Assessment of the implementation of respectful maternity care charter in North Central Nigeria (Federal Capital Territory and Kwara State): study protocol

Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) charter is one of the tools for ensuring quality of care in maternity services. Nigeria is a signatory to RMC charter; therefore, the charter is expected to be the standard of care. However, in Nigeria and other countries, reports of disrespectful maternity care abound; this discourages women from accessing facility-birth. Therefore, to improve the quality of care towards increase in uptake, it is expedient to assess the level of implementation of the RMC charter by key stakeholders for sustainability, impact and scale-up of charter-compliant maternity care in Nigeria. The study aims to assess the implementation of RMC charter in North-central Nigeria. The study is a mixed-method, cross-sectional study; the expected participants are key stakeholders in healthcare (Healthcare workers, Healthcare Administrators, Project Managers, Policy makers) in North-Central Nigeria (Federal Capital Territory and Kwara state). A multistage sampling technique would be used to enroll participants from 18 healthcare facilities (Primary, Private, Secondary and Tertiary) in rural and urban areas and Ministries of Health officials at local and state government levels. Expected outcomes: The study is expected to provide information on the current status of knowledge and implementation of the RMC charter in Nigeria. It would also identify the enablers and barriers to the implementation process and provide evidence for effective scale-up of the process in Nigeria. The outcomes will be widely disseminated to healthcare workers, health administrators and decision-makers in healthcare services through post-study meetings, conference presentations, journal publications and policy briefs for effective RMC charter implementation in Nigeria.

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF E- PAYMENT SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT BENEFITS OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEM TO THE STAKEHOLDERS

The implementation of digital payment mechanism has changed the basics of money payment as a medium of exchange. The revolutionary changes that happened in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) has paved the way for drastic changes in various spheres of activities such as government to citizens government to business government to government government to employee and government to foreign trade. In line with the developments that have been taking place across the world in Electronic Payment System (EPS) changes have taken place in the UAE also. The rulers of the country are keen in establishing a high-tech oriented EPS system supported by the platform of knowledge management (KM) system. The study is an effort to explore various dimensions of EPS such as security speed ease of payment convenience and control and its importance in generating various bene?ts to the stakeholders in the form of value driven bene?ts citizen driven bene?ts economic cost driven bene?ts and technology driven bene?ts. The study attempts to ?nd out the relationship between various dimensions of EPS on stakeholders bene?t in the UAE.

Immunisation services in North-Eastern Nigeria: perspectives of critical stakeholders to improve uptake and service delivery

We investigated the perspectives of parents, health workers (HWs) and traditional medical practitioners (TMPs) on immunisation advocacy, knowledge, attitudes and immuni sation practice and ways of improving immunisation uptake in Borno State, North eastern Nigeria. A cross sectional study analysing quantitative data from the three stakeholders' categories. It was conducted across 18 local government areas of Borno State. A representative sample of 4288 stakeholders (n=1763 parents, n=1707 TMPs, and n=818 HWs aged 20 to 59years, had complete data. The sample has more males: 57.8% (Parents); 71.8% (TMPs) and 57.3% (HWs). The awareness of immunisation schedule among the stakeholders ranged from 87.2 to 93.4%. The study showed that 67.9% of the parent and 57.1% of the health workers had participated in immunisation except the TMPs (27.8%). Across the stake holders' categories, between 61.9 and 72.6% have children who had Adverse Event Following Immunisation (AEFI). The most common AEFI was fever. Safety concerns, preference for herbs and charm, culture and religions, and vaccination perception as a western culture were the major barriers to immunisation uptake. While 63.6 to 95.7% of respondents indicated that community leaders, religious and spiritual leaders and TMPs should be involved in immunisation advo cacy, 56.9 70.4% of them reported that community leaders should be involved in immunisation policy. Upscaling the critical stakeholders' involvement in advocacy, policy devel opment and implementation of immunization activities may improve acceptance, create demand and engender ownership in vulnerable communities of Borno State, Nigeria. AEFI could be detrimental to immunisation access and utilization. Consequently, health education by health workers needs strengthening to minimise vaccine hesitancy.

Capacidad institucional del municipio de Maicao para responder la demanda de servicios. Educación y salud en crisis migratoria / Institutional capacity of the municipality of maicao to respond to the demand for services. Education and health in migration crisis

Este artículo es producto de una investigación desarrollada en el municipio de Maicao, departamento de La Guajira, zona fronteriza colombo-venezolana. Se ha considerado de interés académico analizar su capacidad institucional para responder demandas de servicios fundamentales, sector educación y salud en crisis migratoria. Por primera vez, se estudia este caso con enfoque constructivista, caracterizando su capacidad fiscal, técnica y política; aplicando técnicas de observación y entrevistas semiestructuradas para analizar desde la perspectiva de administradores del nivel superior, medio y operativo su función. Resultados confirman oportunidades de mejorar continuamente para superar históricos problemas socioeconómicos, políticos y ambientales de este territorio multicultural y pluriétnico; incrementar presupuesto; desarrollar procesos permeados por el espíritu de la calidad e integridad; tener relaciones sociales efectivas; afrontar la llegada masiva de migrantes. Eventualmente resulta más complejo porque debe atender población habitual, connacionales y ciudadanos venezolanos que llegan huyendo del conflicto en su país. Se constituye un desafío diseñar e implementar innovadoras estrategias para su solvencia, estabilidad y productividad; realizar procesos de transferencia y gestión de tecnología en interacción con grupos de interés o stakeholders internos y externos.

This article is the product of an investigation carried out in the municipality of Maicao, department of La Guajira, Colombian-Venezuelan border area. It has been considered of academic interest to analyze its institutional capacity to respond to demands for fundamental services, education and health sector in migration crisis. For the first time, this case is studied with a constructivist approach, characterizing its fiscal, technical and political capacity; applying observation techniques and semi-structured interviews to analyze their function from the perspective of administrators of the upper, middle and operational levels. Results confirm opportunities for continuous improvement to overcome historical socioeconomic, political and environmental problems of this multicultural and multiethnic territory; increase budget; develop processes permeated by the spirit of quality and integrity; have effective social relationships; cope with the massive influx of migrants. It eventually becomes more complex because it must attend to the regular population, fellow nationals and Venezuelan citizens who arrive fleeing the conflict in their country. It is a challenge to design and implement innovative strategies for its solvency, stability and productivity; carry out technology transfer and management processes in interaction with interest groups or internal and external stakeholders.

‘TT’ (Tikku and Tikku) System: A Simple and Novel Tooth NumberingSystem for Permanent and Deciduous Teeth

Several systems for designating and encoding teeth have been used in dentistry for more than 130 years. [1] In our profession, patients are the primary stakeholders. However, the prevailing tooth numbering system, like the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI), is designed focussing the clinicians and does not include the perspective of patients, who have little idea regarding the depicted number of the tooth to be treated, written on the prescription given to them. Our undergraduate students also often get confused during their clinical work regarding the designated four segments in the current FDI tooth numbering system. This sometimes results in misinterpretation, leading to clinical mishaps. This innovative TT (Tikku and Tikku) system has been designed to fulfil the requirement for a more simpler and coherent system that is self?reflecting and includes the perception of the patients or any other concerned non?dental professional so that they relate easily to this system. Named after its inventors, the TT tooth numbering system has a simple and unique design that can also be implemented for wide clinical and forensic applications.

Prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial dirigidas a los stakeholders en PYMEs del Valle del Cauca: literatura vs práctica / Stakeholder-oriented corporate social responsibility practices in SMEs in Valle del Cauca: literature vs. practice / Práticas de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa centradas nas partes interessadas nas PMEs do Valle do Cauca: literatura vs. prática

RESUMEN Las empresas requieren el desarrollo de prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial - RSE que sean un medio de relación con sus grupos de interés y que evidencien cómo contribuyen en la satisfacción de las necesidades de los mismos. Este artículo busca realizar un análisis descriptivo de las prácticas de RSE por grupo de interés que se presentan en la literatura y hacer un comparativo con las prácticas que reportan las PYMES más exportadoras del Valle del Cauca. Para lo cual se realiza una revisión de los artículos académicos entre 2010 y 2020 y se hace un análisis de contenido sobre las prácticas de RSE publicadas en las páginas web de las PYMES más exportadoras del Valle del Cauca de acuerdo al reporte de la Cámara de Comercio de Cali en el ano 2020, teniendo como base de comparación las dimensiones de RSE econòmica, filantrópica y ético-legal planteadas por Carroll. Los resultados indican que el grupo de interés que mayor cantidad de prácticas percibe por parte de las PYMES analizadas son los empleados y que la dimensión de RSE que más prácticas tienen es la ético-legal. Por último, se halla que múltiples prácticas van dirigidas a dos o más grupos de interés lo que permite una optimización de recursos y un mejor alcance por práctica de RSE aplicada en las PYMES.

ABSTRACT Companies require the development of corporate social responsibility - CSR practices that are a means of relating with their stakeholders and that demonstrate how they contribute to satisfying their needs. This article seeks to carry out a descriptive analysis of CSR practices by stakeholder presented in the literature and to make a comparison with the practices reported by the most exporting SMEs in Valle del Cauca.To this end, a review of academic articles between 2010 and 2020 was carried out and a content analysis was made of the CSR practices published on the web pages of the most exporting SMEs in Valle del Cauca according to the report of the Cali Chamber of Commerce in 2020, using as a basis for comparison the dimensions of economic, philanthropic and ethical-legal CSR proposed by Carroll. The results indicate that the stakeholder group that perceives the greatest number of practices on the part of the SMEs analyzed are the employees, and that the CSR dimension with the most practices is ethical-legal. Finally it is found that multiple practices are aimed at two or more stakeholders, which allows for an optimization of resources and a better scope per CSR practice applied in SMEs.

RESUMO As empresas exigem o desenvolvimento de práticas de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa - RSE que sejam um meio de relacionamento com suas partes interessadas e que mostrem como elas contribuem para satisfazer suas necessidades. Este artigo procura realizar uma análise descritiva das práticas de RSE pelas partes interessadas apresentadas na literatura e fazer uma comparação com as práticas relatadas pelas PMEs mais exportadoras do Valle del Cauca. Para isso, é feita uma revisão dos artigos acadêmicos entre 2010 e 2020 e é feita uma análise de conteúdo das práticas de RSE publicadas nos sites das PMEs mais exportadoras de Valle del Cauca, de acordo com o relatório da Câmara de Comércio de Cali em 2020, usando como base de comparação as dimensões da RSE econômica, filantrópica e ético-legal proposta pela Carroll. Os resultados indicam que o grupo de participantes com o maior número de práticas percebidas pelas PMEs analisadas são os funcionários e que a dimensão de RSE com o maior número de práticas ético-jurídicas. Finalmente, constata-se que múltiplas práticas visam duas ou mais partes interessadas, o que permite uma otimização dos recursos e um melhor escopo por prática de RSE aplicada nas PMEs.

Dialéctica del estallido social en Colombia 2021: ecosistema de la contienda política-económica inherente Al capitalismo- imperialismo (Tercera parte: actores 2) / Dialectics of the Social Outburst in Colombia in 2021: Ecosystem of the Political-Economic Contest Inherent to Capitalism-Imperialism. (Third part: actors 2)

Resumen El estallido social 2021 devenido del paro del 28 de abril, el gran paro de la historia reciente de este país fue una lucha predominantemente espontánea, organizada en el día y a día, pero sin un plan, una estrategia, una vanguardia científica-política y unas metas plenamente articuladas. Es decir, si se busca transformar desde sus raíces una sociedad, un país, que opera con arreglo a la opresión y la explotación, la capacidad combativa de su pueblo es condición ne cesaria pero insuficiente. La fuerza combativa de las masas como lo que se mani festó durante el estallido social, debe orientarse más allá de las reivindicaciones puntuales, algunas de las cuales se resuelven con reformas de tipo liberal.

Abstract The social outburst in 2021, resulting from the strike of April 28, the great strike in the recent history of this country, was a predominantly spontaneous struggle, organized on a day-to-day basis, but without a plan, a strategy, a scientific-po litical vanguard, and fully articulated goals. That is to say, if one seeks to trans form a society from its roots, a country, which operates under oppression and exploitation, the combative capacity of its people is a necessary, but insufficient condition. The combative force of the masses, such as that which was manifes ted during the social outburst, must be oriented beyond the specific demands, some of which are resolved with liberal reforms.

Legitimidad de los operadores móviles en los usuários de Medellín, Colombia: aproximación teórica y empírica / Legitimacy of mobile operators in Medellín, Colombia, users: theoretical and empirical approach / Legitimidade das operadoras móveis entre os usuários em Medellín, Colômbia: uma abordagem teórica e empírica

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es medir la percepción de la legitimidad de los operadores móviles por parte de los usuarios de Medellín, Colombia, partiendo de un modelo teórico sustentado en la relación entre las dimensiones cognitiva, moral y pragmática de la legitimidad. Los datos se obtuvieron de una encuesta a una muestra de 1.094 usuarios de telefonía móvil de la ciudad. El modelo se validó utilizando el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Los hallazgos muestran que la legitimidad cognitiva, moral y pragmática de los usuarios de los servicios de los operadores móviles están relacionadas, de donde se infiere que los operadores deben desarrollar estrategias comunicativas considerando todas las dimensiones de la legitimidad para tener una mejor aceptación de sus clientes. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL 120; 18

AВSTRACT The aim of this paper is to measure the perception of the legitimacy of mobile operators by the users of Medellín, Colombia, founding from a theoretical model based on the relationship between the cognitive, moral, and pragmatic dimensions of legitimacy The data was obtained from a survey of a sample of 1,094 mobile phone users from the city The model was validated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The findings show that the cognitive, moral, and pragmatic legitimacy of the users of the services mobile operators are related, from which it is inferred that the operators must develop communication strategies considering all the dimensions of legitimacy to have a better acceptance of their customers. JEL CLASSIFICATION 120; 18

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é medir a perceção da legitimidade das operadoras móveis pelos usuários em Medellín, Colômbia, com base em um modelo teórico baseado na relação entre as dimensões cognitiva, moral e pragmática da legitimidade. Os dados foram obtidos de uma pesquisa com uma amostra de 1.094 usuários de telefones celulares na cidade. O modelo foi validado utilizando a Análise Confirmativa de Fatores. As conclusões mostram que a legitimidade cognitiva, moral e pragmática dos usuários de serviços das operadoras móveis está relacionada, da qual se deduz que as operadoras devem desenvolver estratégias comunicativas considerando todas as dimensões de legitimidade para ter uma melhor aceitação por parte de seus clientes. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL 120; 18

Corporate Governance Practices Leads to Value Enhancement of Stakeholders of Listed Companies in Tamil Nadu

The study has made an attempt on the Corporate Governance practices of listed companies in the respective study area. It mainly focuses on the CG and rests upon four pillars, viz., Transparency, Full disclosure, Independent monitoring and being fair to all, especially to minority shareholders. Corporate Governance refers to myriad mechanisms that shape the structure of incentives, disincentives, and prohibitions, under which an issuer's management makes decisions. In a modern corporation operating in a globalised world, concepts of disclosure and corporate governance are intertwined. Disclosure mechanism can be associated with the broader view of corporate governance that is not just restricted to shareholders, but also the aggregate of institutional and organizational factors that influence large decisions of public companies because public companies generates capital from various constituents. Corporate governance is an area that secures how efficiently manages corporations by the use of incentive mechanism, such as contracts, organizations and legislations. Transparency, corporate fairness and accountability are the important pillars of corporate governance. It is known for formally establishing guidelines regarding how a company is going to function. Enhanced and revised corporate governance policies are required in order to reduce the effect of financial crisis. International investors also invest in companies who follow good governance principles. From the international point of view they are the basic building blocks of the market. The researcher has used both Primary data and Secondary data methods of data collection. Simple random sampling method has been adopted for the study. The statistical tools like percentage analysis, chi-Square test, ANOVA and t-Test has been used for the study. The study highlights that 60 per cent of the companies are organizing programmes/talks/training for Independent Directors in matters relating to Corporate Governance. It is found that 100 per cent of the listed companies i.e. all the listed companies have disclosed to the shareholders in the annual report in relation to financial calendar. The basis of non-mandatory provisions and suggested items are to be included in the corporate governance. It can be concluded that listed companies are following only forced regulation and are not showing much interest in the voluntary compliance of rules and regulations.

Stakeholders, fatores críticos de sucesso e geração de valor em parcerias público-privadas / Stakeholders, factores críticos de éxito y generación de valor en alianzas público-privadas / Stakeholders, critical success factors, and value creation in public-private partnerships

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos stakeholders na geração de valor em parcerias público-privadas no Brasil, considerando suas motivações e os fatores críticos que determinam o sucesso desse tipo de colaboração. Para tanto, foram analisadas parcerias dos governos federal, estaduais e municipais por meio da análise de conteúdo de documentos e entrevistas com representantes dos setores público e privado envolvidos. A identificação dos stakeholders foi feita mediante a utilização simultânea de modelos que permitem demonstrar os múltiplos papéis desempenhados pelos atores na formulação e na implementação de políticas públicas (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), seu potencial de ameaça ou de cooperação (Savage et al., 1991) e seu grau de saliência (Mitchell et al., 1997). Além disso, foram identificados os fatores críticos de sucesso, os elementos de valor e os fatores determinantes para a cooperação mais recorrentes nessas parcerias. Ademais, foi proposto um modelo de análise que permite a identificação de tais elementos, a fim de possibilitar que o tomador de decisão trace uma estratégia para lidar com eles.

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el papel de los stakeholders en la generación de valor en las alianzas público-privadas en Brasil, considerando sus motivaciones y los factores críticos que determinan el éxito de este tipo de colaboración. Con este fin, se analizaron las asociaciones entre los gobiernos federal, estatales y municipales, a través del análisis de contenido de documentos y entrevistas con representantes de los sectores público y privado involucrados en tales asociaciones. La identificación de los stakeholders se realizó mediante el uso simultáneo de modelos que permiten demostrar los múltiples roles que desempeñan los actores en la formulación e implementación de políticas públicas (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), su potencial de amenaza o de cooperación (Savage et al., 1991) y su grado de notoriedad (Mitchell et al., 1997). Además, se identificaron los factores críticos de éxito más frecuentes, los elementos de valor y los factores determinantes para la cooperación en tales alianzas. Asimismo, se propone un modelo de análisis que permite la identificación de dichos elementos para que el tomador de decisiones pueda diseñar una estrategia para tratar con ellos.

Abstract This study analyzes the role of stakeholders in the value creation in public-private partnerships in Brazil, considering their motivations and the critical factors that determine the success of this type of collaboration. We analyzed partnerships between federal, state, and local governments through content analysis of documents and interviews with representatives of the public and private sectors involved in such partnerships. Stakeholders identification was conducted through the simultaneous use of models that allow demonstrating the multiple roles played by the actors, i.e. the role in public policies formulation and implementation (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), their potential for threat or cooperation (Savage et al., 1991), and salience degree (Mitchell et al., 1997). In addition, the most recurrent critical success factors, value elements, and determining factors for cooperation in such partnerships were identified. Furthermore, an analytical model is proposed to identify such elements so that decision-makers can devise a strategy to deal with them.

Perfil do consumidor de leite de cabra e derivados / Consumer's profile of goat's milk and its derivates

O presente artigo teve como objetivo traçar o perfil do consumidor do leite de cabra e seus derivados, especialmente quanto à frequência e razão do consumo desses produtos. Foi realiada uma survey utilizando um questionário, com perguntas abertas e fechadas, enviado por meio eletrônico no sistema bola de neve. O questionário foi respondido por 372 pessoas, sendo 212 (57%) destas já consumiram algum derivado de leite caprino. A maioria dos respondentes era do sexo feminino (68,5%) e idade até 24 anos (68,5%). A escolaridade variou de ensino fundamental à pós-graduação, sendo que o ensino superior incompleto ou completo e pós-graduação representam cerca de 80% dos respondentes e cerca de 54% possuem renda até 3 salários-mínimos. Queijos (>60%) e leite em pó (16%) são os produtos com maior e menor consumo, respectivamente, sendo a aquisição dos produtos é realizada, preferencialmente, em super e hipermercados. Entre os motivos para consumo dos produtos estão o sabor, curiosidade, ser saudável, possuir mais vitaminas, fatores nutricionais e funcionais, qualidade e indicação médica. O consumo diário de produtos de origem caprina ainda é baixo, sendo necessária a desmistificação quanto ao sabor destes produtos e a divulgação de suas características nutricionais

This article aims to outline the consumer's profile of goat's milk and its derivatives, especially regarding the frequency and reason for the consumption of these products. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire, with open and closed questions, sent electronically in the snowball system. The questionnaire was answered by 372 people, 212 (57%) of whom have already consumed some goat's milk derivative. Most respondents were female (68.5%) and age (68.5%) up to 24 years old. Education ranged from elementary to post-graduate, with incomplete or complete higher education and post-graduate education accounting for about 80% of respondents and about 54% earning up to 3 minimum wages. Cheese (> 60%) and powdered milk (16%) are the products with the highest and lowest consumption, respectively, with the products being purchased, preferably, in super and hypermarkets. Among the reasons for consuming the products are the taste, curiosity, being healthy, having more vitamins, nutritional and functional factors, quality, and medical indication. The daily consumption of goat's products is still low, and it is necessary to demystify the flavor of these products and publicize their nutritional characteristics

Improving access to quality of care for drug-resistant tuberculosis patients: a qualitative study on patient-centered support system / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the role of patient support system in multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) treatment adherence and outcome, and provide evidence for deepening the patient-centered support system.Methods:Based on the stakeholder analysis, definite stakeholders (administrators from the Department of Medical Insurance, and those from the provincial CDC), expectant stakeholders (administrators from regional CDC, health workers from primary CDCs, medical workers from designated MDR/RR-TB hospitals and MDR/RR-TB patients), and latent stakeholders (MDR/RR-TB patient families and their neighbors or colleagues) were selected using a purposive sampling. These stakeholders were subject to a semi-structured interview on patient support. The inclusion of participants ceased after reaching code or thematic saturation and meaning saturation, while thematic framework analysis was applied in interview data.Results:The 25 interviewees included could be categorized into three groups of stakeholders, i. e., 4 definite stakeholders, 19 expectant stakeholders and 2 latent stakeholders. Three themes summarized in this regard were definite stakeholders providing policy support to advance these patients′ access to standardized diagnosis and treatment services; diagnosis and treatment and management support of expectant stakeholders of these patients to encourage their compliance to treatment and enable their access to high quality medical care; and support from latent stakeholders as a critical guarantee for the patients to welcome a desirable treatment outcome. Psychological support provided under MDR/RR-TB basic care program in some provinces contributed positively to raising patients′ compliance. Economic support, treatment support from family menmbers ccould help the patients to welcome desirable outcomes.Conclusions:MDR/RR-TB patient-centered support system operating in the Yangtze River delta provide the patients with MDR/RR-TB diagnostic and treatment services of some accessibility. Given the progress, there are still shortcomings for the respective stakeholders to enhance their attention and collaboration to improve the access and equity to medical service.

Role of stakeholders in Canadian oncology drug review and its enlightenment / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To prov ide reference for improving the participation mechanism of stakeholders in the process of medical insurance negotiation for oncology drug in China. METHODS Based on the stakeholder theory ，combined with literature research，case analysis （taking the review of reimbursement of Bentuximab as an example ）and other methods ，analysis and research were conducted on the Canadian oncology drug review process and the participation mechanism and role of stakeholders. The suggestions were put forward for our country. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Canadian oncology drug reimbursement review process was composed of four stages ：the pre-submission planning stage ，the formal submission stage of application，the review stage，and the stage of forming reimbursement recommendations. As the role of stakeholders ，drug manufacturers ，patient representative advisory group ， clinical review expert advisory groups and provincial advisory groups participated in the reimbursement review process of oncology drug by providing suggestions and feedback to CADTH. The participation of stakeholders had improved the transparency of the review of oncology drugs in Canada and made the reimbursement results of oncology drugs more scientific ，reasonable and accurate. In China ，it is recommended to define rights ，responsibilities and interests as well as the participation mechanism of stakeholders in the medical insurance negotiation process ，attach importance to the role of patients in the medical insurance negotiation process of oncology drug ，improve information disclosure and increase the transparency of the negotiation mechanism and process so as to increase the participation of stakeholders.

Inovação e bricolagem sociais com intermediação após um desastre em Córrego d'Antas / Innovación y bricolaje sociales con intermediación después de un desastre en Córrego d'Antas / Social innovation, social bricolage, and brokerage after a disaster in Córrego d'Antas

Resumo Estudamos como uma comunidade brasileira respondeu a um desastre com várias inovações sociais (IS) propiciadas por bricolagem social e intermediação com stakeholders. O artigo busca explicar tais processos e sua inter-relação. A abordagem metodológica foi majoritariamente indutiva, utilizando entrevistas abertas e semiestruturadas e análise documental, além da experiência do autor principal, que residiu na localidade antes, durante e após o desastre. Nossos resultados sugerem que este abalou o equilíbrio social da comunidade de diversas maneiras e desencadeou ondas subsequentes de IS ligadas a bricolagem social e intermediação, as quais se amenizaram parcialmente ao longo do tempo. A originalidade e o valor do artigo derivam do contexto único e negligenciado de recuperação pós-desastre em um país emergente e da aplicação de avanços na conceitualização da intermediação e de sua relação com a bricolagem social e a IS.

Resumen Estudiamos cómo una comunidad brasileña respondió a un desastre con varias innovaciones sociales (IS) propiciadas por el bricolaje social y la intermediación con stakeholders. El artículo busca explicar tales procesos y su interrelación. El enfoque metodológico fue principalmente inductivo, utilizando entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas y análisis documental, además de la experiencia del autor principal que residió en la localidad antes, durante y después del desastre. Nuestros resultados sugieren que dicho acontecimiento afectó el equilibrio social de la comunidad de diversas maneras y desencadenó oleadas subsiguientes de IS relacionadas con el bricolaje social y la intermediación que se atenuaron parcialmente con el tiempo. La originalidad y el valor del artículo derivan del contexto único y de abandono de recuperación posdesastre en un país emergente y de la aplicación de avances en la conceptualización de la intermediación y de su relación con el bricolaje social y la IS.

Abstract We studied how a Brazilian community responded to a disaster using social innovations (SI) developed based on social bricolage and brokerage with stakeholders. The paper seeks to explain these processes and their interrelation. The methodological approach was primarily inductive, using semi-structured and open-ended interviews, document analysis, and the residential experience of the senior author before, during, and after the disaster. Our results suggest that the disaster upset the social balance of the community in several ways and triggered waves of subsequent SI related to social bricolage and brokerage that faded somewhat over time. Originality and value of the paper derive both from the unique and neglected context of post-disaster recuperation in a developing country and from the application of advances in the conceptualization of brokerage and its relation to social bricolage and SI.

Desigualdade de gênero nos estados brasileiros e análise dos stakeholders do conselho nacional dos direitos da mulher / Desigualdad de género en los estados brasileños y análisis de stakeholders del consejo nacional para los derechos de la mujer / Gender gap in brazilian states and stakeholder analysis of the national council for women's rights

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a desigualdade entre homens e mulheres nas unidades federativas brasileiras e a atuação dos stakeholders do Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Mulher (CNDM). Para tal, realizaram-se duas etapas de pesquisa. A primeira é baseada no cálculo de um índice sobre a disparidade entre gêneros nos estados brasileiros a partir da metodologia aplicada no Global Gender Gap Report (GGGR), elaborado pelo Fórum Econômico Mundial. Na segunda, foram mapeados os stakeholders do CNDM e analisada sua atuação diante das lacunas enfatizadas na primeira fase do estudo, à luz de referencial teórico amparado em modelos de análise de stakeholders. No Brasil, as dimensões que apresentaram o pior desempenho foram a política e a econômica, sendo as unidades federativas que obtiveram os melhores índices gerais Amapá, Distrito Federal e Maranhão, e os piores, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais e Paraná. Por outro lado, os stakeholders do CNDM que atuam nas políticas públicas ligadas às dimensões econômica e política parecem não ter grande relevância e capacidade de influência. As evidências indicam que existe concentração de esforços em políticas nas áreas em que o país apresenta bons indicadores no GGGR, como saúde e educação.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la brecha de género en las unidades federativas brasileñas y las acciones de los stakeholders del Consejo Nacional para los Derechos de la Mujer (CNDM). Con este fin, se realizaron dos etapas de investigación. La primera se basa en el cálculo de un índice sobre la brecha de género en los estados brasileños a partir de la metodología aplicada en el Global Gender Gap Report (GGGR), preparado por el Foro Económico Mundial. En la segunda etapa, se mapeareon los stakeholders del CNDM y se analizó su desempeño en vista de las brechas destacadas en la primera fase del estudio, a la luz del marco teórico respaldado por los modelos de análisis de stakeholders. En Brasil, las dimensiones de peor desempeño fueron la política y la económica, las unidades federativas que obtuvieron los mejores índices generales fueron Amapá, Distrito Federal y Maranhão, y las peores fueron Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais y Paraná. Por otro lado, los stakeholders del CNDM que actúan en políticas públicas relacionadas con las dimensiones económica y política no parecen tener gran relevancia e influencia. La evidencia indica que hay una concentración de esfuerzos en políticas en áreas donde el país tiene buenos indicadores de GGGR (salud y educación).

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the gender gap in Brazilian states and the actions of stakeholders of the National Council for Women's Rights (NCWR). Two research was conducted in two steps. In the first step, a gender gap index in Brazilian states was calculated based on the Global Gender Gap Report (GGGR) methodology, prepared by the World Economic Forum. In the second, the NCWR stakeholders were mapped, and their performance was analyzed, considering the gender gap indexes obtained in the first step and the theoretical framework supported by stakeholder analysis models. The political and economic dimensions presented the worst performance. The Brazilian states with the best general indexes were Amapá, Distrito Federal, and Maranhão, and the worst were Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, and Paraná. On the other hand, NCWR stakeholders acting in public policies related to the economic and political dimensions do not seem to have great relevance and influence capacity. Evidence indicates a concentration of policy efforts in areas where the country has good GGGR indicators (health and education).

Community acceptance of COVID-19 and demystifying stigma in a severely affected population in Ghana

Objective: We assessed the level of community acceptance of COVID-19, identified and implemented strategies to demystifying stigma in a severely affected population in Tema. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess stigma among the Tema community, then identified and implemented interventions to demystify COVID-19 stigma. We interviewed positive cases, their contacts, contact tracers, case management team members, and community members who shared their first hand experiences and knowledge on the current pandemic. Intervention: Based on the information received, we came up with ways of reducing stigma and implemented them in their community. Main Outcome: Stigma demystified Results: Cases and contacts reported being avoided, discriminated against, insulted or had derogatory words used on them by family, friends, work colleagues or the community. Cases and their contacts stated that stigmatisation was fueled by the presence of COVID -19 branded vehicles and security officials at their homes or workplaces. Stakeholder engagement, education and extensive sensitisation of community members were implemented to reduce stigma. Conclusion: We observed deeply entrenched stigma to COVID - 19 positive patients and their contacts in the community. Health care response mechanisms such as the presence of security personnel with contact tracers and case managers and the use of COVID -19 branded vehicles fueled stigma. A multifaceted approach through the engagement of key stakeholders, training of health workers and extensive education and community sensitisation was essential in reducing stigma.

Utility of early diagnosis, contact tracing and stakeholder engagement in outbreak response in three COVID-19 outbreak settings in Ghana

Objective: To describe how early case detection, testing and contact tracing measures were deployed by stakeholders in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Ghana ­ using three outbreak scenarios. Design: A descriptive assessment of three case studies of COVID-19 outbreaks within three settings that occurred in Ghana from March 13 till the end of June 2020. Setting: A construction camp, a factory and a training institution in Ghana. Participants: Staff of a construction camp, a factory, workers and students of a training institution. Interventions: We described and compared the three COVID-19 outbreak scenarios in Ghana, highlighting identification and diagnosis of cases, testing, contact tracing and stakeholder engagement for each scenario. We also outlined the challenges and lessons learnt in the management of these scenarios. Main outcome measures: Approach used for diagnosis, testing, contact tracing and stakeholder engagement. Results: Index cases of the training institution and construction camp were screened the same day of reporting symptoms, whiles the factory index case required a second visit before the screening. All index cases were tested with RTPCR. The training institution followed and tested all contacts, and an enhanced contact tracing approach was conducted for staff of the other two sites. Multi-sectorial engagement and collaboration with stakeholders enabled effective handling of the outbreak response in all sites. Conclusion: Comparing all three settings, early diagnosis and prompt actions taken through multi-sectorial collaborations played a major role in controlling the outbreak. Engaging stakeholders in the COVID-19 response is an effective way to mitigate the challenges in responding to the pandemic.

Stakeholder Analysis of the Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Primary Health Care / 中国医学科学院学报

The application of artificial intelligence in the field of primary health care can effectively improve diagnosis and treatment,avoid over-examination and over-medication,and make up for the shortage of high-quality medical resources in primary medical and health institutions.Focusing on the application of artificial intelligence in the field of primary health care,this paper analyzes the existing application modes and typical cases,studies its main stakeholders,interest demands and problems,and provides corresponding suggestions.

Analysis of Key Stakeholders in the National Drug Centralized Procurement Policy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the better implementation of National Drug Centralized Procurement Policy （hereinafter referred to as the“National Centralized Procurement Policy”）. METHODS：Based on the stakeholder theory， combining with literature research and interview research methods，the role orientation，interest demands and mutual relations of the main stakeholders involved in National Centralized Procurement Policy，such as government departments，pharmaceutical enterprises，medical institutions and patients were analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：Government departments include medical insurance department，health department，drug supervision department and other departments，which plan and lead the National Centralized Procurement Policy；their main interest demand is to ensure the orderly implementation of the policy，the rational use and supply guarantee of the selected varieties in clinic，etc. Pharmaceutical enterprises include pharmaceutical production enterprises and pharmaceutical circulation enterprises，which directly participate in the National Centralized Procurement Policy； the main interest demand of drug production enterprises is to ensure reasonable profits to support their product R&D and promote enterprise transformation；that of pharmaceutical circulation enterprises is to obtain the variety distribution right， so as to improve the market share of enterprises，expand the breadth and depth of marketing，and obtain operating profits，etc. As the main provider of medical services and drugs， medical institutions are responsible for implementing the selected category results of the National Centralized Procurement Policy；their main interest demand is to improve its own popularity and reputation. Patients are not only the demanders of medical services and drugs，but also the main beneficiaries of the reform of National Centralized Procurement Policy；their main interest demand is to reduce the drug burden and ensure that the drugs used are safe and effective. In order to better promote the National Centralized Procurement Policy，it is suggested to give play to the leading role of the government and promote the reform of“tripartite system reform”in coordination with other policies；optimize the drug procurement mechanism and guide the reasonable formation of market price；encourage enterprises to continuously improve the quality of varieties through generic drug consistency evaluation，and strengthen quality supervision.

Stakeholder influence and local government performance: a systematic literature review / Influencias de los stakeholders y desempeño de lo gobierno local: una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Influências dos stakeholders e desempenho do governo local: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

Abstract Although stakeholder theory has been on the academic agenda for more than 30 years, empirical evidence is still scant about stakeholders' influence as determinant factors of local governments' performance. Evidence from 82 empirical studies on stakeholder influence as a source of local government effectiveness is assessed in this article. The choice of studies was based in a systematic literature review, encompassing articles published in the period from 2007 to 2017 in which stakeholder influences are considered determinant factors of local government performance. This research contributes to this field of knowledge by synthesizing the pertinent publications and pointing out an agenda for future studies.

Resumen Si bien la teoría de los stakeholders ha estado en la agenda académica desde hace más de 30 años, las evidencias empíricas son escasas acerca de la influencia de los stakeholders como factores determinantes del desempeño de los gobiernos locales. Las evidencias de 82 estudios empíricos sobre las influencias de los stakeholders como fuentes de la efectividad del gobierno local se evalúan aquí. La elección de los documentos se basó en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, que abarca artículos publicados en el período de 2007 a 2017 en los que las influencias de los stakeholders se consideran factores determinantes del desempeño del gobierno local. Este trabajo contribuye a este campo de conocimiento sintetizando las publicaciones pertinentes y señalando una agenda para futuros estudios.

Resumo Embora a teoria dos stakeholders esteja na agenda acadêmica nos últimos 30 anos, até o momento, existe pouca evidência sobre influência de stakeholders como fator determinante do desempenho de governos locais. A investigação examina os fatores determinantes do desempenho de governos locais através de artigos publicados em periódicos ranqueados no Journal of Citation Report. A escolha dos artigos foi embasada em revisão sistemática de literatura em publicações do período de 2007 a 2017 nas quais influências de stakeholders tenha sido usada como variável explanatória de desempenho de governos locais. Este artigo contribui para o campo de conhecimento sintetizando as publicações mais relevantes, apontando lacunas na literatura e propondo uma agenda para estudos futuros.