Thus, Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil had certain effect on promoting permeability of Chuanxiong both before and after drug combination, and may promote the elimination of drugs from epidermis to dermal capillaries through increase of skin blood flow, thus enhancing the transdermal permeation amounts of drugs.
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<p><b>Obj</b><b>ectives:</b> Radon is a major feature of radioactive springs. According to an official notification article in Japan, bathing in radioactive springs may alleviate the effects of hyperuricemia (gout), rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. This study focuses on changes in the body during the use of a low-temperature sauna at a radioactive hot spring.</p><p><b>Methods:</b> In this study, we measured the core temperature, skin temperature, and skin blood flow, and performed an emotional assessment (Mood Check List-Short form.2 (MCL-S.2), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)) in individuals using a sauna at a radioactive spring. Eight healthy adults participated in this study. All participants partook in two sauna interventions, including one sauna with a high radon concentration (approximately 710Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) and one with a low radon concentration (approximately 140Bq/m<sup>3</sup>). The indoor temperature and relative humidity of the sauna room were approximately 38°C and 78%, respectively. All participants remained in the sauna room for 40 min, and then rested in an antechamber for 40 min.</p><p><b>Results and Discussion:</b> Comparing the MCL-S.2 scores, a significant increase was observed in the pleasantness score in the radon intervention. In addition, after comparing the VAS scores, significant improvements in the feelings of coldness and stress were observed only in the radon intervention. Moreover, skin blood flow increased for a longer duration in the radon sauna intervention than the control intervention. The results suggest that using radon saunas gives rise to positive effects, including reducing coldness, feelings of stress, and promoting blood circulation.</p>
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BACKGROUND: Heart attack is the most common cause of line-of-duty death in the fire service. Daily aspirin therapy is a preventative measure used to reduce the morbidity of heart attacks but may decrease the ability to dissipate heat by reducing skin blood flow. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, firefighters were randomized to receive 14 days of therapy (81-mg aspirin or placebo) before performing treadmill exercise in thermal-protective clothing in a hot room [38.8 +/- 2.1degrees C, 24.9 +/- 9.1% relative humidity (RH)]. Three weeks without therapy was provided before crossing to the other arm. Firefighters completed a baseline skin blood-flow assessment via laser Doppler flowmetry; skin was heated to 44degrees C to achieve maximal cutaneous vasodilation. Skin blood flow was measured before and after exercise in a hot room, and at 0 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes of recovery under temperature conditions (25.3 +/- 1.2degrees C, 40.3 +/- 13.7% RH). Platelet clotting time was assessed before drug administration, and before and after exercise. RESULTS: Fifteen firefighters completed the study. Aspirin increased clotting time before and after exercise compared with placebo (p = 0.003). There were no differences in absolute skin blood flow between groups (p = 0.35). Following exercise, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was 85 +/- 42% of maximum in the aspirin and 76 +/- 37% in the placebo groups. The percentage of maximal CVC did not differ by treatment before or after recovery. Neither maximal core body temperature nor heart rate responses to exercise differed between trials. CONCLUSION: There were no differences in skin blood flow during uncompensable heat stress following exercise after aspirin or placebo therapy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arm , Aspirin , Blood Platelets , Body Temperature , Body Temperature Regulation , Clothing , Cross-Over Studies , Firefighters , Fires , Heart , Heart Rate , Hot Temperature , Humidity , Laser-Doppler Flowmetry , Skin , VasodilationABSTRACT
Hypovolemia and hyperosmolality due to thermal dehydration suppress thermoregulatory responses of sweating and cutaneous vasodilation in humans, resulting in increasing a risk of heat illness. Recently, we found in young and older subjects that an ingestion of carbohydrate-protein supplement immediately after a bout of exercise during training accelerated an increase in plasma volume and an improvement of thermoregulatory responses. These results suggest that change in plasma volume alters cutaneous vasodilation and sweat rate through baroreflexes; however, no electrical signals in the efferent path of the reflex loop have not been identified. We have recently successfully recorded skin sympathetic nerve signal components synchronized and non-synchronized with cardiac cycles, separately, in passively heated young subjects, and found that although both components increased with cutaneous vasodilation and sweat rate in hyperthermia, an increase in synchronized component was suppressed by hypovolemia with suppressed cutaneous vasidilation, while an increase in non-synchronized component was not suppressed as sweat rate. On the other hand, we found that hyperosmolality suppressed the increases of both components with suppressed cutaneous vasodilation and sweat rate. These results suggest that a synchronized component controls cutaneous vasodilation while a non-synchronized component controls sweat rate, and also that beat-by-beat changes in atrial pressure due to a fluctuation of venous return to the heart varies cutaneous vasodilation through baroreflexes but not sweat rate.
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The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of the water fall bath on muscle blood flow, muscle hardness at the shoulder and body temperature after muscle contraction in human.<BR> The subjects of this study were eight young males (average 20.4years old). Blood flow and hardness in middle fiber of trapezius were measured using the monitor of spectroscopy and a handy battery-run device, skin blood flow rate using the laser doppler flowmetry, and tympanic temperature using the thermistor during control period 10 minutes, for five minutes during four conditions (40°C water fall bath, massage using the knocking machine, 40°C hot pack and rest) after muscle contraction and moreover 30 minutes. Subjects wore a swimming trunk while these experiments. The ambient temperature and relative humidity were set to 27°C, 42% in control room.<BR> During the water fall bath, the muscle blood flow was tend to increased compared with after muscle contraction. The skin blood flow was increased and the muscle hardness was decreased significantly. During the massage, the skin blood flow was increased and the muscle hardness was decreased significantly. During the hot pack, the muscle hardness was decreased significantly. The tympanic temperature was no changed in three conditions except from the rest.<BR> These findings suggest that water fall bath is lessened the muscle hardness causing increase of the muscle and the skin blood flows. Therefore, the water fall bath can use one of the method to relief muscle fatigue.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of the water fall bath on muscle blood flow, muscle hardness at the shoulder and body temperature after muscle contraction in human. The subjects of this study were eight young males (average 20.4years old). Blood flow and hardness in middle fiber of trapezius were measured using the monitor of spectroscopy and a handy battery-run device, skin blood flow rate using the laser doppler flowmetry, and tympanic temperature using the thermistor during control period 10 minutes, for five minutes during four conditions (40°C water fall bath, massage using the knocking machine, 40°C hot pack and rest) after muscle contraction and moreover 30 minutes. Subjects wore a swimming trunk while these experiments. The ambient temperature and relative humidity were set to 27°C, 42% in control room. During the water fall bath, the muscle blood flow was tend to increased compared with after muscle contraction. The skin blood flow was increased and the muscle hardness was decreased significantly. During the massage, the skin blood flow was increased and the muscle hardness was decreased significantly. During the hot pack, the muscle hardness was decreased significantly. The tympanic temperature was no changed in three conditions except from the rest. These findings suggest that water fall bath is lessened the muscle hardness causing increase of the muscle and the skin blood flows. Therefore, the water fall bath can use one of the method to relief muscle fatigue.
ABSTRACT
This study analyzed the effects of various body surface areas being cooled by water-perfused suits (WPS) on thermoregulatory response during exercise in a hot environment. Seven male subjects, dressed in clothing with low moisture permeability (rain coats) over WPS covering the whole body surface except for the face, hands, and feet, performed three sessions of 20-min cycling at low intensity (250w/m<sup>2</sup>) in a room maintained at 30℃ under six conditions of body surface cooling : whole body (WB), upper body (UB), lower body (LB), lower body except lower legs (LBEL), head and neck (HN), and no body cooling (NBC). The coolant temperature at the inlet was 20℃ for all conditions, and heat extraction (HE) was estimated by the difference between inlet and outlet water temperatures and water flow rate. Esophageal (Tes) and deep thigh temperatures (T-d.thigh) and heart rate (HR) during exercise were significantly (p＜0.01) higher for NBC and HN, and forearm skin blood flow (SkBF) and dehydration (DEH) were significantly (p＜0.01) lower for WB than for other conditions. There was a similar tendency concerning Tes and T-d.thigh among WB, LBEL, and LB ; however, T-d.thigh for UB was significantly (p＜0.01) higher than for WB, LBEL, and LB. In comparison with resting levels, the mean skin temperature (Tsk) and thermal sensation (TS) significantly (p＜0.01) increased for NBC and HN, and decreased for UB and WB, but remained constant for LBEL and LB during exercise. Under all conditions, increases in Tes (ΔTes) and T-d.thigh (ΔT-d.thigh) at the end of exercise were significantly (p＜0.01) increased when less than 40% of the body surface was cooled (Tsk : above 35.8℃, HE : less than 110W). Furthermore, ΔTes at the end of the exercise was related to ΔTsk×SkBF, while the slope of the regression line between those parameters was steeper when ΔTsk×SkBF values were negative, as opposed to positive values. These results suggest that during light exercise under different body surface cooling conditions : 1) UB leads to a high T-d.thigh while Tes, Tsk, and TS are as low as those for WB, 2) critical levels of body surface cooling area causing a decrease in core temperature elevation might exist, and 3) changes in blood circulation due to body cooling might be affecting temperature responses at the end of exercise.
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El síndrome de Raynaud se caracteriza por isquemia cutánea digital episódica, manifestada por palidez, cianosis y rubor de los dedos de manos y pies expuestos al frío o cuando el paciente está sujeto a un estrés emocional. No se conoce el mecanismo fisiopatológico exacto; la hipótesis más invocada es una alteración autonómica en la inervación simpática de los vasos sanguíneos de la piel. Objetivo: Estudiar los cambios de la frecuencia cardíaca y el flujo sanguíneo de la piel (FSP) en sujetos sanos y en pacientes con síndrome de Raynaud durante las siguientes condiciones: 1. respiración espontánea (RE), 2. respiración rítmica (RR), 3. inspiración profunda repentina (IPR), 4. maniobra de Valsalva (MV). Método: Se estudiaron 22 sujetos sanos y 22 pacientes con síndrome de Raynaud secundario. Las variables medidas fueron: 1. intervalo R-R; 2. amplitud de FSP; 3. porcentaje de disminución de FSP; 4. latencia de la máxima disminución del FSP. Resultados: Los pacientes con síndrome de Raynaud presentaron mayor taquicardia basal. La amplitud del FSP se encontró disminuido durante la respiración espontánea y durante las maniobras respiratorias (P < 0.001). La vasoconstricción estuvo prolongada ya que la latencia promedio de recuperación del FSP estuvo prolongada en IPR y MV en comparación de los sujetos controles. Conclusión: La amplitud del FSP basal está disminuida en los pacientes con síndrome de Raynaud, durante períodos asintomáticos; esto sugiere daño endotelial. También se encontró disminuido con las diversas maniobras respiratorias (RR, IPR y MV). Este cambio dinámico sugiere hiperactividad simpática hacia los vasos sanguíneos de la piel.
The Raynaud's syndrome is an episodic skin ischemia manifested by pallor, cyanosis and erythema of the fingers in response to cold or emotional stress. The exact pathophysiology is unknown but it has been hypothetised that may be due to an autonomic alteration in the sympathetic innervation of skin blood vessels. Objective: To study the changes of heart rate and skin bloodflow (SBF) in healthy subjects and in patients with secondary Raynaud's syndrome during different respiratory maneuvers: 1. spontaneous respiration; 2. rhythmic respirations (RR), 3. sudden inspirations (SI), and 4. Valsalva maneuver (VM). Methods: We studied 22 healthy subjects and 22 patients with secondary Raynaud's syndrome. The variables measured were: 1) RR intervals; 2) amplitudes of SBF; 3) percentage of decrease of SBF; 4) latency of the maximum decrease of SBF. Results: In all patients with secondary Raynaud's syndrome the SBF was decreased basally during spontaneous respirations and during all respiratory maneuvers (p < 0.001). The mean latency of recovery of the SBF was prolonged during sudden deep inspiration. The patients with Raynaud also had significant basal tachycardia at rest (p < 0.003). Conclusions: The basal skin blood flow during spontaneous respirations and in asymptomatic periods is decreased in patients with Raynaud's syndrome; this may be related to endothelial arterioral damage. The SBF was also significantly decreased dynamically during sudde3n inspirations (SI), rhythmic breathing (RR) and Valsalva maneuver (VM). This dynamic change suggests sympathetic hyperactivity.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Raynaud Disease/physiopathology , Skin/blood supply , Blood Flow Velocity , Respiration , Time Factors , Valsalva Maneuver , VasoconstrictionABSTRACT
The effects of high concentration mineral water bating (31.16g/kg, mainly composed of Na, Ca, Mg chloride and sulfate) were studied in 13 healthy men (44.9±16.3y.o.). The subjects took 41°C, 10min bathing and kept warmth by a blanket for 30min. Blood pressure (BP), Heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and sublingual temperature by electric thermista as deep body temperature were measured during and after bathing. Skin blood flow by LASER doppler flow meter and venous partial gas pressure and pH were also measured.<br>Sublingual and forehead temperature was increased significantly by +1.4°C after 10min bathing and +0.9°C increase continued even after 30min. Diastolic BP and TPR were significantly decreased, and HR and CO were significantly increased by +20bpm and +2.7<i>l</i>/min, respectively. Significant increase of skin blood flow was also demonstrated. Significant increase of venous pO<sub>2</sub> (+20 Torr) and decrease of pCO<sub>2</sub> (-8.0 Torr) suggested the improvement of peripheral oxidative metabolism due to increased CO.<br>High concentration mineral water bathing was highly effective than simple water bathing probably due to the thick coating effect by binding concentrated minerals with skin furface protein.
ABSTRACT
We studied the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of Baxie on local cold tolerance as an index of cold induced vasodilatation (CIVD). The subjects consisted of 22 healthy adult volunteers.<br>The skin temperature and skin blood flow in the middle finger were measured simultaneously before, during, and after immersing the finger in cold water. TENS at 1Hz with 100-V intensity was applied for 5 minutes before immersion of the finger.<br>Experiments were conducted with no stimulation and with TENS on the same subjects on different days.<br>The results revealed the following:<br>1. The minimum skin temperature and minimum skin blood flow during immersion of the finger in cold water were higher in the TENS group than in the control (no stimulation) group.<br>2. The maximum skin temperature, mean skin temperature, and increase and decrease of skin blood flow rate during immersion of the finger in cold water and in the rising phase of skin temperature were higher in the TENS group than in the control group.<br>3. The index of resistance to frostbite was higher in the TENS group than in the control group.<br>4. The number of fluctuations in skin temperature during immersion of the finger in cold water was significantly higher in the TENS group than in the control group.<br>5. The incidence of abnormal perception during immersion of the finger in cold water was lower in the TENS group than in the control group.<br>These results suggest that TENS enhances the local cold tolerance of fingers by suppressing SSA in the initial falling phase on skin temperature and increasing the motion of skin blood vessels in the rising phase of skin temperature.
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We studied the effects of electro acupuncture stimulation of Baxie on local tolerance as an index of cold induced vasodilation (CIVD). The subjects consisted of 22 healthy adult volunteers. The skin temperature and skin blood flow in the middle finger were simultaneously examined before, during, and after immersion of the finger in cold water. Electroacupuncture stimulation at 1 Hz with a 66 to 100V intensity was performed for 5 minutes. Experiments of no stimulation and electroacupuncture stimulation were conducted on the same subject on different days.<br>The results revealed the following:<br>1. CIVD was caused by rapid increase of skin blood flow during immersion of the finger in cold water.<br>2. The minimum skin temperature, minimum skin blood flow, maximum skin blood flow, mean skin temperature in the rising phase of skin temperature, and the index of resistance to frostbite of the electroacupuncture stimulated group were higher than those of the unstilmulated group, and rates of skin temperature increase and decrease during immersion of the finger in cold water in the electroacupuncture stimulated group were significantly higher. These results show that electroacupuncture stimulation increases local cold tolerance in the finger.
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The effect of bathing with NY-008 (3-octylphthalide, a newly synthesized vasodilative compound) on skin temperature was examined. The subjects were 28 healthy male adults (22±4 years old). The group bathed for 10min in 40°C water containing 3ppm of NY-008. On alternate days, the group bathed similarly but without NY-008 (control bathing). Skin temperature (Ts), blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) were then measured in a room in which the ambient temperature was maintained at 24°C and relative humidity at 60%. To eliminate any effect of diurnal fluctuations in skin temperature, each subject bathed at the same hour each day. Measurements were performed in random order by the double-blind method. The mean values of Ts after bathing were slightly higher after NY-008 bathing than after control bathing, and a significant difference was noted 10min after bathing (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in systolic blood pressure between NY-008 bathing and control bathing. Diastolic blood pressure was slightly lower after NY-008 bathing. Mean blood pressure, measured 5 min after bathing, was significantly lower after NY-008 bathing than after control bathing (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in HR. These findings suggest that NY-008 bathing increases skin blood flow through vasodilation of skin vessels and lower peripheral resistance, and may have longer lasting warming effects than ordinary bathing.
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The purpose of this study was undertaken to examine the effects of alcohol ingestion on temperature regulation during submaximal exercise. Five healthy male students participated in this study. Forty minutes of supine exercise using a bicycle ergometer was done following and without alcohol ingestion of 0.44 m<I>l</I>/kg. Respiratory gas exchange, rectal temperature, skin temperatures at 6 sites, finger blood flow, and heart rate were measured before and during the exercise. Respiratory gas exchange was measured by the Douglas bag method during 8-10, 1820, 28-30 min periods of exercise. Thermistor sensors were applied to measure rectal and skin temperatures, and finger blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography using a mercury rubber strain gauge. After low doses of alcohol, marked increase in finger blood flow and heart rate were observed in all subjects at rest. During exercise, VE, VO<SUB>2</SUB>, VCO<SUB>2</SUB>, and RQ were not different between the experiments with and without alcohol ingestion except only VE during the 8-10 min period. The rises in rectal temperature during exercise were the same between the two conditions. Heart rate was significantly higher after alcohol ingestion during the period of 20 to 40 min of exercise. Finger blood flow tended to be higher with alcohol ingestion, but not significant. It was suggested that low doses of alcohol (0.44 m<I>l</I>/kg) did not affect thermoregulatory or respiratory responses during submaximal exercise.