ABSTRACT
Resumo A cidade é um modo de viver, pensar e sentir. O modo de vida urbano é capaz de produzir ideias, comportamentos, valores e conhecimentos, mas também pode acirrar disparidades socioeconômicas e de saúde da população que ali reside. Este artigo examina as disparidades em saúde urbana em seis capitais brasileiras: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte e Manaus. Para quantificar e mapear as disparidades intraurbanas nesses espaços, foram utilizados os dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010 para a aplicação do índice de saúde urbana (ISU), uma métrica que sintetiza oito diferentes variáveis socioeconômicas e de saneamento desagregadas por setores censitários. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de três vertentes teóricas: a diferenciação centro-periferia; abordagem econômica da saúde; e epidemiologia social. As descobertas desse estudo revelam que os setores censitários que abrangem populações com maior status socioeconômico e melhores condições de saneamento apresentaram índices de saúde urbana mais elevados do que os da periferia da cidade. Há indícios de melhores indicadores de saúde urbana para o Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, em comparação com as demais capitais analisadas. No entanto, há importantes nuances em cada uma das seis cidades estudadas, especialmente quando se atribuem diferentes pesos às variáveis que compõem o ISU, apesar da marcada segregação espacial comum a todas elas. Considerar as distinções dentro do espaço urbano é uma estratégia fundamental para a compreensão desses aspectos sociais e econômicos e seus potenciais desdobramentos nas condições de saúde da população.
Abstract A city is a way of living, thinking, and feeling. The urban lifestyle can produce ideas, behaviors, values, and knowledge. Still, it can also intensify socioeconomic and health disparities in the population. This article examines urban health disparities in six Brazilian capitals: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte, and Manaus. To quantify and map intra-urban disparities in these spaces, data from the 2010 Demographic Census are used to apply the Urban Health Index, a metric that synthesizes eight different socio-economic and sanitation variables disaggregated by census tracts. The results are discussed in light of three theoretical perspectives: center-periphery differentiation, the economic approach to health, and social epidemiology. The findings of this study reveal that census tracts covering populations with higher socio-economic status and better sanitation conditions exhibited higher urban health index scores than those in the city's periphery. Results indicate better urban health indicators for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, compared to the other capitals analyzed. However, there are important nuances in each of the six cities, especially when assigning different weights to the variables that compose the Urban Health Index, despite the marked spatial segregation common to all. Considering distinctions within urban space is a fundamental strategy to understand these social and economic aspects and their potential implications for population health conditions.
Resumen La ciudad es una forma de vivir, pensar y sentir. El modo de vida urbano es capaz de producir ideas, comportamientos, valores y conocimientos, pero también lo es de intensificar las disparidades socioeconómicas y de salud de la población que reside en ella. Este artículo examina las disparidades en salud urbana en seis capitales brasileñas: São Paulo, Río de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte y Manaus. Para cuantificar y mapear las disparidades intraurbanas en estos espacios, se utilizan datos del censo demográfico de 2010 para aplicar el índice de salud urbana, una métrica que sintetiza ocho diferentes variables socioeconómicas y de saneamiento desagregadas por sectores censales. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de tres perspectivas teóricas: la diferenciación centro-periferia, el enfoque económico de la salud y la epidemiología social. Los hallazgos de este estudio revelan que los sectores censales que abarcan poblaciones con un mayor estatus socioeconómico y mejores condiciones de saneamiento presentaron puntajes más altos en el índice de salud urbana que los de la periferia de la ciudad. Hay indicios de mejores indicadores de salud urbana para Río de Janeiro y São Paulo, en comparación con las demás capitales analizadas. Sin embargo, se observan matices importantes en cada una de las seis ciudades analizadas, especialmente al asignar diferentes pesos a las variables que componen el pindice de salud urbana, a pesar de la marcada segregación espacial común a todas ellas. Considerar las distinciones dentro del espacio urbano es una estrategia fundamental para comprender estos aspectos sociales y económicos y sus posibles implicaciones en las condiciones de salud de la población.
Subject(s)
Humans , Socioeconomic Factors , Urbanization , Cities , City Planning , Poverty Areas , Urban Health , Epidemiology , Basic Sanitation , Censuses , Health Status Disparities , Social Segregation , Population Health Management , Index of Health Development , Census Tract , Socioeconomic Disparities in HealthABSTRACT
PURPOSE@#This research examined road traffic injury mortality and morbidity disparities across of country development status, and discussed the possibility of reducing country disparities by various actions to accelerate the pace of achieving Sustainable Development Goals target 3.6 - to halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2020.@*METHODS@#Data for road traffic mortality, morbidity, and socio-demographic index (SDI) were extracted by country from the estimates of the Global Burden of Disease study, and the implementation of the three types of national actions (legislation, prioritized vehicle safety standards, and trauma-related post-crash care service) were extracted from the Global Status Report on Road Safety by World Health Organization. We fitted joinpoint regression analysis to identify and quantify the significant rate changes from 2011 to 2017.@*RESULTS@#Age-adjusted road traffic mortality decreased substantially for all the five SDI categories from 2011 to 2017 (by 7.52%-16.08%). Age-adjusted road traffic mortality decreased significantly as SDI increased in the study time period, while age-adjusted morbidity generally increased as SDI increased. Subgroup analysis by road user yielded similar results, but with two major differences during the study period of 2011 to 2017: (1) pedestrians in the high SDI countries experienced the lowest mortality (1.68-1.90 per 100,000 population) and morbidity (110.45-112.72 per 100,000 population for incidence and 487.48-491.24 per 100,000 population for prevalence), and (2) motor vehicle occupants in the high SDI countries had the lowest mortality (4.07-4.50 per 100,000 population) but the highest morbidity (428.74-467.78 per 100,000 population for incidence and 1025.70-1116.60 per 100,000 population for prevalence). Implementation of the three types of national actions remained nearly unchanged in all five SDI categories from 2011 to 2017 and was consistently stronger in the higher SDI countries than in the lower SDI countries. Lower income nations comprise the heaviest burden of global road traffic injuries and deaths.@*CONCLUSION@#Global road traffic deaths would decrease substantially if the large mortality disparities across country development status were reduced through full implementation of proven national actions including legislation and law enforcement, prioritized vehicle safety standards and trauma-related post-crash care services.
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@#Background: Over the past few decades, Myanmar has faced mass internal migration to seek job opportunities and pursue a better life. Migration gives rise to unambiguous stress and depression. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of depression and to identify the association between socioeconomic disparity and depression among migrant workers in Myanmar. Methods and Materials: Cross-sectional study was done among 1,201 migrants in Yangon Region. To assess the socioeconomic status, mental health status, accessibility of health care service and Quality of Life by developing self–administered questionnaire. The Generalized Linear Mixed Model was applied to determine the association between socioeconomic disparity and depression after adjusting for other covariates. Result: Their average age was 31.44 ±10.31 years. Gender distribution was not much different. About one third of respondents were factory workers and had low level of education. The magnitude of depression was 38.22% (95%CI= 35.50-41.00). Regarding the socioeconomic disparity, adequacy of income (AOR= 1.79, 95%CI: 1.35-2.37, p value<0.001) and floor surface area of the houses (AOR= 1.21, 95%CI: 1.00-1.47, p value<0.001) were strongly associated with depression. Moreover, other factors that were associated with depression were stress, quality of life and burden of medical service cost. Conclusion: Two-fifth of internal migrant workers suffered depression. The findings highlighted to develop intervention aimed to improve mental health status among migrants. In order to achieve the sustainable development goals, it is important to make investment on mental health of the migrant workers.
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<b>Introduction</b>: The rising poverty rate has spurred concerns regarding income-related disparities in medical-care utilization. This study attempted to investigate physicians'recognition of patients'refraining from medical care for financial reasons and the characteristics of physicians who made efforts to improve such situations.<br><b>Methods</b>: A mail survey was conducted between July 1 and September 30, 2014. All internal medicine clinics (n=1989) in 12 municipalities in Tokyo were included. One physician from each clinic was requested to answer the 60-item questionnaire.<br><b>Results</b>: Of the 617 questionnaires returned (response rate 31 %), 550 (454 male physicians) complete responses were analyzed. About 90% of physicians recognized that patients refrained from seeking medical care for financial reasons, and used various methods to encourage receipt of treatment (e.g., prescribing inexpensive medicines). Physicians who were 40-59 years old, specialized in general practice, implementing informed consent or shared decision making, and frequently recognizing that patients refrained from seeking medical care were more likely to engage in efforts to encourage treatment seeking.<br><b>Conclusion</b>: Our results suggest that physicians in primary care roles such as general practice and utilizing shared decision making are more likely to engage in efforts to encourage medical care utilization in patients who refrain due to financial reasons.
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OBJECTIVES: This study describes trends in the socioeconomic disparities in breast cancer screening among US women aged 40 or over, from 2000 to 2005. We assessed 1) the disparities in each socioeconomic dimension; 2) the changes in screening mammography rates over time according to income, education, and race; and 3) the sizes and trends of the disparities over time. METHODS: Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 2000 to 2005, we calculated the age-adjusted screening rate according to relative household income, education level, health insurance, and race. Odds ratios and the relative inequality index (RII) were also calculated, controlling for age. RESULTS: Women in their 40s and those with lower relative incomes were less likely to undergo screening mammography. The disparity based on relative income was greater than that based on education or race (the RII among low-income women across the survey years was 3.00 to 3.48). The overall participation rate and absolute differences among socioeconomic groups changed little or decreased slightly across the survey years. However, the degree of each socioeconomic disparity and the relative inequality among socioeconomic positions remained quite consistent. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the trend of the disparity in breast cancer screening varied by socioeconomic dimension. ontinued differences in breast cancer screening rates related to income level should be considered in future efforts to decrease the disparities in breast cancer among socioeconomic groups. More focused interventions, as well as the monitoring of trends in cancer screening participation by income and education, are needed in different social settings.