TRANSIENT STRUCTURES FOR STREET VENDORS: VIABLE DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

The commercial sector in India is ever-changing with a visible divide in different aspects of the operations, this leads to the creation of different sectors of the economy namely the 'formal' and the 'informal sector'. There is a wide disparity in documentation and assessment needs of the commercial setups involved in different types of activities in such 'unorganized' or 'informal' units. The Government of NCT of Delhi data on street vendors indicates that Delhi has an estimate of over 4 lakh vendors who are working in the informal sector as street vendors, roadside tea sellers, small roadside nursery owners, etc. all these setups require a special type of planning & consideration as these vendors have limited resource availability, with many of these street vendors finding accommodations in their mobile carts, and unplanned roadside setups. The state of livelihood and resource access remains limited for these 'informal' vendors. Issues such as the access to 'safe' infrastructure, permits & certification to operate as street vendors limit their social and economic well-being. Such concerns require significant social and design interventions to ensure the social, physical, and economic well-being of the vendors on 'the streets'.

CRITICAL ISSUES OF STREET GARMENTS VENDORS - A CASE STUDY IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

The street garments vendors are one of the constituent pillars of the giant unorganised workforce. They are the selfemployed category contributing a significant share to the economy of each country. The street garments vendors face many problems in the daily chores of their vending activities. The present study is conducted to examine the problems of street garments vendors in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh. Four hundred and fifty samples were drawn from the universe under simple random sampling method. The results show that women are dominating the street vending trades. The major problems include sexual harassment, physical evictions by the enforcement authorities. There is a significant relationship between the problems faced by the respondents and their overall perception about the street garments vendors. The study concludes that the Government of Andhra Pradesh has implemented more than 75 per cent of the provisions of the street garments vendors Act. The study ends with the concluding note that the Street garments vendors Act is to be implemented in letter and spirit to minimise the problems and issues against the street garments vendors in Chittoor District

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica do queijo de coalho comercializado na praia de Copacabana ­ RJ / Evaluation of the microbiological quality of coalho cheese commercialized on Copacabana beach ­ RJ

A pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar as condições higiênicas e sanitárias de comercialização do queijo de coalho por vendedores ambulantes na praia de Copacabana, por meio de inspeção visual e análises microbiológicas. Para o estudo foram coletadas quinze amostras de cinco diferentes ambulantes e estas foram encaminhadas para o Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Qualidade de Alimentos da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PESAGRO-RIO/CEPQA) onde foram submetidas às análises microbiológicas. O resultado da avaliação visual das condições higiênico-sanitárias demonstrou 100% de não conformidades em relação à adoção das Boas Práticas de Fabricação por parte dos manipuladores. Os resultados das contagens de Estafilococos coagulase positiva e de Coliformes termotolerantes se apresentaram acima do limite preconizado pela legislação vigente em 75% e 6,7% das amostras respectivamente. Em 25% das amostras foi verificada a presença de Salmonella spp. O estudo demonstrou que o queijo de coalho vendido por ambulantes da praia de Copacabana estava impróprio para o consumo podendo representar risco à saúde dos consumidores

The research aimed to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary commercialized conditions of coalho cheese by street vendors on Copacabana beach, through visual inspection and microbiological analysis. For conducting the study, fifteen samples were collected from five different street vendors and these were analyzed at the State Center for Research in Food Quality of the Agriculture Research Company of the State of Rio de Janeiro (PESAGRO-RIO/CEPQA). The result of the visual assessment of hygienic-sanitary conditions demonstrated 100% of non-conformities in relation to the adoption of Good Manufacturing Practices by the manipulators. In counts of coagulase positive Staphylococcus and Thermotolerant Coliforms were above the limit recommended by the current legislation in 75% and 6.7% of the samples, respectively. Salmonella spp. was present in 25% of the analyses.The study showed that the coalho cheese sold by street vendors on Copacabana beach was unfit for consumption and could pose a risk to consumer health

Study of socio-demographic profile and causes of street vending in urban area, Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Background: Street vending as a profession has been in existence in India since times immemorial. Poverty and lack of gainful employment in the rural areas and in the smaller towns drive large numbers of people to the city. Thus the present study is conducted to study socio-demographic profile, causes, addiction, morbidity pattern among street vendors. The objective of the present study is to study socio-demographic profile of street vendors, causes of street vending, addiction among street vendors, health problems faced by street vendors.Methods: The study was conducted in Shahagunj, where urban health training centre of Government Medical College Aurangabad is situated, for period of 2 months duration. All street vendors in the Shahagunj were included in the study. The purpose of study was explained to them. The survey was carried out with predesigned pretested questionnaire. The question related to socio-demographic characteristics, causes of street vending, addiction of smoking were asked.Results: About (29.6%) vendors belongs to age group 30-39, male participants are more in number, illiterate or educated up to primary school. Most of the vendors belongs to nuclear family, 71.25% vendors are migrated from other cities to seek employment, 73.6% vendors works with no holiday in a week. Vendors are addicted of tobacco chewing (27%), pan (6%) and cigarette (6%). Causes to become in informal sector are unable to fulfill requirement of formal sector 54%, only source of income 44% avoid tax is 2%. About 30% vendors are having health issues; maximum was musculoskeletal morbidities contributing 8.8%.Conclusions: Unable to fulfill requirement of formal sector and no other source of income are the major causes to be in the street vending.

Exposure to Atmospheric Particulates and Associated Respirable Deposition Dose to Street Vendors at the Residential and Commercial Sites in Dehradun City

BACKGROUND: Street vendors spend relatively more time near roadways and are vulnerable to air pollution related health disorders. However, there is limited information on the quality of the air they breathe. The objectives of this present study were to calculate the mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in eight size fractions (PM0.4–0.7, PM0.7–1.1, PM1.1–2.1, PM2.1–3.3, PM3.3–4.7, PM4.7–5.8, PM5.8–9.0, and PM9.0-–0µm) at commercial (CML) and residential site (RSL) in Dehradun city from November 2015 to May 2016. To estimate the corresponding respiratory deposition dose (RDDs) in alveolar (AL), tracheobronchial (TB), and head airway (HD) region on street vendors working at CML and RSL. To find the association of atmospheric PM with RDDs and the incidence of respiratory related disorders among street vendors. METHODS: Andersen cascade impactor was employed for calculating the PM mass concentration. Questionnaire based health survey among street vendors were carried out through personal interview. RESULTS: A significant difference (p < 0.05; t-test) between the mean PM0.4–10µm mass concentration at CML and RSL was observed with (mean±SD) 84.05±14.5 and 77.23±11.7 µgm−3, respectively. RDDs in AL, TB and HD region at CML was observed to be 9.9, 7.8, and 7.3% higher than at RSL, respectively. Health survey revealed 1.62, 0.96, 0.04, and 0.57 times higher incidence of cold, cough, breathlessness, and chest pain, respectively with street vendors at CML compared to RSL. CONCLUSION: The site characteristics plays a major role in the respiratory health status of street vendors at Dehradun.

Young Adult Street Vendors and Adverse Respiratory Health Outcomes in Bangkok, Thailand

Air pollutants of concern include traffic-related air pollution, including particulate matter in respirable coarse and fine size fractions. There are no critical studies to date into associations between knowledge, awareness, and attitudes in using proper respiratory masks and prevalence of respiratory symptoms among urban street vendors in Thailand. In this study, we estimated adverse respiratory health outcomes among street vendors, in particular young adults, in Bangkok, Thailand, using a self-report questionnaire. Street vendors, who were not currently smoking and not having known diagnosed respiratory diseases, were recruited. They were selected from selected roadsides at Chong Nonsi, Bangkok. Participants (n = 30) reported having lower respiratory (50%), upper respiratory (37%), and other symptoms (70%). Also, 53% of participants had never used respiratory personal protective equipment (PPE: masks). Among those using PPE, all used masks not proper for particulate matter. Results suggested knowledge, awareness, and attitudes concerning proper PPE use needs to be increased among street vendors in Bangkok, Thailand.

Vendedores ambulantes y COVID 19: estudio sobre la situación psicosocial antes y en la pandemia dentro el trabajo informal en la ciudad de La Paz

La presente investigación busca exponer las características psicosociales de vendedores ambulantes que trabajan dentro el sector informal en la ciudad de La Paz, describiendo características psicosociales antes de la pandemia y durante la misma. Durante el desarrollo de la misma participaron vendedores ambulantes que son beneficiarios de la fundación Arco Iris a través de un proyecto denominado trabajadores. Se logró adquirir información desde los mismos vendedores ambulantes logrando sistematizar la misma en el presente documento.

This research seeks to expose the psychosocial characteristics of street vendors who work within the informal sector in the city of La Paz, describing psychosocial characteristics before and during the pandemic. During its development, street vendors who are beneficiaries of the Arco Iris foundation participated through a project called workers. Information was acquired from the street vendors themselves, systematizing it in this document.

Esta pesquisa busca expor as características psicossociais dos camelôs que atuam no setor informal na cidade de La Paz, descrevendo as características psicossociais antes e durante a pandemia. Durante o seu desenvolvimento, os camelôs beneficiários da Fundação Arco Iris participaram de um projeto denominado trabalhadores. As informações foram obtidas junto aos próprios camelôs, sistematizando-as neste documento.

Condições higienicossanitárias na comercialização de água de coco (Cocus nucifera) em carrinhos do tipo "coco express", no centro de uma capital do nordeste brasileiro / Hygienic sanitary conditions in the commercialization of coconut water (Cocus nucifera) in carts of the type "coconut express", in the center of a capital of the Brazilian northeast

A manipulação dos alimentos pode ser uma forma de contaminação ou de transferência de micro-organismos nocivos à saúde humana. Estudos indicam como uma das principais causas de surtos de doenças de origem alimentar o despreparo dos manipuladores de alimentos. Em relação à água de coco in natura, novas alternativas de mercado têm surgido nos últimos anos, contribuindo para aumentar o consumo do produto, uma delas foram as Coco Express, com o produto servido diretamente ao consumidor. Nesse sentido, neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias na comercialização de água de coco (Cocus nucifera) em carrinhos do tipo Coco Express, no centro de uma capital do nordeste brasileiro. Foram entrevistados 36 ambulantes, sendo o instrumento um questionário do tipo checklist sobre as condições higienicossanitárias em que são realizadas a extração e comercialização da água de coco. Na análise estatística foi utilizado o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Os resultados mostraram que a maior parte dos manipuladores não utiliza as medidas de controle higienicossanitário no beneficiamento da matéria-prima e manipulação da bebida, podendo ser um risco para a saúde do consumidor.

Food manipulation might be a way of contamination or tranfering harmful microorganisms to human health. Studies indicate as one of the main causes of food diseases outbreaks the lack of preparation of the food manipulators. In relation to the coconut water in natura, new market alternatives have emerged in the past few years, contributing to the increase comsumption of the product, for example the Coco Express, in which the product is served directly to the consumer. In this respect, this work aimed to avaluate the saniraty-hygienic conditions in the commercialization of the coconut water (Cocus nucifera) in street vendors carts Coco Express type, in the downtown area of a capital in the brazilian northeast. For this research, 36 street vendors were interviewed, answering a checklist questionnaire about the hygienic-sanitary conditions in which the extraction and commercialization of the coconut water are carried out. The program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used for the statistical analysis. The results showed that most of the food manipulators do not use the hygienic-sanitary control necessary in the processing of the raw material and manipulation of the drink, which might be a risk to the consumer's health.

Comida de rua: avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias de manipuladores de alimentos / Street food: analysis of hygienic and sanitary conditions of food handlers

Resumo O consumo de alimentos de rua é uma alternativa econômica e prática para a população. No entanto, as preocupações sobre a segurança destes alimentos são cada vez maiores. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as condições higiênico-sanitárias do comércio ambulante de alimentos em Uberaba-MG. Para isso, além da aplicação de um questionário em 30 pontos de comércio ambulante, foram realizadas também análises microbiológicas nas mãos dos manipuladores e nas superfícies dos recipientes que acondicionam os alimentos. Os achados mostraram baixa adequação dos ambulantes em relação às condições de higiene de mãos e superfícies em contato com os alimentos. Nas superfícies, os resultados para microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos mostraram que apenas 23,3% apresentavam condições satisfatórias de limpeza. O nível de contaminação das mãos por coliformes termotolerantes e/ou Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foi insatisfatório em aproximadamente 47% dos manipuladores. Conclui-se que as condições higiênico-sanitárias de vendedores ambulantes de alimentos em Uberaba são deficientes. Portanto, é urgentemente necessária a adoção de programas eficazes e permanentes de treinamento em segurança alimentar para os manipuladores de alimentos.

Abstract The consumption of street food is an economical and practical alternative for the population. However, concerns regarding the safety of these foods are increasing. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the hygienic and sanitary conditions of the street food trade in Uberaba in the State of Minas Gerais. For this purpose, 30 street vending sites were evaluated using a structured questionnaire and microbiological analysis of food handlers’ hands and food contact recipients and surfaces. The findings showed low adequacy of street food regarding hand hygiene and food contact surfaces. With respect to surfaces, the results for mesophilic aerobic microorganisms revealed that only 23.3% had satisfactory sanitary conditions. The level of contamination of hands by fecal thermotolerant coliforms and/or Coagulase positive Staphylococci was unsatisfactory in approximately 47% of food handlers. The conclusion drawn is that the hygienic and sanitary conditions of food handlers in Uberaba are poor. It is therefore necessary to adopt effective and permanent training programs on food safety for food handlers urgently.

Caracterização da atividade laboral de trabalhadores informais em praia de Natal (RN) - Brasil / Labour activity of street vendors in a beach at Natal (RN-Brazil)

Este artigo analisa os modos de organização de uma atividade laboral, especificamente a de vendedor ambulante, situada na economia informal em uma praia urbana do nordeste do Brasil. São analisados resultados de pesquisa de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa, oriundos de questionário e observações de campo, realizados com grupo de sessenta vendedores ambulantes na praia de Ponta Negra (Natal, RN). As informações oriundas dos questionários passaram por análises estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais e foram integradas à análise clínico-interpretativa. Evidenciou-se a construção de um contexto específico para o exercício de sua atividade, caracterizado por necessidade constante de superação de obstáculos, estabelecimento de relações de submissão e diferenciação em coletivos de trabalho e mobilização de diversas competências e habilidades apoiadas em conhecimentos práticos. Conclui-se que a informalidade, para além da precariedade, abarca aspectos comuns ao trabalho formal, o que a sitia como atividade laboral legítima, do ponto de vista psicossocial, permitindo ultrapassar a perspectiva de antinomia entre essas duas modalidades de atividade.

This article analyzes the ways of organization of a labor activity, specifically the street marketer, as example of informal economy in an urban beach in northeastern Brazil. Quantitative and qualitative research data issued from answers to a questionnaire and field observations of a group of sixty vendors from Ponta Negra Beach (Natal-RN) are discussed. Data from the questionnaires underwent descriptive and inferential statistical analyzes, which were crossed to clinical-interpretative analysis. Results showed the construction of a specific context for the exercise of their activity, characterized by constant need of overcoming obstacles, establishing relations of submission and differentiation in labor collectives and mobilization of diverse competencies, abilities and skills supported by practical knowledge. We conclude that informality goes beyond its insecurity and precarity, showing various aspects in common with formal work, which allows the consideration of informal work as legitimate labor activity, from a psychosocial point of view. This assumption allows to overcome the antinomy between these two modalities of labor activity.

Inclusión social de los vendedores que ejercen actividades laborales del sector informal en el centro histórico de barranquilla / Social inclusion of street vendors engaged in labor activities in barranquilla's historic center

This study provides an assessment of the politics involved in the inclusion of street vendors as having the right to be considered part of an informal labor force in the downtown area of Barranquilla. Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to evaluate the collected data. The areas of analysis were as follows: informal stationary vendors located in the comercial sector and Barranquilla's labor policies and directives regarding such labor. In conclusion, despite the local government's approach to include informal street vendors as part of the labor force with their corresponding labor and political social rights, many of these do not take part in any of the programs earmarked as benefits of such due to lack of awareness of such programs.

El presente estudio permitió evaluar, desde el enfoque de derechos, la gestión de la política de inclusión social que se desarrolla en el contexto de los vendedores que laboran de manera informal en el Centro Histórico del distrito de Barranquilla (Colombia). Para la recolección de la información, se utilizaron técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas. Las unidades de análisis fueron dos: los vendedores estacionarios ubicados en el sector informal y los directivos/administrativos de la Alcaldía Distrital. En conclusión, se estableció que a pesar de que la Alcaldía enmarca su plan de gobierno en el enfoque social de derechos, los vendedores no participan en todos los programas, por ello, se amerita la inclusión de este grupo mediante el diseño de una política social que en realidad los haga partícipes de estos derechos.

Avaliação do perfil microbiológico e microscópico do caldo de cana in natura comercializado por ambulantes / Study on microbiological and microscopic profiles of fresf sugar-cane juice marketed by street vendors

A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) é a matéria prima constituída basicamente de fibras e caldo. O caldo, conhecido como garapa, é uma bebida de baixo custo, refrescante, energética e muito popular no Brasil. O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade microbiológica, microscópica e as condições higiênicas durante os procedimentos de manipulação do caldo de cana in natura, comercializado por ambulantes em Ribeirão Preto/SP. Foram avaliadas 90 amostras de caldo de cana in natura, adquiridas no período de maio de 2007 a janeiro de 2008, quanto ao isolamento de Salmonella sp, contagem de coliformes a 35ºC e a 45ºC, detecção de bolores e leveduras e pesquisa de matérias estranhas. Do total de amostras avaliadas, 31,0% apresentaram coliformes a 45ºC acima de 2 (logNMP/mL), porém Salmonella spp. não foi isolada em nenhuma das amostras. Quanto aos parâmetros microscópicos, 32,2% estavam em desacordo com a legislação em vigor principalmente em virtude da presença de fragmentos de insetos e de insetos inteiros pertencentes às ordens Hymenoptera (abelhas e formigas), Díptera (moscas domésticas, varejeiras e drosófilas) e Arachinida (aranha). Estes resultados evidenciam as deficiências higiênico-sanitárias durante o procedimento de obtenção do caldo de cana, o qual sugere a necessidade de implantação de programas para capacitação dos manipuladores desse produto.

Sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) is a raw plant, basically consisted of fibers and juice. The juice, also known as ‘garapa’ in Portuguese, is a cheap, refreshing and energetic beverage that is quite popular in Brazil. Thepresent study aimed at evaluating the microbiological and microscopic quality, and the hygienic conditions ofhandling procedures for the fresh sugar-cane juice sold by street vendors in Ribeirão Preto/Brazil. Ninety fresh sugar-cane samples were collected during the period between May 2007 and January 2008. Salmonella spp. isolation, coliform counts at 35ºC and 45ºC, and yeast and mold counts were performed, and the occurrence of extraneous foreign matters was investigated. Among the 90 analyzed samples, 31.0% showed coliforms at 45ºC above 2 (logMPN/mL), and no Salmonella spp. was isolated from any sample. On microscopy analyses, 32.2% of samples did not comply with the current legislation due to the presence of insect fragments and wholeinsects consisted of the following orders Hymenoptera (bees and ants), Diptera (house flies, blowflies anddrosophilas) and Arachnida (spiders). The hygienic-sanitary inadequacy in producing sugar-cane juice couldbe evidenced, thus, it might be inferred the need for establishing specific food-handlers training programs.

Mulheres guerreiras: identidade feminina e profissional entre vendedoras ambulantes da cidade de São Paulo / Female warriors: feminine identity and occupational identity among street vendors in the city of São Paulo

Este artigo se originou de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-abertas com 20 mulheres vendedoras ambulantes da cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa buscou investigar como se articulam as questões de trabalho e de gênero entre estas mulheres, a partir do referencial da identidade na Psicologia Social. Os resultados mostraram que o comércio ambulante aparece para elas como alternativa ao desemprego. Como em outras atividades do setor autônomo da economia, há entre elas constante sub-remuneração, implícita na elevada carga horária e no emprego de familiares no preparo das mercadorias a serem vendidas: geralmente comida em suas diversas formas. A produção de comida mostrou uma relação de continuidade com as representações de feminilidade mais comuns em nossa sociedade. Sua comercialização nas ruas, porém, implica em um rompimento com as prescrições de gênero na cultura brasileira, que associam a rua a um lugar masculino. As consequências da opressão de classe e de gênero em relação a estas mulheres mostraram a necessidade de incentivo ao cooperativismo entre elas, possibilitando um enfrentamento desta opressão.

This paper is the result of a qualitative survey conducted among twenty female street vendors in the city of São Paulo. The survey sought to investigate how issues of work and gender are articulated among these women, on the basis of perspectives of identity in Social Psychology. The results showed that street commerce appears to them as an alternative to unemployment. As with others who are self-employed, these women are subject to constant underpayment, which is implicit in the long hours worked and the engagement of relatives in preparing items for sale - usually food in various forms. Food preparation exhibits continuity with the most common representations of femininity in Brazilian society. But selling food in the street entails a break from gender roles in Brazilian culture, which looks upon the street as a place for men. The consequences of class and gender oppression for these women demonstrate the need to provide incentives for them to set up cooperatives among themselves, to allow them to confront such oppression.