Chemical composition analysis and value evaluation of stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to provide data support for resource utilization of the stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus(SLAM) by analyzing and evaluating the chemical constituents. The crude protein, crude fiber, and soluble saccharide of SLAM were analyzed by Kjeldahl method, filtration method, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. The nucleosides, amino acids, flavonoids, and saponins of SLAM were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UPLC-TQ-MS). Combined with principal component analysis(PCA), the quality difference of resource components of SLAM was comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that the average content of crude protein, crude fiber, total polysaccharide, and redu-cing sugar in SLAM was 5.11%, 30.33%, 11.03 mg·g~(-1), and 31.90 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Six nucleosides, 15 amino acids, 22 flavonoids, and one saponin were detected, with an average content of 1.49 mg·g~(-1), 6.00 mg·g~(-1), 1.86 mg·g~(-1), and 35.67 μg·g~(-1), respectively. The content of various types of chemical components in SLAM differed greatly in different harvesting periods and growing years. The results of PCA showed that the quality of SLAM produced in Ningxia was superior. The results can provide references for the utilization of SLAM.

Effects of total ginsenosides from Panax ginseng stems and leaves on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids metabolism in acute lung injury mice / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the biological effects and underlying mechanisms of the total ginsenosides from Panax ginseng stems and leaves on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI) in mice. Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves normal administration group(61.65 mg·kg~(-1)), and low-, medium-, and high-dose total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves groups(15.412 5, 30.825, and 61.65 mg·kg~(-1)). Mice were administered for seven continuous days before modeling. Twenty-four hours after modeling, mice were sacrificed to obtain lung tissues and calculate lung wet/dry ratio. The number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was detected. The levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in BALF were detected. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the levels of myeloperoxidase(MPO), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and malondialdehyde(MDA) in lung tissues were determined. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. The gut microbiota was detected by 16S rRNA sequencing, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was applied to detect the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) in se-rum. The results showed that the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves could reduce lung index, lung wet/dry ratio, and lung damage in LPS-induced ALI mice, decrease the number of inflammatory cells and levels of inflammatory factors in BALF, inhibit the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors and levels of MPO and MDA in lung tissues, and potentiate the activity of GSH-Px and SOD in lung tissues. Furthermore, they could also reverse the gut microbiota disorder, restore the diversity of gut microbiota, increase the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae, decrease the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, and enhance the content of SCFAs(acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) in serum. This study suggested that the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves could improve lung edema, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in ALI mice by regulating gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism.

Extracts from stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium ameliorate gut dysfunction by a fecal metabolomic approach / 中草药

Objective: To holistically evaluate the protective effects of water and ethanol extracts of stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium and its underlying mechanism. Methods: Gut dysfunction model was established by injection of liposaccharide in rabbits, and administrated with water and ethanol extracts of stems and leaves of C. morifolium to investigate the treatment. Feces of rabbits in each group were collected and analyzed by 1H-NMR complemented with multivariate statistical methods to evaluate the metabolic alteration. Results: Compared with the control group, the levels of lactate and formate in liposaccharide intoxicated model group were significantly increased, and the concentrations of propionate, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate were notably decreased. Both the water and ethanol extracts of stems and leaves of C. morifolium ameliorated gut dysfunction of rabbits in a similar manner, increased the decreased levels of aspartate, adenine, phenylalanine, tyrosine induced by liposaccharide, and reduced the elevated content of formate. Conclusion: Pathway analysis revealed that both the water and ethanol extracts of stems and leaves of C. morifolium could regulate the disturbed phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; disordered alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and imbalanced glycine, serine and threonine amino acid metabolism, exerting a holistic protective effect on gut disorder. Thus, this study lays a scientific foundation for the resource utilization of stems and leaves of C. morifolium after the harvest of the inflorescence.

Protective effect and mechanism of extracts and main components from stem and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza on HUVECS / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of the extracts and active components from stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza on oxidative stress and high glucose-injured human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: The models of oxidative stress and high glucose injury in HUVECs were established. The ethanol extract of S. miltiorrhiza stems and leaves (CJ), ethanol extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots (CG), water extract of S. miltiorrhiza stems and leaves (SJ), water extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots (SG), rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, rutin, isoquercitrin, cryptotanshinone, aminoguanidine and VC were administrated to cells. MTT were used to observe the cell viability. The levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET-1), ICAM-1 and TNF-α were detected. Result:s Compared with the control group, H2O2 decreased the levels of GSH-Px, CAT and NO (P < 0.01) and increased the level of ET-1 (P < 0.01), glucose increased the levels of ICAM-1 and TNF-α (P < 0.01) and decreased the level of NO (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the levels of GSH-Px, CAT and NO in CJ, CG, SJ and SG groups were increased, and the levels of ET-1, ICAM-1 and TNF-α were decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). VC, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and rutin high and medium dose groups, and isoquercitrin, cryptotanshinone high dose group significantly increased the levels of GSH-Px, CAT and NO (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and decreased the level of ET-1 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). ICAM-1 levels were significantly decreased in the high dose groups of salvianolic acid B, isoquercitrin and rutin as well as in the high and medium dose groups of rosmarinic acid (P < 0.01). In addition to the aminoguanidine group, the levels of TNF-α of other groups were significantly lower than the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Except the aminoguanidine group and isoquercetin low dose group, the levels of NO of other groups were significantly higher than the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion: In certain concentration range of alcohol extract and water extract of stems, leaves and roots of S. miltiorrhiza, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, rutin and isoquercitrin have protective effects on HUVECs injured by H2O2 and glucose. And the mechanisms are related to inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule expression and regulation of NO and TNF-α production. This study will provide reference for the discovery and transformation of the resource value of non-medicinal stems and leaves produced during the production of S. miltiorrhiza.

Experimental Study on the Anti-gout Effect of Aqueous Extract from the Stems and Leaves of Erythropalum scandens / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To study the anti-gout effect of aqueous extract from the stems and leaves of Erythropalum scandens （ASLE）. METHODS： The mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， allopurinol group （positive control， 5 mg/kg）， ASLE low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （1 300， 2 600， 5 200 mg/kg， by raw material； similarity hereinafter）， with 10 mice in each group. Except for normal group， other groups were given potassium oxonate intragastrically to induce hyperuricemia model. One hour after modeling， normal group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically； administration group was given relevant medicine intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 7 d. One hour after last administration， the levels of serum uric acid （SUA） and serum creatinine （Scr） were detected by colorimetry assay. Another mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， indomethacin group （positive control， 7.5 mg/kg）， ASLE low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups， with 10 mice in each group. Normal group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically； administration group was given relevant medicine intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 7 d. After last administration， except for normal group， the mice were given sodium microcrystalline urate via toes to induce gouty arthritis model. Before and 1， 2， 4， 6， 8 h after modeling， the circumference of the same part of the inflamed limbs and toes of mice in each group was measured by wire binding method， and the degree of toe swelling was calculated. The number of white blood cell （WBC）， neutrophil （NEU） and lymphocyte （LYM） were detected by animal hematology analyzer. The levels of SUA and Scr were measured by colorimetry assay. The content of NO in toe tissue was determined by Griess method. RESULTS： The experimental results of hyperuricemia model showed that the levels of SUA and Scr in mice were significantly higher in model group than those in normal group （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， above indexes of mice were decreased significantly in administration group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The experimental results of gouty arthritis model showed that the level of SUA， the degree of toe swelling （2-8 h）， the number of WBC， NEU and LYM， NO content in model group were increased significantly， compared with normal group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， the levels of SUA and Scr （ASLE groups）， the degree of toe swelling [indomethacin group， ASLE high-dose group （2-8 h）， ASLE low-dose group （2， 6 h）， ASLE medium-dose group （6 h）]， the number of WBC and NEU （administration groups）， the number of LYM （indomethacin group） and NO content （administration groups except for ASLE low-dose group） were decreased significantly in administration groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： The anti-gout effect of ASLE may be associated with promoting uric acid metabolism， anti-inflammatory and improving renal function.

Protective Effect of Total Saponins in Stems and Leaves of Panax notoginseng on Myocardial Ischemic Reperfusion Injury in Rats / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Objective To explore the protective effect of saponins in stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng onmyocardial ischemic reperfusion injury in rats. Methods The rats were divided into six groups (the sham operation group, model group, DAXXK group, PNSSL 40, 80, 160 mg·kg-1 group) and continuous oral administration for 7 days. The ratmodel of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury (MIRI) was developed by ligation of the left anterior descending coronaryartery the electrocardiogram (ECG), myocardial infarct size, staining with hematoxylin and eosin were observed. Theactivities of LDH、CK、AST、ALT in serum and SOD、GSH-Px、MDA in cardiac muscle tissue were detected by kit.Results Saponins in stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng in each dose (40, 80, 160 mg · kg-1) group significantlyreduced the myocardial infarct size and improved the ECG on ST segment, the myocardial damage was obviously reducedfrom the pathological section. Stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng in a dose of 160 mg · kg-1 lowered the serumactivities of LDH、CK and AST, contents of SOD and GSH-Px in a dose of 80 mg·kg-1 significantly lowered. Conclusions The results indicates that PNSSL have the effect against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury and that the mechanismof pharmacological action related to the improvement of ECG changes, the stability of cell membrane, eliminate oxygenfree radicals and the reducing of inflammatory infiltration.

Study on difference of flavonoids content in stems and leaves of Mentha Haplocalycis Herba in different harvest periods / 中国中药杂志

The dynamic changes of active components in stems and leaves of Mentha Haplocalycis Herba(mint) at different harvest periods were investigated, and the optimum harvest time of mint was explored. In this study, hesperidin, diosmin, didymin and buddleoside were selected as flavonoids index components of mint, and the QAMS method was established to measure the contents of these flavonoids in mint. The contents of 4 flavonoid glycosides in the mint stems and leaves from three habitats harvested in different time were studied and evaluated comprehensively using statistical analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the contents of 4 components in the leaves are higher than that in the stems despite of habitats and harvest time, and they all exhibited dynamic changes along with the harvest periods within the same habitat. Three harvest periods in mid April, mid September and late October scored higher in comprehensive evaluation in Jiangsu region, the genuine producing area of Mentha Haplocalycis Herba. Combined with the yield and contents of active compounds, the optimum harvest time of mint in Jiangsu region was mid September and late October, which is basically consistent with the traditional harvesting periods.

Simultaneous determination of inorganic elements in stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis from different regions by ICP-MS / 中草药

Objective An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method was established for the determination of inorganic elements in stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis. The inorganic elements in the extracts were analyzed and evaluated. Methods ICP-MS was applied to determine 23 kinds of inorganic elements in samples digested by microwave in stems and leaves of S. baicalensis from eight regions, and the results were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis. Results There were no differences in the types of inorganic elements in stems and leaves of S. baicalensis from different regions, but the content of them varied greatly. Among them, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, B, and Ni were essential elements of the human body. The content of Al and Fe was the highest, and the content of B, Ti, Mn, Sr, and Ba was higher than others. The total content of heavy metals and harmful elements of samples were up to the mustard, except S10. The contents of Cd in S2, S10 and S22-S30 exceeded standards. Thirty-five batches stems and leaves of S. baicalensis were divided into eight groups, which were analyzed by thePCA with the contents of 23 elements as variates. These regions which have different geographies and climates might lead to the differences in the contents of inorganic elements in the samples. Four factors (F1-F4) were selected to make a comprehensive evaluation. The evaluation function was F = 0.444 2 F1 + 0.166 6 F2 + 0.129 1 F3 + 0.056 4 F4. The results showed that the scores of samples from Shanxi and Shaanxi were higher, which indicated that the qualities of above samples were better than those of other samples. Conclusion In this study, an accurate and efficient method for the analysis and determination of inorganic elements in stems and leaves of S. baicalensis from different regions was established, which provided a scientific reference for the quality control, safety evaluation, and comprehensive utilization of S. baicalensis resource.

Profiling and identification of chemical components of Shenshao Tablet and its absorbed components in rats by comprehensive HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS analysis / 中国天然药物

Shenshao Tablet (SST), prepared from Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) and total ginsenoside of Ginseng Stems and Leaves (GSL), is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation prescribed to treat coronary heart disease. However, its chemical composition and the components that can migrate into blood potentially exerting the therapeutic effects have rarely been elucidated. We developed an HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS approach aiming to comprehensively profile and identify both the chemical components of SST and its absorbed ingredients (and metabolites) in rat plasma and urine. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C column using acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. MS detection was conducted in both negative and positive ESI modes to yield more structure information. Comparison with reference compounds (t, MS), interpretation of the fragmentation pathways, and searching of in-house database, were utilized for more reliable structure elucidation. A total of 82 components, including 21 monoterpene glycosides, four galloyl glucoses, two phenols from PRA, and 55 ginsenosides from GSL, were identified or tentatively characterized from the 70% ethanolic extract of SST. Amongst them, seven and 24 prototype compounds could be detectable in the plasma and urine samples, respectively, after oral administration of an SST extract (4 g·kg) in rats. No metabolites were observed in the rat samples. The findings of this work first unveiled the chemical complexity of SST and its absorbed components, which would be beneficial to understanding the therapeutic basis and quality control of SST.

Profiling and identification of chemical components of Shenshao Tablet and its absorbed components in rats by comprehensive HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS analysis / 中国天然药物

Shenshao Tablet (SST), prepared from Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) and total ginsenoside of Ginseng Stems and Leaves (GSL), is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation prescribed to treat coronary heart disease. However, its chemical composition and the components that can migrate into blood potentially exerting the therapeutic effects have rarely been elucidated. We developed an HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS approach aiming to comprehensively profile and identify both the chemical components of SST and its absorbed ingredients (and metabolites) in rat plasma and urine. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C column using acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. MS detection was conducted in both negative and positive ESI modes to yield more structure information. Comparison with reference compounds (t, MS), interpretation of the fragmentation pathways, and searching of in-house database, were utilized for more reliable structure elucidation. A total of 82 components, including 21 monoterpene glycosides, four galloyl glucoses, two phenols from PRA, and 55 ginsenosides from GSL, were identified or tentatively characterized from the 70% ethanolic extract of SST. Amongst them, seven and 24 prototype compounds could be detectable in the plasma and urine samples, respectively, after oral administration of an SST extract (4 g·kg) in rats. No metabolites were observed in the rat samples. The findings of this work first unveiled the chemical complexity of SST and its absorbed components, which would be beneficial to understanding the therapeutic basis and quality control of SST.

Changes of chemical components and anti-tumor activity of total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves tranformed by submerged fermentation of ganoderma lucidum / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To study the biotransformation rule of the chemical components of total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves tranformed by submerged fermentation of ganoderma lucidum,and to lay the foundation for further development and research of the medicinal fungus of ginseng stems and leaves.Methods:The total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves were fermented by ganoderma lucidum,the changes of chemical components before and after fermentation were measured by thin-layer chromatography;the levels of total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves before and after fermentation were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry;the levels of ginsenoside Rb1,Rg3,Rd,CK,Re,Rg,and Rh1 before and after fermentation were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.The human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells were divided into blank control group,low,medium and high doses of total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves groups and medicinal fungus of ginseng stems and leaves groups.The dosages of total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves and medicinal fungus of ginseng stems and leaves were 5,10 and 20 mg·L-1,respectively.The inhibitory rate(IR) of the cells was determined by MTT assay.Results:The results of thin-layer chromatography showed that the saponins before and after fermentation occured mutual transformation;the levels of total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves before and after fermentation were 749.98 and 602.26 mg·g-1,respectively;the levels of panaxadiol saponins Rb1,Rg3,Rd and CK before fermentation were 24.54,2.21,87.22 and 0 mg·g-1,and the levels of panaxatriol saponins Re,Rg and Rh1 were 151.34,77.02,and 3.06 mg·g-1.After fermentation,the level of Rb1 was decreased by 61.45%,the levels of Rg3,Rd and CK were increased by 238.91%,34.43% and 268.00%.The levels of Re and Rg1 were decreased by 63.75% and 64.41%,and the level of Rh1 was increased by 408.88%;the IR of the SMMC-7721 cells in medium dose of medicinal fungus of ginseng stems and leaves group was higher than that in medium dose of total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves group(P<0.05);the IR of the SMMC-7721 cells in high dose of medicinal fungus of ginseng stems and leaves group was higher than that in high dose of total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves group(P<0.01).Conclusion:The total ginsenosides from ginseng stems and leaves transformed by the submerged fermentation of ganoderma lucidum can significantly change its chemical components,which have stronger anti-proliferation activity in the SMMC-7721 cells.

Preliminary study on constituents of extracts from stems and leaves of Aucklandia lappa and their effect of on gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion of mice / 药物评价研究

Objective To investigate the constituents of water and ethanol extracts from the stems and leaves ofAucklandia lappa and their effect on gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion of gastrointestinal normal,hyperthyroidism and inhibited mice.Methods The water,ethanol and aether petrolei extracts from stems and leaves of A.lappa were prepared,and the chemical constituents of the stems and leaves were identified by chemical reaction.The hyperthyroidism state was induced by neostigmine and inhibiting state was induced by atropine.Mice were ig administered with water and ethanol extracts (0.5 g/kg),with the improved phenol red method to determine gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion in gastrointestinal normal,hyperthyroidism and inhibited mice.Results Both water and ethanol extracts significantly improved intestinal propulsion in normal mice (P ＜ 0.05 and 0.01),while significantly decreased the intestinal propulsion in hyperthyroidism mice (P ＜ 0.05) and ethanol extract showed a stronger decreasing effect than that of water extract.The inhibitory effect of atropine on intestinal propulsion was intensified by these two extracts (P ＜ 0.05).The restrained gastric emptying of normal,hyperthyroidism and inhibited mice was also observed.Chemical composition analysis indicated that many kinds of chemical components including protein,sugar,essential oil,flavonoids,lactones,alkaloids,saponins and tannins existed in the leaves and stems of A.lappa.Conclusion The leaves and stems of A.lappa could promote the intestinal propulsion of normal mice and restrain the intestinal propulsion of hyperthyroidism and inhibited mice while inhibit the gastric emptying in any condition tested,and its promoting effect on the gut may be related to the M cholinergic receptor.

UPLC fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition of Salvia miltiorrhiza stems and leaves from different habitats / 中草药

Objective: To study and establish the UPLC of Salvia miltiorrhiza stems and leaves (SMSL) and analyze the specific peaks composition by ESI-QTOF/MS, and provide scientific basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of resources SMSL. Methods: The fingerprint of SMSL was established by UPLC, the samples were conducted by Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) and eluted with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm and column temperature was 35℃. Negative ion mode was chosen for qualitative analysis. The capillary voltage was set at 3.0 kV. The nebulization gas was set to 800 L/h at 400℃, and the source temperature was 120℃. The similarity evaluation, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to deal with the experimental data, in order to find out the similarities and differences among the 12 batches of SMSL from five different areas. Results: The specific chromatogram of SMSL was obtained, and 13 common peaks were identified by ESI-QTOF/MS. Similarities of the 12 batches of samples were 0.823-0.997, the results of CA and PCA were consistent with similarity evaluation. Conclusion: The establishment of UPLC fingerprint of SMSL and the application of chemical pattern recognition can provide a more comprehensive reference for the quality control of SMSL and the utilization value of non-medicinal parts of S. miltiorrhiza.

Study on chemical constituents and dose-effect correlation of anti-oxidative activities among extracts of stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中草药

Objective To evaluate the anti-oxidative effect and chemical constituents of stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SMSL) collected in July and December, water extracts and alcohol extracts of SMSL collected in July and December were taken as the subject, therefore provide scientific basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of SMSL. Methods The chemical constituents in the extracts were identified and determined by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ/MS), then confirmed the main salvianolic acids (danshensu, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid B) as the material basis of anti-oxidant activity of SMSL. Moreover, based on the anti-oxidant activity evaluation index: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline- 6-sulphonate) (ABTS) free radical scavenging and iron reduction/anti-oxidant capacity (FRAP), anti-oxidant activity of SMSL was evaluated. Meanwhile Salvia Miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma (SM) from market was used to be control. Results It showed that the water extracts of SMSL in July possessed strong anti-oxidant activities, and the total salvianolic acids with the content of 75.663 mg/g was the highest; Followed by the alcohol extracts of SMSL in July, anti-oxidant activity and total phenolic acid contents of SM extracts were all lower than that of SMSL in July. Danshensu, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid B showed obvious anti-oxidative activities and significant dose-dependent effect in scavenging free radicals. Conclusion It revealed that SMSL possessed strong in vitro anti-oxidant activity. Additonally, it is shown that SMSL was rich in salvianolic acids, in which danshensu, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid B also had obvious anti-oxidant activity.

Analysis of parameters of serum concentration and pharmacokinetic of liposome and aqueous solution of toatal ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves in rats / 中国中药杂志

The experiment was aimed to investigate the difference of plasma concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters between liposome and aqueous solution of toatal ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves in rats, such as ginsenosides Rg₁, Re, Rf, Rb₁, Rg₂, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd. After intravenous injection of liposome and aqueous solution in rats, the blood was taken from the femoral vein to detect the plasma concentration of the above 9 ginsenoside monomers in different time points by using HPLC. The concentration-time curve was obtained and 3p97 pharmacokinetic software was used to get the pharmacokinetic parameters. After the intravenous injection of ginsenosides to rats, nine ginsenosides were detected in plasma. In general, among these ginsenosides, the peak time of the aqueous solution was between 0.05 to 0.083 3 h, and the serum concentration peak of liposome usually appeared after 0.5 h. After software fitting, the aqueous solution of ginsenoside monomers Rg₁, Re, Rf, Rg₂, Rc, Rd, Rb₃ was two-compartment model, and the liposomes were one-compartment model; aqueous solution and liposome of ginsenoside monomers Rb₁ were three-compartment model; aqueous solution of ginsenoside monomers Rb₂ was three-compartment model, and its liposome was one-compartment model. Area under the drug time curve (AUC) of these 9 kinds of saponin liposomes was larger than that of aqueous solution, and the retention time of the liposomes was longer than that of the aqueous solution; the removal rate was slower than that of the aqueous solution, and the half-life was longer than that of the water solution. The results from the experiment showed that by intravenous administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters of two formulations were significantly different from each other; the liposomes could not only remain the drug for a longer time in vivo, but also reduce the elimination rate and increase the treatment efficacy. As compared with the traditional dosage forms, the total ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves can improve the sustained release of the drug, which is of great significance for the research and development of new dosage forms of ginsenosides in the future.

Separation of flavonoids from stems and leaves of male plants in Trichosanthes kirilowii and study on their activity of scavenging DPPH free radical / 中草药

Objective: To study the flavonoids of the stems and leaves of male Trichosanthes kirilowii and to make a primary research on the structure activity relationship between flavonoids and their DPPH-scavenging capacity. Methods: Flavonoids from the stems and leaves of male T. kirilowii were separated by chromatographic techniques, such as polyamide resin, high-speed countercurrent chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. According to the chemical properties and spectral analysis, the chemical structures of the compounds were identified. And we determined the antioxidant ability in vitro of seven flavonoids by DPPH methods. Results: Seven flavonoids were isolated from the stems and leaves of male T. kirilowii. They were luteolin (1), chrysoeriol (2), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (3), chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (4), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (5), diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6), and quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside (7). Under the present experimental condition, the order of their DPPH-scavenging capacities was 1 > 3 > 7 > 2 > 4> 6 > 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7 are isolated from this part of male T. kirilowii for the first time. DPPH-scavenging capacities of the compounds 1, 3, and 7 are much stronger than others, but they all have 3',4' two adjacent hydroxide groups in B ring on the view of structure. DPPH-scavenging capacities of compounds 4 and 6 are much weaker than compound 3, but the former have 3' or 4' hydroxyl methylation in the structure. DPPH-scavenging capacity will also decrease if there is a 7 hydroxyl glycosylation in ring A by comparing compound 1 and 3. We speculate that it is caused by the increase of the steric hindrance.

A new triterpene natural product from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of saponins in the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods, and their structures were identified by NMR and MS data analysis. Results: Nine compounds were isolated and identified as 3β,6α,12β,25-tetrahydroxy-dammar-E-20(22)-ene-6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), sanchinoside B1 (2), 3β,6α,12β-dammar-E-20(22)-ene-3,6,12,25-tetraol (3), ginsenoside Rk3 (4), ginsenoside Rh4 (5), notoginsenoside T2 (6), 3β,6α,12β-dammar-20(21),24-diene-3,6,12-triol (7), ginsenoside Rk1 (8), and ginsenoside Rg5 (9). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new natural product and the other eight compounds are all isolated from the stems and leaves of P. ginseng for the first time.

Chemical constituents in acid hydrolysates of total saponins from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the acid hydrolysates of total saponins from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods, and their structures were identified by NMR and MS data analysis. Results: Thirty-four compounds were isolated and identified as 3β-acetoxy-12β-hydroxy-20(R), 25-epoxydammarane (1), 3β, 6α-diacetoxy-12β-hydroxy-20(R), 25-epoxydammarane (2), 3β-acetoxy-6α, 12β-dihydroxy-20(R), 25-epoxydammarane (3), 20(R)-panaxadiol (4), isodehydroprotopanaxatriol (5), 3-oxo-6α, 12β-dihydroxy-20(R), 25-epoxydammarane (6), dammar-(E)-20(22)-ene-3β, 12β, 25-triol (7), 6α-acetoxy-3β, 12β-dihydroxy-20(R), 25-epoxydammarane (8), 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (9), 20(R)-protopanaxadiol (10), 20(S)-25-ethoxyl-dammarane-3β, 12β, 20-triol (11), 20(R)-panaxatriol (12), dammar-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3β, 6α, 12β-triol (13), 27-demethyl-(E, E)-20(22), 23-dien-3β, 12β-dihydroxydammar-25-one (14), 3β, 12β-dihydroxy-22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27-hexanordamaran-20-one (15), 3β-acetoxy-6α, 12β, 25-trihydroxy-20(S), 24(R)-epoxy-dammarane (16), 20(S)-25-ethoxyl-dammarane-3β, 12β, 20-triol (17), dammar-(E)-20(22)-ene-3β, 6α, 12β, 25-tetrol (18), dammar-(Z)-20(22)-ene-3β, 6α, 12β, 25-tetrol (19), 20(S)-dammarane-3β, 12β, 20, 25-tetrol (20), 20(R)-dammarane-3β, 12β, 20, 25-tetrol (21), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (22), 20(R)-protopanaxatriol (23), (20S, 24S)-dammarane-20, 24-epoxy-3β, 6α, 12β, 25-tetraol (24), (20S, 24R)-dammarane-20, 24-epoxy-3β, 6α, 12β, 25-tetraol (25), (20R, 24R)-dammarane-20, 24-epoxy-3β, 6α, 12β, 25-tetraol (26), 3β, 6α, 12β-trihydroxy-22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27-hexanordamaran-20-one (27), 12β-hydroxy-20(R), 25-epoxydammarane-3β-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (28), 20(S)-dammarane-3β, 6α, 12β, 20, 25-pentol (29), 20(R)-dammarane-3β, 6α, 12β, 20, 25-pentol (30), 20(R)-dammarane-3β, 6α, 12β-trihydroxy-20, 25-epoxy-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (31), pseudo-ginsenoside-Rh2 (32), 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1 (33), and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rh1 (34). Conclusion: Compounds 1-3, 6, 8, 11, 17, 24-26, and 32 are ginseng triterpenoids isolated from the acid hydrolysates of total saponins from the stems and leaves of P. ginseng for the first time. Pseudo-ginsenoside-Rh2 is a potent antiproliferative agent against human cancer cells.

20(S)-Ginsenoside-Rf2, a novel triterpenoid saponin from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of saponins in the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods, and the chemical structures were identified by NMR and MS data analyses. Results: A total of 39 compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 17 compounds were determined as ginsenoside Re (1), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 (2), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh1 (3), ginsenoside Rh5 (4), 20(E)-ginsenoside F4 (5), ginsenoside F2 (6), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (7), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (8), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rf2 (9), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rf2 (10), 20(S)- protopanaxadiol (11), 20(R)-protopanaxadiol (12), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (13), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 (14), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (15), 20(R)-protopanaxatriol (16), and ginsenoside Rd (17). Conclusion: Compound 9 is a new saponin. Compounds 2-10, 13, and 14 are rare ginsenosides.

Simultaneous Determination of Three Flavonol Glycosides in the Stems and Leaves of Tribulus terrestris L . by HPLC / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

In this paper, three higher content of flavonol glycosides from the stems and leaves of Tribulus terrestris L. were determined by reversed phase HPLC. The results showed that there was good liner relationship between the peak areas and the sample concentration at the ranges of 0.011 2~0.280 0 μg (r=0.999 6), 0.064 8~2.592 0 μg (r=0.999 8) and 0.018 4~0.460 0 μg (r=0.999 8) for isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-gentiobioside-7-O-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-gentiobioside and isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-gentiobioside respectively. The verage recovery rates (n=9) of three flavonol glycosides compounds were 100.15%(RSD=1.32%), 100.02% (RSD=1.14%), 99.77% (RSD=1.16%), respectively. This method is considered to be simple, accurate, stable, good precision and reproducibility, which is available for the quality control and evaluation of T. terrestris L.