Analysis of Differences in Secondary Metabolites from Dendrobium nobile Stems Cultivated on Epiphytic Rocks in Different Growth Years Based on Metabolomics / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the changing characteristics of secondary metabolic compounds accumulated in Dendrobium nobile stems at different growth years， a simulated wild stone plant， in order to provide a theoretical basis for rational planning of the harvesting period of D. nobile. MethodUltra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） was used to detect and analyze the secondary metabolites in the stems of 1-year-old， 2-year-old， and 3-year-old D. nobile. The mass spectrometry data were processed using Analyst 1.6.3 software， and all samples were subjected to principal component analysis（PCA）， cluster heat map analysis， partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA）， and differential secondary metabolites were screened based on variable importance in projection（VIP） values>1， fold change（FC）≥2 and FC≤0.5. Then differential secondary metabolites were identified based on relative molecular weight， fragmentation ions and mass spectrometry database， and enriched pathways were identified based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） database. ResultA total of 1 317 secondary metabolites were identified in the stems of D. nobile at three growth stages， with flavonoids， phenolic acids， alkaloids and terpenoids accounting for 76.55% of the total. Compared with the 1-year-old stems of D. nobile， 289 differential secondary metabolites were identified in the 2-year-old stems， of which 255 were up-regulated and 34 were down-regulated， 682 differential secondary metabolites were identified in the 3-year-old stems， of which 502 were up-regulated and 180 were down-regulated. Compared to the 2-year-old stems， the 3-year-old stems had 602 differential secondary metabolites， with 405 up-regulated and 197 down-regulated. As the growth stage of D. nobile increased， the top 10 up-regulated differential metabolites mainly included flavonoids， phenolic acids， phenylpropanoids and terpenoids， such as kaempferol derivatives， asperulosidic acid， apigenin derivatives， chrysoeriol derivatives， isorhamnetin derivatives， taxifolin derivatives， quercetin derivatives. KEGG enrichment analysis showed significant enrichment of secondary metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthesis， flavone， and flavonol biosynthesis， secondary metabolite biosynthesis， and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways with the increase of growth years. ConclusionWith the increase of the growth years， the levels of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids， phenolic acids， phenylpropanoids and terpenoids in the wild-grown D. nobile have been significantly enhanced. In practical production， grading based on different growth years can be carried out to improve the medicinal and economic values of D. nobile.

Chemical composition analysis and value evaluation of stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to provide data support for resource utilization of the stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus(SLAM) by analyzing and evaluating the chemical constituents. The crude protein, crude fiber, and soluble saccharide of SLAM were analyzed by Kjeldahl method, filtration method, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. The nucleosides, amino acids, flavonoids, and saponins of SLAM were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UPLC-TQ-MS). Combined with principal component analysis(PCA), the quality difference of resource components of SLAM was comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that the average content of crude protein, crude fiber, total polysaccharide, and redu-cing sugar in SLAM was 5.11%, 30.33%, 11.03 mg·g~(-1), and 31.90 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Six nucleosides, 15 amino acids, 22 flavonoids, and one saponin were detected, with an average content of 1.49 mg·g~(-1), 6.00 mg·g~(-1), 1.86 mg·g~(-1), and 35.67 μg·g~(-1), respectively. The content of various types of chemical components in SLAM differed greatly in different harvesting periods and growing years. The results of PCA showed that the quality of SLAM produced in Ningxia was superior. The results can provide references for the utilization of SLAM.

Combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed complex metabolic genes for diterpenoids biosynthesis in different organs of Anoectochilus roxburghii / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#Diterpenoids with a wide variety of biological activities from Anoectochilus roxburghii, a precious medicinal plant, are important active components. However, due to the lack of genetic information on the metabolic process of diterpenoids in A. roxburghii, the genes involved in the molecular regulation mechanism of diterpenoid metabolism are still unclear. This study revealed the complex metabolic genes for diterpenoids biosynthesis in different organs of A. roxburghii by combining analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics.@*METHODS@#The differences in diterpenoid accumulation in roots, stems and leaves of A. roxburghii were analyzed by metabonomic analysis, and its metabolic gene information was obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Then, the molecular mechanism of differential diterpenoid accumulation in different organs of A. roxburghii was analyzed from the perspective of gene expression patterns.@*RESULTS@#A total of 296 terpenoid metabolites were identified in the five terpenoid metabolic pathways in A. roxburghii. There were 38, 34, and 18 diterpenoids with different contents between roots and leaves, between leaves and stems, and between roots and stems, respectively. Twenty-nine metabolic enzyme genes with 883 unigenes in the diterpenoid synthesis process were identified, and the DXS and FDPS in the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis stage and CPA, GA20ox, GA3ox, GA2ox, and MAS in the diterpenoid biosynthesis stage were predicted to be the key metabolic enzymes for the accumulation of diterpenoids. In addition, 14 key transcription factor coding genes were predicted to be involved in the regulation of the diterpenoid biosynthesis. The expression of genes such as GA2ox, MAS, CPA, GA20ox and GA3ox might be activated by some of the 14 transcription factors. The transcription factor NTF-Y and PRE6 were predicted to be the most important transcription factors.@*CONCLUSION@#This study determined 29 metabolic enzyme genes and predicted 14 transcription factors involved in the molecular regulation mechanism of diterpenoid metabolism in A. roxburghii, which provided a reference for the further study of the molecular regulation mechanism of the accumulation of diterpenoids in different organs of A. roxburghii.

Study on the extraction and antifungal activity of volatile oil from stems，leaves and roots of Glehnia littoralis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the extraction process of volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of Glehnia littoralis， analyze the chemical components of the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis， and preliminarily evaluate its in vitro antifungal activity. METHODS Based on the steam distillation method， single factor test and orthogonal experiment were conducted to optimize the extraction method of volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis. The chemical components of the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis were identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS) technology and their relative contents were calculated. The antifungal activity of volatile oils from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis against Fusarium solani， Fusarium incarnatum， Fusarium oxysporum， Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus was determined by paper diffusion method. RESULTS The optimal extraction process of G. littoralis was solid-liquid ratio of 1∶15， distillation time of 5 hours， and KCl concentration of 15%. Eleven components were identified from the volatile oil of the stems and leaves of G. littoralis， and a total of eight components were identified from the volatile oil of the roots. Ginsenethinol was a common component in the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis， its contents in the stems and leaves， roots were 38.21% and 74.02%， respectively. The volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis had a certain E-mail：zwhjzs@126.com inhibitory effect on F. solani， F. incarnatum， F. oxysporum， A. parasiticus and A. flavus， especially volatile oil from the stems and leaves. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference in chemical components of the volatile oil between the roots， stems and leaves of G. littoralis， both of which have certain in vitro antifungal activity.

Effects of total ginsenosides from Panax ginseng stems and leaves on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids metabolism in acute lung injury mice / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the biological effects and underlying mechanisms of the total ginsenosides from Panax ginseng stems and leaves on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI) in mice. Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves normal administration group(61.65 mg·kg~(-1)), and low-, medium-, and high-dose total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves groups(15.412 5, 30.825, and 61.65 mg·kg~(-1)). Mice were administered for seven continuous days before modeling. Twenty-four hours after modeling, mice were sacrificed to obtain lung tissues and calculate lung wet/dry ratio. The number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was detected. The levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in BALF were detected. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the levels of myeloperoxidase(MPO), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and malondialdehyde(MDA) in lung tissues were determined. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. The gut microbiota was detected by 16S rRNA sequencing, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was applied to detect the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) in se-rum. The results showed that the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves could reduce lung index, lung wet/dry ratio, and lung damage in LPS-induced ALI mice, decrease the number of inflammatory cells and levels of inflammatory factors in BALF, inhibit the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors and levels of MPO and MDA in lung tissues, and potentiate the activity of GSH-Px and SOD in lung tissues. Furthermore, they could also reverse the gut microbiota disorder, restore the diversity of gut microbiota, increase the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae, decrease the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, and enhance the content of SCFAs(acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) in serum. This study suggested that the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves could improve lung edema, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in ALI mice by regulating gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism.

Eleven new sesquiterpenoids from peeled stems of Syringa pinnatifolia / 中国中药杂志

The peeled stems of Syringa pinnatifolia(SP) is a representative Mongolian folk medicine with the effects of anti-depression, heat clearance, pain relief, and respiration improvement. It has been clinically used for the treatment of coronary heart disease, insomnia, asthma, and other cardiopulmonary diseases. As part of the systematic study on pharmacological substances of SP, 11 new sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the terpene-containing fractions of the ethanol extract of SP by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(~1H-NMR) guided isolation methods. The planar structures of the sesquiterpenoids were identified by MS, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR data analysis, and were named pinnatanoids C and D(1 and 2), and alashanoids T-ZI(3-11), respectively. The structure types of the sesquiterpenoids included pinnatane, humulane, seco-humulane, guaiane, carryophyllane, seco-erimolphane, isodaucane, and other types. However, limited to the low content of compounds, the existence of multiple chiral centers, the flexibility of the structure, or lack of ultraviolet absorption, the stereoscopic configuration remained unresolved. The discovery of various sesquiterpenoids enriches the understanding of the chemical composition of the genus and species and provides references for further analysis of pharmacological substances of SP.

Effect of the consumption of a fibrous extract of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Stems on glycemia / Efecto del consumo de un extracto fibroso de tallos de stevia rebaudiana Bertoni sobre la glicemia

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effect of the ingestion of a fibrous extract of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni stems on postprandial glycemia levels in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional, experimental research, carried out with ethical conditions of consent and reliability, in the Laboratory for the Evaluation of Nutritional Status of the Autonomous University of Carmen. For the clinical and anthropometric assessment of the participants, a medical history and body composition scan were used, respectively. The study population consisted of 16 healthy women with normal body mass indices (20-25 kg/m2). Instruments: a) Clinical-dietetic record and b) Biochemical data obtained from blood sampling obtained at different times. The data analysis was carried out with descriptive statistics. Results: The results shown in the group of participants in this study, it was observed that the mean value of the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose was 709.18 ± 23.60, while that of the fibrous extract of stevia stems was 556.59 ± 50.47. Conclusions: Stevia rebaudiana stems, due to their dietary fiber content, can be an alternative for the use and revaluation of sustained waste in the circular economy in the development of functional products, giving it an added value that contributes in some way to reducing overweight and obesity, with a hypoglycemic effect in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de un extracto fibroso de tallos de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni sobre los niveles de glicemia postprandial en sujetos sanos. Materiales y Métodos: Investigación transversal, experimental, realizada con condiciones éticas de consentimiento y confiabilidad, en el laboratorio de Evaluación del Estado Nutricional de la Universidad Autónoma del Carmen. Para la valoración clínica y antropométrica de los participantes se utilizó una historia clínica y escáner de composición corporal, respectivamente. La población de estudio fue conformada por 16 mujeres sanas con índices de masa corporal normales (20-25 kg/m2). Instrumentos: a) Expediente clínico-dietético y b) Datos bioquímicos obtenidos de la toma sanguínea obtenidos en los diferentes tiempos. Se realizó el análisis de los datos con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Los resultados mostrados en el grupo de participantes en este estudio, se observó que el valor medio del área bajo la curva (AUC) de la glucosa fue de 709.18 ± 23.60, mientras que el del extracto fibroso de tallos de stevia fue de 556.59 ± 50.47. Conclusiones: Los tallos de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. por su contenido en fibra dietética, pueden ser una alternativa para el uso y revalorización de residuos sostenidos en la economía circular en el desarrollo de productos funcionales, otorgándole un valor agregado que contribuye de alguna manera a reducir el sobrepeso y la obesidad, con efecto hipoglucemiante en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2.

Microwave-assisted extraction and content determination of astilbin in Lysiphyllum strychnifolium stems

Abstract Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz. (in Thai name, Ya nang daeng) has been traditionally used to treat fever, alcohol intoxication, cancer, allergies, and blood toxins. It can be used as a health-promoting herbal tea and contains hydroalcoholic extracts. The purpose of the present study was to develop a microwave-assisted extraction method for astilbin in L. strychnifolium stems. HPLC was used to determine astilbin content. Three extraction conditions were optimized: types of solvent, microwave power levels, and the number of extraction cycles. Water:methanol (40:60) was the best solvent for astilbin extraction from L. strychnifolium stems using 450 watts and six microwave-assisted extraction cycles. This technique offers important advantages over conventional methods, such as shorter extraction times, substantial energy savings, and a reduced environmental burden.

Comparison of the Contents of Multiple Constituents in Different Medicinal Parts of Porana racemosa / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of eight constituents ，such as scopolin ， scopoletin，chlorogenic acid ，cryptochlorogenic acid ，neochlorogenic acid ，isochlorogenic acid A ，isochlorogenic acid B ，and isochlorogenic acid C ，in different medicinal parts （stems，twigs and leaves ）of Porana racemosa ，and to compare the contents of eight constituents . METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent TC-C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.1％ phosphate acid （gradient elution ） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃，and the detection wavelength was set at 345 nm. The sample size was 10 μL. The contents of above constituents in stems ，twigs and leaves of P. racemosa were compared ，and the principal component analysis was carried out by Markerlynx XS software. RESULTS ：The linear range of scopolin ，scopoletin，chlorogenic acid ，cryptochlorogenic acid ， neochlorogenic acid ，isochlorogenic acid A ，isochlorogenic acid B ，and isochlorogenic acid C were 0.076 4- 7.64，0.062 8-6.28， 0.090 8-9.08，0.080 0-8.00，0.057 6-5.76，0.094 4-9.44，0.086 0-8.60，0.078 8-7.88 mg/L，respectively（all r＞0.999）. RSDs of precision，stability（24 h）and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2.0％. The average recoveries were 99.71％（RSD＝1.36％， n＝6），100.39％（RSD＝1.76％，n＝6），99.20％（RSD＝1.75％，n＝6），100.04％（RSD＝2.63％，n＝6），98.57％（RSD＝1.99％， n＝6），99.68％（RSD＝1.84％，n＝6），99.90％（RSD＝1.88％，n＝6），99.76％（RSD＝1.47％，n＝6），respectively. The average contents of above eight constituents were 9.725 3，1.286 5，7.271 3，1.347 6，0.997 7，0.710 9，0.656 3，0.364 7 mg/g in stems ； those were 0.690 3，0.411 7，4.394 3，0.639 6，0.531 3，1.392 7，0.989 1，1.129 2 mg/g in twigs ；those were 1.195 1，0.691 1， 27.952 9，6.173 4，1.405 1，0.549 7，0.288 8，0.794 2 mg/g in leaves ，respectively. The results of principal component analysis showed that different parts of P. racemosa could be divided into 3 categories. Among them ，most of the stems ofP. racemosa gathered in the first quadrant of score plot ，all the twigs gathered in the third quadrant ， and all the leaves 分m gathered in the fourth quadrant. CONCLUSIONS ：Established method is simple and reproducible ，and can be used for the determination of 8 constituents in different medicinal parts of P. racemosa. The average contents of neochlorogenic acid ，chlorogenic acid and cryptochlorogenic acid in the leaves of P. racemosa are relatively high ；the contents of isochlorogenic acid B ，isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C in the twigs are relatively high；the average contents of scopolin and scopoletin in the stems are also relatively high.

Mismatch between Conventional Femoral Arthroplasty Stems and Hip Morphology in the Elderly Chinese Hip Fracture Population

@#Introduction: The morphology of the proximal femur differs in various populations. Based on our clinical experience, conventional femoral stems used in hip arthroplasty do not fit the Chinese population well. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the suitability of conventional femoral stems in the elderly Chinese hip fracture population requiring hip arthroplasty and to establish if gender and age related differences exist within this population. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analysed radiographic data of 300 patients from a tertiary hospital’s geriatric hip fracture database who underwent either hip hemi-arthroplasties or total hip arthroplasties. Proximal femur morphological measurements were recorded, analysed and compared to that of commonly used femoral stems. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare age and gender related differences. Results: A total of 18.3% of the study population had a medial femoral offset (MFO) of less than 30mm, which is the smallest available offset for the implants studied. 22.6% of female and 3% of male subjects had MFOs that were less than 30mm. In our subgroup analysis, males had significantly larger femoral head diameters, MFO and vertical femoral offsets compared to females. Older subjects (75-90 years old) had significantly smaller femoral head diameters, vertical femoral offsets and neck shaft angles compared to younger subjects (60-75 years old). Conclusion: Commonly used femoral stem implants have measurements that do not suit our Chinese population with small medial femoral offsets. In addition, elderly males have significantly larger femoral head diameters, medial and vertical femoral offsets whereas older subjects have significantly smaller femoral head diameters, vertical femoral offsets and neck shaft angles.

Difference Analysis of Volatile Components in Roots ，Stems and Leaves of Gaultheria yunnane nsis by GC-MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To compare the volatile components extracted from the roots ，stems and leaves of Gaultheria yunnanensis. METHODS ：Steam distillation method was used to extract the volatile oils from roots ，stems and leaves of G. yunnanensis. Chemical constituents were analyzed by GC-MS. NIST 2011 standard mass spectral library was adopted to select the chromatographic peak with a matching degree higher than 80，and combined with relevant literatures for identification. Relative percentages of chemical constituents were calculated by peak area normalization. RESULTS ：Totally 95 chromatographic peaks were detected in valatile oil from the roots of G. yunnanensis and 54 chemical constituents were identified ，accounting for 82.35％ of the total content of root volatile components. The constituents with relatively high content were methyl salicylate （20.30％）， n-hexadecanoic acid （19.86％），（Z，Z）-9，12-octadecadienoic acid （9.26％），phenanthrene（4.37％）and so on. Totally 69 chromatographic peaks were detected in volatile oil from the stems and leaves of G. yunnanensis and 46 chemical constituents were identified，accounting for 97.10％ of the total content of volatile components in stems and leaves. The constituents with relatively high content were methyl salicylate （86.72％），n-hexadecanoic acid （2.60％），（Z，Z，Z）-9，12，15-octadecatrienoic acid （1.25％） and so on. Both of them contained 16 common constituents such as alkenes esters ，acids and so on. CONCLUSIONS：The chemical constituents of volatile oils extracted from the roots ， stems and leaves of G. yunnanensis are mainly esters and acids. The components are similar to each other ，but the contents of acids in the roots and esters in the leaves and stems are higher.

Studies on chemical constituents of stems of Herpetospermum pedunculosum / 中国中药杂志

This project is to study chemical compositions from the stems of Herpetospermum pedunculosum. Twenty-two compounds were isolated from the 70% acetone extract of the stems of H. pedunculosum by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, semi-preparative HPLC and preparative TLC. Their structures were elucidated by their physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data as N-benzyltyramine(1), α-spinasterol(2),(2S)-1-O-heptatriacontanoyl glycerol(3), 5,7-dihydroxychromanone(4), methyl 2β,3β-dihydroxy-D:C-friedoolean-8-en-29-oate(5), p-hydroxy benzyl alcohol(6), p-hydroxybenzoate(7), p-hydroxy cinnamic acid(8), 1H-indol-3-carboxylic acid(9), rhodiocyanoside B(10), rhodiolgin(11), rhodiosin(12), 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid(13), cylo-(Tyr-Leu)(14), matteflavoside A(15), loliolide(16), 1H-indol-3-carboxaldehyde(17),(+)-dehydrovomifoliol(18), 3-hydroxy-5α,6α-epoxy-β-ionone(19), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3-hydroxy-1-propen-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-1-propanone(20), 7-en-nonadecanoic acid monoglyceride(21), vanillic acid(22). Compound 1 is a new natural product, while compounds 3-15 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of differential expression in different tissues of Prunella vulgaris / 中草药

Objective: To compare and analyze the transcriptome of ears, leaves and stems of Prunella vulgaris, and excavate the key enzyme genes related to the secondary metabolism biosynthesis of P. vulgaris. Methods: The transcriptome of ears, leaves and stems of P. vulgaris were sequenced by Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Additionally biosynthesis related enzyme gene of secondary metabolism were identified from differentially expressed genes. Results: In the transcripts of three different tissues of P. vulgaris, a total of 8 270 Unigenes differed significantly between at least two tissues. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of genes differentially expressed in different tissues showed that the expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes varied greatly. A total of 31 triterpenoid biosynthesis-related Unigenes, 16 phenolic acid biosynthesis-related Unigenes, and 113 P450s-related Unigenes were identified in the differentially expressed genes. Conclusion: This study provides a basis for the subsequent discovery of functional genes related to the secondary metabolism synthesis pathway of P. vulgaris, and plays a foundation for the regulation of secondary metabolism biosynthesis of P. vulgaris.

Taxane diterpenoids from the leaves and stems of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei / 中国药科大学学报

@#The chemical constituents of the CHCl3 extracts from the leaves and stems of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei were investigated. Twelve taxane diterpenoids were isolated and identified by spectroscopic analysis as 2-deacetoxytaxinine E (1),2-deacetoxytaxinine J (2),7-deacetoxytaxinine J (3),taxinine J (4),7,2′-didesacetoxyaustrospicatine (5),N-methyltaxol C (6),2-deacetoxydecinnamoyl taxinine J (7),taxol (8),7-epi-taxol (9),7-epi-10- deacetoxytaxol (10),cephalomannine (11),7-epi-cephalomannine (12). Compounds 1 and 3 were isolated from the leaves and stems of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei for the first time.

Chemical Constituents from Stems of Zanthoxylum bungeanum / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To isolate and identify the chemical constituents from the 95%, 75%ethanol extracts of the stems of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Method::The 25 kg stems of Z. bungeanum were extracted with 95%, 75%ethanol for three times, and the combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum to get the extracts. The 95%extracts were then extracted by petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol successively to obtain corresponding fractions. Such fractions and 75%extracts were isolated and purified by silicagel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, preparation HPLC and recrystallization to obtain compounds. Their structures were identified by mass spectroscopy (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Result::Sixteen compounds were isolated from the stems of Z. bungeanum and identified as dictamnine(1), decarine(2), zanthobungeanine(3), pseudocolumbamine(4), skimmianine(5), norchelerythrine(6), osthenol(7), dimethylfraxetin(8), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamylalcohol(9), asarinin(10), yangambin(11), syringaresinol(12), ashantin(13), bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylate(14), 24-propylcholesterol(15), and sucrose(16). Conclusion::Compounds pseudocolumbamine(4), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamylalcohol(9), and 24-propylcholesterol(15)were isolated from the genus of Zanthoxylum for the first time and compounds dictamnine(1), osthenol(7), dimethylfraxetin(8), asarinin(10), yangambin(11), syringaresinol(12), ashantin(13), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylate(14)were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Effect of Plant-Soil Feedback on Secondary Metabolites of Acanthopanax senticosus Seedlings / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To investigate the effects of plant-soil feedback on secondary metabolites in roots, stems and leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings. Method::One-year-old seedlings of A. senticosus were planted in the soil where no A. senticosus had been planted before (group 1), soil where A. senticosus had been planted for 3 years (group 2), and soil where A. senticosus had been planted for many years in the greenhouse pot experiment, and the secondary metabolites of its roots, stems and leaves were then analyzed. Result::L-Phenylalanine, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, syringin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, rutin, hyperoside, and quercetin had significant differences in leaves and roots of A. senticosus seedlings in the soil of group 3, but there was no significant difference in chlorogenic acid and eleutheroside E in stem. Eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, rutin and hyperoside were not detected in the leaves of seedlings planted in group 3.Most of the secondary metabolites in the roots of A. senticosus seedlings showed positive feedback, while in the stems of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings, caffeine, A. senticosus glycosides, hypericin and quercetin showed negative feedback, and most of the secondary metabolites in the leaves of A. senticosus seedlings showed positive feedback. Conclusion::The plant and soil showed different feedback in different parts of the growth process of A. senticosus seedlings, and the soil where A. senticosus had not been planted was more advantageous to the secondary metabolites of A. senticosus seedlings. The results of the study provide a basis for the study of the effect of plant-soil feedback on the A. senticosus, and provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the artificial cultivation of A. senticosus.

Reservas de carbono del pasto Cenchrus clandestinus (Poaceae) en los sistemas de manejo tradicional y silvopastoril, en diferentes relieves

El aumento de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) derivadas de las actividades humanas, son consideradas el principal responsable del cambio climático actual y el sector ganadero es responsable del 18 % de las emisiones de GEI en CO2 equivalente. El pasto kikuyo puede optimizar tanto la captura como la fijación del carbono. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar las existencias de carbono en el pasto kikuyo en sus diferentes compartimentos, biomasa aérea (BA) y biomasa radicular (BR), a 20 y 40 cm de profundidad del suelo, bajo los sistemas tradicional y silvopastoril en diferentes relieves. Se realizaron seis muestreos (M) sucesivos de acuerdo al sistema de pastoreo (tradicional y silvopastoril), la geoforma del terreno (flanco cóncavo (FCC), flanco convexo (FCX), flanco rectilíneo (FR) y relieve plano (RP)). Se muestrearon la biomasa aérea (BA) y de raíces (BR). El método estadístico utilizado fue un diseño en bloques incompletos aleatorizados, se evaluaron dos tratamientos (T) (T1: tradicional y T2: silvopastoril) con cuatro bloques (B) en cada uno (B1: FCC, B2: FCX, B3: FR, B4: RP). El trabajo se realizó entre junio 2016 y junio 2017 en San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia Colombia. Los resultados permitieron determinar que las raíces a 20 cm de profundidad, el colchón muerto y las hojas, fueron los compartimentos con mayores existencias de carbono (4.52, 3.58 y 1.9 ton de C ha-1 respectivamente). Se encontraron diferencias (P < 0.05) entre relieve plano y el relieve rectilíneo para la biomasa de hojas, y entre el relieve plano con los demás relieves evaluados para la variable raíces gruesas a 20 cm de profundidad. La biomasa producida por la planta es directamente proporcional al carbono incorporado. La biomasa radicular, tanto para raíces finas como gruesas, contribuye a capturar en promedio 2 820 y 655 kg ha-1 de carbono a 20 y 40 cm de profundidad respectivamente. El pasto kikuyo contribuye a mantener reservas de carbono en las praderas. Por la alta producción de biomasa radicular, de colchón y la alta capacidad de rebrote en condiciones adversas, se concluye que este pasto juega un papel importante en la disminución de GEI y la conservación de los suelos del trópico alto bajo sistemas de lechería especializada.

The increase of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions derived from human activities are considered the main cause of current climate change and the livestock sector is responsible for 18 % of the GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent. Kikuyu grass can optimize both carbon capture and carbon fixation. The aim of this paper was to identify carbon stocks in the kikuyu grass in its different compartments, above-ground biomass (AB) and below-ground biomass (BB) at 20 and 40 cm soil depth, under the traditional and silvopastoral systems in different reliefs. Six successive samplings (M) were taken according to the grazing system (traditional and silvopastoral system), and the geoform of the terrain (concave flank (CCF), convex flank (CXF), rectilinear flank (RF) and flat relief (FR)). The above-ground biomass and below-ground biomass were sampled. The statistical method used was a design in incomplete randomized blocks, two treatments were evaluated (T) (T1: traditional system and T2: silvopastoral system) with four blocks (B) in each one (B1: CCF, B2: CXF, B3: RF, B4: FR). This experiment was done from June 2016 to June 2017 in San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia, Colombia. The results allowed to determine that the roots at 20 cm depth, the dead creeping stems, and the leaves were the compartments with the highest carbon stocks (4.52, 3.58 and 1.9 ton of C ha-1, respectively). Differences were found (P < 0.05) between flat and rectilinear relief for the biomass of leaves, and between the flat relief with the other reliefs evaluated for the variable thick roots at 20 cm depth. The biomass produced by the plant is directly proportional to the incorporated carbon. The root biomass, both fine and thick roots, contributes to capture on average 2 820 kg and 655 kg of carbon per hectare at of 20 and 40 cm depth respectively. Kikuyu grass contributes to keep carbon reserves in the grasslands. Due to the high production of below-ground biomass and creeping stems, and its high capacity of regrowth under adverse conditions, this grass plays an important role in the reduction of GHG and the conservation of high tropical soils under specialized dairy systems.

The role of intravenous thrombolysis in the endovascular treatment of acute anterior circulation vascular occlusive stroke / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the effect and safety of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in the endovascular treatment of acute anterior circulation vascular occlusive stroke.Methods The clinical data of 226 patients with acute anterior circulation vascular occlusive stroke who underwent endovascular treatment in Nanjing First Hospital,Nanjing Medical University from May 2015 to May 2018 were retrospectively collected.According to whether or not intravenous thrombolysis was performed,the patients were classified into simple thrombectomy group (n=112) and bridging treatment group (n=114).The modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Score (mTICI) was used to evaluate the vascular opening effect,and the blood vessel recanalization time,mTICI,the symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate,and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days after surgery were evaluated.Results There were no statistically significant differences in gender,age,past history and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score between the two groups (P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in door-to-recanalization time between the two groups (P＞0.05).Excluding the patients with post-wake stroke and unexplained onset time,the simple thrombectomy group (n=63) and the bridging treatment group (n=1 11) showed statistically significant differences in onset-to-door time ((235.04± 182.64) min vs (102.48±60.51) min,t=7.01,P＜0.01)and onset-to-recanalization time ((405.31 ± 148.89) min vs (337.31 ± 117.65) min,t=3.32,P=0.01).The difference in number of thrombectomy between the simple thrombolysis group (2.55± 1.52) and the bridging treatment group (2.11± 1.48) was statistically significant (t=2.246,P=0.026).The total reperfusion (mTICI 2b/3) rate was 89.8％ (203/226),88.4％ (99/112) in the simple thrombectomy group and 91.2％ (104/114) in the bridging treatment group,with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P＞0.05).The differences in symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate (8.93％ (10/112) vs 11.4％ (13/114)),mortality rate (12.5％ (12/112) vs 16.7％ (19/114)) and 90-day good functional outcome (mRS score 0-2;54.5％ (61/112) vs 55.8％ (63/114)) between the two groups were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).Conclusions In patients with acute anterior circulation vascular occlusive stroke undergoing endovascular treatment,intravenous thrombolysis can reduce the number of thrombectomy,not increase the door-to-recanalization time,the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality,and has similar good functional outcome as the simple thrombeetomy group.Therefore,intravenous thrombolysis is safe and effective for endovascular treatment of acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke.

Experimental Study on the Anti-gout Effect of Aqueous Extract from the Stems and Leaves of Erythropalum scandens / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To study the anti-gout effect of aqueous extract from the stems and leaves of Erythropalum scandens （ASLE）. METHODS： The mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， allopurinol group （positive control， 5 mg/kg）， ASLE low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （1 300， 2 600， 5 200 mg/kg， by raw material； similarity hereinafter）， with 10 mice in each group. Except for normal group， other groups were given potassium oxonate intragastrically to induce hyperuricemia model. One hour after modeling， normal group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically； administration group was given relevant medicine intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 7 d. One hour after last administration， the levels of serum uric acid （SUA） and serum creatinine （Scr） were detected by colorimetry assay. Another mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， indomethacin group （positive control， 7.5 mg/kg）， ASLE low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups， with 10 mice in each group. Normal group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically； administration group was given relevant medicine intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 7 d. After last administration， except for normal group， the mice were given sodium microcrystalline urate via toes to induce gouty arthritis model. Before and 1， 2， 4， 6， 8 h after modeling， the circumference of the same part of the inflamed limbs and toes of mice in each group was measured by wire binding method， and the degree of toe swelling was calculated. The number of white blood cell （WBC）， neutrophil （NEU） and lymphocyte （LYM） were detected by animal hematology analyzer. The levels of SUA and Scr were measured by colorimetry assay. The content of NO in toe tissue was determined by Griess method. RESULTS： The experimental results of hyperuricemia model showed that the levels of SUA and Scr in mice were significantly higher in model group than those in normal group （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， above indexes of mice were decreased significantly in administration group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The experimental results of gouty arthritis model showed that the level of SUA， the degree of toe swelling （2-8 h）， the number of WBC， NEU and LYM， NO content in model group were increased significantly， compared with normal group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， the levels of SUA and Scr （ASLE groups）， the degree of toe swelling [indomethacin group， ASLE high-dose group （2-8 h）， ASLE low-dose group （2， 6 h）， ASLE medium-dose group （6 h）]， the number of WBC and NEU （administration groups）， the number of LYM （indomethacin group） and NO content （administration groups except for ASLE low-dose group） were decreased significantly in administration groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： The anti-gout effect of ASLE may be associated with promoting uric acid metabolism， anti-inflammatory and improving renal function.

Chemical Comparison of the Stems and Leaves of Tussilago farfara L. Using NMR-based Metabolomics / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To compare the chemical compositions of the stems (STL) and leaves (LTL) of Tussilago farfara L. using NMR-based metabolomic approach. METHODS: The STL and LTL were analyzed by NMR, then the differential components were determined by multivariate statistical METHODS:, including PCA, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA, and univariate analysis. RESULTS: Fifty compounds were tentatively identified in the NMR spectra of STL and LTL. Multivariate coupled with univariate analysis revealed that some metabolites, such as valine,leucine,isoleucine,proline,chlorogenic acid,3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and tussilagone,were present at higher levels in the LTF, while the STF contained higher levels of α-glucose and β-glucose.For some metabolites, such as malic acid, sucrose and choline, no significant differences were observed between STF and LTF. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the chemical differences between STF and LTF in a holistic way, and lays the scientific foundation for the resource utilization of the stems and leaves of T. farfara L.