Assessment of Vasodilation Function in Diabetic Patients via Skin Temperature Variation Signals / 医用生物力学

Objective A program-controlled flexible multi-point temperature measurement device was self developed for collection and analysis of skin temperature signals of diabetic patients and healthy subjects under resting and heating conditions so as to assess vasodilation function of the microcirculation, Methods With reference to the endothelial regulation spectrum of human body, wavelet analysis was performed on skin temperature signals, and the temperature fluctuation amplitudes in diabetic group and healthy control group were compared at different time periods after thermal stimulation. Results The temperature fluctuation amplitude in endothelial spectrum of diabetic group was smaller than that of healthy control group, and the decrease in skin temperature fluctuation after the power-off of thermal stimulation was remarkably smaller than that of control group, indicating that the response to thermal stimulation for diabetic patients was slower. Conclusions Vasodilation function can be quantitatively evaluated by using the fluctuation of skin temperature signals in endothelial spectrum band. Skin temperature monitoring is a potentially easy-implemented method for the health management and early diagnosis of microvascular diseases in diabetic patients.

Infrared Sensor ZTP-135SR and Its Application in Infrared Body Temperature Measurement / 中国医疗器械杂志

Body temperature is an essential physiological parameter. Conducting non-contact, fast and accurate measurement of temperature is increasing important under the background of COVID-19. The study introduces an infrared temperature measurement system based on the thermopile infrared temperature sensor ZTP-135SR. Extracting original temperature date of sensor, post-amplification and filter processing have been performed to ensure accuracy of the system. In addition, the temperature data of environmental compensation which obtained by polynomial fitting is added to the system to further improve measurement accuracy.

Development of Temperature Measurement Device by Percutaneous Laser Ablation / 中国医疗器械杂志

Percutaneous laser ablation is a potential minimally invasive method for tumors. Before developing this technique, clinicians need a method that can easily understand and master the range of laser ablation. In response to clinical needs, we investigated the relationship between temperature and tissue damage during tissue ablation, and designed a temperature measurement device to help doctors grasp the laser ablation range simply and conveniently.

Thermometry and interpretation of body temperature

This article reviews the historical development and up-to-date state of thermometric technologies for measuring human body temperature (BT) from two aspects: measurement methodology and signifi cance interpretation. Since the fi rst systematic and comprehensive study on BT and its relation to human diseases was conducted by Wunderlich in the late 19th century, BT has served as one of the most fundamental vital signs for clinical diagnosis and daily healthcare. The physiological implication of BT set point and thermoregulatory mechanisms are briefl y outlined. Infl uential determinants of BT measurement are investigated thoroughly. Three types of BT measurement, i.e., core body temperature, surface body temperature and basal body temperature, are categorized according to its measurement position and activity level. With the comparison of temperature measurement in industrial fi elds, specialties in technological and biological aspects in BT measurement are mentioned. Methodologies used in BT measurement are grouped into instrumental methods and mathematical methods. Instrumental methods utilize results of BT measurements directly from temperature-sensitive transducers and electronic instrumentations by the combination of actual and predictive measurement, invasive and noninvasive measurement. Mathematical methods use several numerical models, such as multiple regression model, autoregressive model, thermoregulatory mechanism-based model and the Kalman fi lter-based method to estimate BT indirectly from some relevant vital signs and environmental factors. Thermometry modalities are summarized on the dichotomies into invasive and noninvasive, contact and noncontact, direct and indirect, free and restrained, 1-D and n-D. Comprehensive interpretation of BT has an equal importance as the measurement of BT. Two modes to apply BT are classifi ed into real-time applications and long-term applications. With rapid advancement in IoT infrastructure, big data analytics and AI platforms, prospects for future development in thermometry and interpretation of BT are discussed.

Designing and application of portable temperature meter transmitter and receiver / 现代临床护理

Objective To study the effect of designing and application of portable thermometer transceiver and its application. Methods A portable thermometer transceiver was designed and used to measure the temperature of 31,386 patients. Meanwhile, the traditional temperature measurement method was used among 31,378 patients. The two groups were compared in view of time for assigning and collecting the meter. Results The time for assigning the portable thermometer transceiver and receiver was (0.08 ±0.03) min, while that for the traditional measurement method was (1.06 ±0.03) min. There was statistically significant difference between the groups (t=29.231, P<0.001). Conclusion The portable thermometers for temperature measurement can save time and improve the efficiency of nursing staff.

Designing and application of portable temperature meter transmitter and receiver / 现代临床护理

Objective To study the effect of designing and application of portable thermometer transceiver and its application. Methods A portable thermometer transceiver was designed and used to measure the temperature of 31,386 patients. Meanwhile, the traditional temperature measurement method was used among 31,378 patients. The two groups were compared in view of time for assigning and collecting the meter. Results The time for assigning the portable thermometer transceiver and receiver was (0.08 ±0.03) min, while that for the traditional measurement method was (1.06 ±0.03) min. There was statistically significant difference between the groups (t=29.231, P<0.001). Conclusion The portable thermometers for temperature measurement can save time and improve the efficiency of nursing staff.

Respiratory Rate Detection by a Time-Based Measurement System / Detección de frecuencia respiratoria mediante un sistema de medida basado en el tiempo

Abstract: This paper proposes a system that converts a time-modulated signal from a resistive sensor into a digital signal with the goal to estimate the respiratory rate of a subject. To detect breathing, a known method based on a nasal thermistor, which detects temperature changes near the nostrils, is used. In this work, the thermistor mounted in a Wheatstone bridge, forms a RC circuit which is connected directly to a microcontroller, without using any analog circuit or analog-digital converter. Thus, whenever the subject breathes, it causes a fractional change in resistance x (∆R/R 0) on the thermistor, and this produces a time-modulated signal that is directly digitized with the microcontroller. Measurements were made on 23 volunteers, obtaining changes of x > 0.01. The temperature resolution was 0.2 °C, and the time response was 0.8 s, mainly limited by the thermistor properties; these features were enough to obtain a well-defined waveform of the breathing, from which was easy to estimate the respiratory rate by a compact, low cost and low power consumption system. Unlike interface circuits based on voltage or current amplitude, with this kind of interface, the self-heating of the sensor is avoided since the thermistor does not require any voltage or bias current.

Resumen: Este trabajo propone un sistema que convierte una señal modulada en tiempo, proveniente de un sensor resistivo, en una señal digital con el fin de estimar la frecuencia respiratoria de un sujeto. Para detectar la respiración se utilizó el método basado en un termistor nasal, el cual detecta los cambios de temperatura cerca de las fosas nasales. En este trabajo, el termistor, montado en un puente de Wheatstone, forma un circuito RC que se conecta directamente a un microcontrolador, sin necesidad de usar ningún circuito analógico, ni conversor analógico-digital. Así, cada vez que el sujeto respire, provoca un cambio fraccional de resistencia x (∆R/R 0) en el termistor, y esto produce una señal modulada en tiempo que se digitaliza directamente con el microcontrolador. Se hicieron medidas en 23 voluntarios, obteniendo cambios de x > 0.01. Se obtuvo una resolución en temperatura de 0.2 °C y un tiempo de respuesta de 0.8 s, limitado principalmente por las propiedades del termistor utilizado. Estas características demostraron ser suficientes para obtener una forma de onda de la respiración bien definida, de la cual es sencillo estimar la frecuencia respiratoria mediante un sistema compacto, de bajo costo y bajo consumo de energía. A diferencia de los circuitos de interfaz basado en la amplitud de tensión o corriente, con este tipo de interfaz se evita el autocalentamiento del sensor, ya que el termistor no requiere ningún voltaje o corriente de polarización.

Design of temperature measurement system based on cloud platform / 中国医学装备

Objective:Elaborated the system cloud platform based on wireless coverage of automatic temperature measuring system, complete the body temperature measurement, collection, transmission and processing, discusses the intelligent temperature monitoring in the medical role in the process of practical application.Methods: through the establishment of information system cloud and accurate and the design of the portable detector, by constantly monitor the temperature; put forward the study of the importance of the temperature in the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Results: based on the information platform, the real temperature of the intelligent detection, which changes the traditional temperature measurement model.Conclusion: the clinical information and make full use of the equipment and software resources of integration, further perfecting the existing function of hospital information system, reduce the work intensity of medical staff, improve the utilization of medical resources.

Quality Evaluation and New Technologies about Process Quality Control of Chinese Herbal Pieces / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Because of the relationship between the quality and the processing technology of Chinese herbal pieces was very close, we proposed concerning the problems of Chinese herbal pieces characters and processing experi-ence. Then, we made use of intelligent sensory technique to objectively express the characters of Chinese Herbal pieces, and explored to set the methods and models about evaluating the quality of Chinese herbal pieces of appear-ance characters and internal quality. To realize the expression of experience terms such as huoli and huohou in the process of Chinese herbal pieces objectively, we adopted on-line infrared temperature measurement and biologi-cal evaluation technologies, and established new technologies and methods of Chinese herbal pieces process quality control in the process.We established a workable monitoring technology, which could not only achieve the controlla-bility and stability of processing quality, also ensured the safety and effectiveness of Chinese herbal pieces.

Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Outsourced School Meals

The purpose of this study was to provide a basic resource for establishment of hygienic management standards for meal delivery from the central kitchen to schools. Flow diagrams for delivery of food were analyzed, and time-temperature conditions of the food and environment were measured. Four different foods samples including Mexican salad, radish salad, stir-fried pork and vegetables, and stir-fried chicken and vegetables were collected after production and before service. Microbiological analysis was performed for aerobic plate counts (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, B. cereus, C. perfringens, and L. monocytogenes. After completion of production of cooked foods 2~3 hours were taken for the cooked foods to reach the temperature danger zone. Food temperatures at the meal service did not meet the recommended temperatures (10/57degrees C) for conventional school food service systems. The highest APC counts were observed in radish salad (5.70 log CFU/g), followed by Mexican salad (5.18 log CFU/g). Enterobacteriaceae and coliform counts were within acceptable levels of those recommended by the UK Public Health Laboratory Service. No E. coli or pathogens were found. These results provide useful information for determination of microbiological hazards in school food service systems, and suggest that time-temperature control during delivery is necessary for the safety of cooked foods.

Microbial Risk Analysis of Cooked Foods Donated to Foodbank(I) / 대한지역사회영양학회지

To ensure the microbiological safety of food items prepared after cooking process, this study was aimed to identify the hazards related with cooked foods donated to foodbanks through quantitative microbial analysis. Five foodbanks located in Incheon and Gyeonggi area among government-dominant foodbanks were surveyed from February to June, 2007. Manager, recipient, donator, type and quantity of donated food, and facility and equipment were examined for the general characteristics of foodbank. The time and temperature of food and environment were measured at steps from after-production to before-distribution, and the microbial analysis was performed mainly with indicator organism and major pathogens. The amount of cooked foods donated to each foodbank was about 20 to 30 servings and consisted of 80% of total donated foods. Only three foodbanks had separate offices for foodbank operation and four institutions had at least one temperature-controlled vehicle. The flow of donated foods was gone through the steps; production, meal service and holding at donator, collection by foodbank, transport (or holding after transport) and distribution to recipients. It took about 3.8 to 6.5 hours at room temperature from after-production to beforedistribution. Only aerobic plate counts (APC) and coliforms were found in microbial analysis. The APC after production were relatively high in 8.2 x 10(5), 7.4 x 10(5), 6.9 x 10(5) and 4.2 x 10(5) CFU/g while 2.8 x 10(6), 9.4 x 10(5), 1.0 x 10(6) and 5.4 x 10(5) CFU/g before distribution in mixed Pimpinella brachycarpa, mixed chard, mixed amaranth and mixed spinach, respectively. The levels of coliforms in mixed chard and mixed spinach were complied with the standards of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Management. The level of APC in boiled pork was increased from < 1.0 x 10 CFU/g to 4.0 x 10(2) CFU/g. One of delivery vessels was shown 6.2 x 10(3)CFU/100 cm2 in APC, which was over the standards for environment. One of serving tables also showed the high level of 1.2 x 10(3) CFU/100 cm2 in APC and 6.6 x 10(2) CFU/100 cm2 in coliforms. These results suggest the sanitary management of holding at donator and the time-temperature control are key factors to ensure the safety of cooked foods donated to foodbank.

Microbiological Hazard Analysis of Cooked Foods Donated to Foodbank (II)

This study was conducted to estimate the safety level of non-cooking and cooking processed foods to propose the sanitary management of foods donated to foodbanks. The time and temperature were measured and the microbial levels of aerobic plate counts (APC), coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, B. cereus, and E. coli O157:H7 were analyzed on ten food items donated to seven foodbanks. The amount of cooked foods donated to each foodbank was about 10 to 40 servings. All foodbanks hired a supervisor and had at least one refrigerator/freezer and one temperature-controlled vehicle, but only four foodbanks had the separate offices to manage the foodbank operation. The flow of donated foods was gone through the steps; production, meal service and holding at donator, collection by foodbank, transport (or holding after transport) and distribution to recipients. After production, the levels of APC of both non-cooking and cooking processed foods were complied with the standards by Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, and were not increased till distribution. Only the level of coliforms in dried squid & cucumber salad (1.5x10(3) CFU/g) was not met the standards. E. coli and other pathogens were not detected in all tested samples. The microbial levels of delivery vessels and work tables were satisfactory, but the APC levels of two of four tested serving tables (6.9x10(3) and 5.3x10(3) CFU/100cm2) and the coliforms level of one (1.1x10(3) CFU/100cm2) were over the standards. The air-borne microflora level in serving room was estimated as satisfactory. It took about 3.0 to 6.5 hours from after-production to distribution and the temperatures of donated foods were exposed mostly to temperature danger zone, which had a high potential of microbial growth. These results imply that a checklist to monitor time and temperature in each step should be provided and the employees involving foodbank operation should be properly educated to ensure the safety of donated foods.

Evaluación de lss pérdidas térmicas en calorimería isoperibólica. importancia de los alrededores en la obtención de constantes instrumentales / Evaluation of the thermal leakage in isoperibolic calorimetry. importance of the environs in the obtaining of instrumental constants

Para tres unidades calorimétricas con aislamientos en PVC, nailon y metálico se determina la constante de fugas térmicas, K, con valores de 6,50 x 10-3, 6,37 x 10-5 y 2,52 x 10-4 s-1, respectivamente. Se determina la capacidad calorífica del sistema con agua para cada una de las unidades calorimétricas y se obtienen valores para esta constante de 442,1 J °C-1 para la celda con aislamiento en PVC, 206,7 J °C-1 para la celda con aislamiento de nailon y 408,2 J °C-1 para la celda con aislamiento metálico. Se establece la influencia de la magnitud del efecto térmico en las pérdidas térmicas y en la constante de fugas térmicas, para trabajos eléctricos entre 0,5 y 3,4 kJ. Se determina la entalpía de solución para el sistema propanol-agua, con resultados similares para las tres unidades calorimétricas del orden de 10,7 kJmol-1 .

For three calorimetric units with isolations in PVC, nylon and metal, the heat leakage constant, K, is determined, giving values of 6.50 x10-3, 6.37 x10-5 and 2.52 x 10-4 s-1 respectively. The heat capacity of the system with water for each one of the calorimetric units was determined and values obtained for this constant are of 442.1 JC-1 for the cell with insulation in PVC, 206.7 JC-1 for the cell with insulation of nylon and 408.2 JC-1 for the cell with metallic insulation. The influence of the thermal effect magnitude in the thermal losses and the heat leakage constant, for electrical works between 0.5 and 3.4 kJ is established. Solution enthalpy for the system propanol- water was determined, with similar results for the three calorimetric units of the order of 10.7 kJmol-1.

Accuracy and precision of digital thermometer in neonatal temperature measurement.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and precision of digital thermometer for axillary ad rectal thermometry in neonates. Study design: A prospective study was conducted. One hundred infants, 0 to 28 days old, weighing 860 to 3,750 gm with a gestational age of 26 to 43 weeks were measured by a gold standard mercury-in-glass thermometer and then a digital thermometer for axillary and rectal temperatures, respectively. The accuracy was analyzed by the accepted difference between mercury-in-glass versus digital thermometer of 0.1oC and 0.2oC. Results: For rectal thermometry, accuracy of +0.1oC and +0.2oC was 68% (95% CI = 58.3%, 76.3%) and 87% (95% CI = 79%, 92.2%), respectively. For axillary thermometry, accuracy was 64% (95% CI = 54.2%, 72.7%) and 78% (95% CI = 68.9%, 85%) for +0.1oC and +0.2oC, respectively. The precision of the digital thermometer was 86% (95% CI = 77.9%, 91.5%) and 75% (95% CI = 65.7%, 82.5%) for rectal and axillary digital thermometry, respectively. Conclusion: The digital thermometer could be used instead of the mercury-in-glass thermometer in relatively healthy neonates who could accept a wider range of temperature fluctuation within +0.2oC. But for sick or critical neonates, the mercury-in-glass thermometer is still the recommended thermometer.

Design of Pyrolyzing Furnace Temperature Measurement Node Based on WSN Technology / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To propose a design of pyrolyzing furnace temperature measurement node based on WSN technology. Methods The chip MAX6675 was applied in the temperature measure circuit in the system. It simplified the design of hardware and software and improves precision of control system. The chip CC2420 was adopted as the frequency transceiver. The operating system TinyOS which was developed by the University of California at Berkeley was also adopted. Results We accomplished the design of temperature data acquisition module,wireless communication module and power management module,which had many features,such as simple structure,small size and high precision. Conclusion The node has effectively improved the functional reliability of pyrolyzing furnace,giving a solid base to promote the application of WSN technology on medical vehicle.

Design of multi-channel temperature measurement system / 医疗卫生装备

Objective In order to carry out the research of the non-invasive core temperature measurement,the paper designs a portable sixteen channels temperature measurement system. Method Using MCU MSP430F149,this paper applies the technology of analog signal acquisition and digital signal process to establish a multi-channel temperature system. Result The system can store and send the temperature signals through wire and wireless communication mode. Conclusion The system is stable and reliable,and the precision of the system satisfies the clinical demand.

The multi-channel digital measurement technology for temperature and its application / 医疗卫生装备

The multi-channel digital measurement technology for temperature is developed on the basis of the combination of digital measurement technology for temperature and the 1-wire technology. This paper discusses this technology and applies it to designing a system for multi-channel digital temperature measurement. This system has already been used in the research of some kind of medical equipments. It can conquer such problems as overhigh consumption of time and labor, difficult condition when applied to measuring microenvironment temperature within a cold or hot zone.