Origin identification of Polygonatum cyrtonema based on hyperspectral data / 中国中药杂志

In this study, visual-near infrared(VNIR), short-wave infrared(SWIR), and VNIR + SWIR fusion hyperspectral data of Polygonatum cyrtonema from different geographical origins were collected and preprocessed by first derivative(FD), second derivative(SD), Savitzky-Golay smoothing(S-G), standard normalized variate(SNV), multiplicative scatter correction(MSC), FD+S-G, and SD+S-G. Three algorithms, namely random forest(RF), linear support vector classification(LinearSVC), and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), were used to establish the identification models of P. cyrtonema origin from three spatial scales, i.e., province, county, and township, respectively. Successive projection algorithm(SPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS) were used to screen the characteristic bands, and the P. cyrtonema origin identification models were established according to the selected characteristic bands. The results showed that(1)after FD preprocessing of VNIR+SWIR fusion hyperspectral data, the accuracy of recognition models established using LinearSVC was the highest, reaching 99.97% and 99.82% in the province origin identification model, 100.00% and 99.46% in the county origin identification model, and 99.62% and 98.39% in the township origin identification model. The accuracy of province, county, and township origin identification models reached more than 98.00%.(2)Among the 26 characteristic bands selected by CARS, after FD pretreatment, the accuracy of origin identification models of different spatial scales was the highest using LinearSVC, reaching 98.59% and 97.05% in the province origin identification model, 97.79% and 94.75% in the county origin identification model, and 90.13% and 87.95% in the township origin identification model. The accuracy of identification models of different spatial scales established by 26 characteristic bands reached more than 87.00%. The results show that hyperspectral imaging technology can realize accurate identification of P. cyrtonema origin from different spatial scales.

Contrasting effects of sampling scale on insect herbivores distribution in response to canopy structure

Species diversity of insect herbivores associated to canopy may vary local and geographically responding to distinct factors at different spatial scales. The aim of this study was to investigate how forest canopy structure affects insect herbivore species richness and abundance depending on feeding guilds´ specificities. We tested the hypothesis that habitat structure affects insect herbivore species richness and abundance differently to sap-sucking and chewing herbivore guilds. Two spatial scales were evaluated: inside tree crowns (fine spatial scale) and canopy regions (coarse spatial scale). In three sampling sites we measured 120 tree crowns, grouped in five points with four contiguous tree crowns. Insects were sampled by beating method from each crown and data were summed up for analyzing each canopy region. In crowns (fine spatial scale) we measured habitat structure: trunk circumference, tree height, canopy depth, number of ramifications and maximum ramification level. In each point, defined as a canopy region (coarse spatial scale), we measured habitat structure using a vertical cylindrical transect: tree species richness, leaf area, sum of strata heights and maximum canopy height. A principal component analysis based on the measured variables for each spatial scale was run to estimate habitat structure parameters. To test the effects of habitat structure upon herbivores, different general linear models were adjusted using the first two principal components as explanatory variables. Sap-sucking insect species richness and all herbivore abundances increased with size of crown at fine spatial scale. On the other hand, chewer species richness and abundance increased with resource quantity at coarse scale. Feeding specialization, resources availability, and agility are discussed as ecological causes of the found pattern.

La diversidad de especies de insectos herbívoros asociados con el dosel puede variar geográficamente y responder a distintos factores a diferentes escalas espaciales. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar cómo la estructura del dosel afecta la riqueza de especies de insectos herbívoros y la abundancia en función la especialización alimenticia. Se evaluó la hipótesis que propone que la estructura del hábitat afecta en forma diferente la riqueza y abundancia de especies de insectos que se alimentan de savia y la de especies herbívoras masticadoras. Dos escalas espaciales fueron evaluadas: el interior de las copas de árboles (escala fina) y regiones del dosel (escala gruesa). En tres sitios de muestreo medimos 120 copas de árboles, agrupadas en cinco puntos con cuatro copas de árboles contiguas. Los insectos fueron muestreados golpeando las copas y los datos fueron sumados para analizar cada región del dosel. En las copas (escala espacial fina) medimos la estructura del hábitat: circunferencia del tronco, altura del árbol, profundidad del dosel, número de ramificaciones y máximo nivel de ramificación. En cada punto, definiendo una región del dosel (escala gruesa), medimos la estructura del hábitat usando un transecto cilíndrico vertical: riqueza de especies árboles, área foliar, sumatoria de altura de los estratos y máxima altura del dosel. Fue realizado un análisis de componentes principales basado en las variables medidas para cada escala espacial para estimar los parámetros de la estructura del hábitat. Para probar los efectos de la estructura del hábitat sobre los herbívoros, se ajustaron diferentes modelos lineares generales usando estos componentes principales como variables causales. La riqueza de especies chupadoras de savia y la abundancia de todas las especies herbívoras se incrementaron con el tamaño de la copa en la escala espacial final. Por otro lado, la riqueza y abundancia de especies masticadoras incrementaron con la complejidad de la estructura del hábitat en la escala más gruesa. La especialización alimenticia, la disponibilidad de recursos y la movilidad son propuestas como los factores ecológicos que explican los patrones observados.

Cobertura arbórea y herbácea en pasturas naturalizadas de fincas ganaderas del Trópico Seco de Nicaragua / Coberto arbóreo e herbáceo em pastagens naturalizado de fazendas de gado do trópico seco de Nicarágua / Tree and herbaceous cover in naturalized pastures of cattle farms of the dry tropic in Nicaragua

En pasturas con composición botánica diversa, como es el caso de las pasturas naturalizadas en el municipio de Muy Muy (Nicaragua), es fundamental el conocimiento de las especies presentes en las pastura, en virtud que estas constituyen parte de la dieta del ganado. Dicha composición florística varía en pasturas bajo diferentes regímenes de pastoreo. La cobertura, composición florística y tipo de vegetación leñosa y herbácea presente en dos tipos de paisaje (planicies onduladas y vegas de ríos) fueron evaluadas; con dos tipos de manejo (vacas lactantes y vacas secas), en las épocas seca y húmeda. Tres tratamientos fueron evaluados: tratamiento vega (vacas lactantes en potreros de vegas), tratamiento leche y tratamiento horro (vacas lactantes y vacas horras respectivamente en potreros de planicies onduladas), con ocho repeticiones (potreros) por tratamiento. Para el inventario de especies se adaptó la metodología utilizada por Jansson en estudios de selectividad de vacas en diferentes escalas espaciales. La composición botánica de la vegetación herbácea en los sitios de vegas fue diferente a la de las planicies onduladas, tanto en época seca (p<0.01) como en húmeda (p<0.01). En las vegas de río la especie más frecuente fue el pasto Asia (Panicum maximum).

In pastures with very diverse botanical composition, as is the case of naturalized pastures in Muy Muy (Nicaragua), it is important to know which species are present in the pasture, because they constitutes a part of the diet for the cattle. That floristic composition change in the pastures managed under different grazing conditions. We evaluated cover, floristic composition and type of the arboreal and herbaceous vegetation under two landscape condition (undulating lands and riverbanks), and two animal management systems, during the dry and wet seasons. Three treatments studied were: “vega” (milking cows grazing in the riverbanks), “leche” and “horro” (milking and dry cows, respectively, grazing in undulating lands), each with eight paddocks as replicates. A simple random sampling was done of treatments in 24 units (paddocks). Inventory of species was carried out adapting the methodology described by Jansson used to study cows’ selectivity at different spatial scales. Species diversity was greater in the undulating lands than in the riverbanks. In the latter, Panicum maximum grass was the most common species. Botanic composition of herbaceous vegetation in vegas was different to of undulating lands, in dry season (p<0.01) and wet season. The most frequent specie on the riverbanks was Asia grass (Panicum maximum).

Em pastagens com diversa composição botânica, como é o caso de naturalizado pastagens en Muy Muy (Nicaragua), é fundamental o conhecimento da espécie na pastagem, em que os mesmos fazem parte da dieta dos animais. Esta composição floral varia sob diferentes regimes de pastejo. A capa, composição floral e tipo de vegetação lenhosa e herbácea presente em dois tipos de paisagem (material planícies e vales de rios), foram avaliados; com dois tipos de gestão (vaca em lactação e vacas secas) na estação seca e chuvosa. Foram testados três tratamentos: vega (vacas para pastar em Vegas), leite e horra (vacas para pastar em planícies do rolamento) com oito repetições (piquetes) por tratamento. Para o inventário de espécies foi adaptada a metodologia utilizada por Jansson em estudos de selectividade das vacas em diferentes escalas espaciais. A composição botânica da vegetação herbácea em sites em vegas foi diferente da planície do rolamento, tanto na estação seca (p<0.01) e úmido (p<0.01). Nos vales fluviais dos mais freqüente foi a erva Asia (Panicum maximum).