Object recognition test—a method to assess the learning and memory in mice based on their spontaneous behavior / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To develop a multi-mode,detailed and sensitive object recognition method for learning and memory research,including novel object recognition task,object location recognition task,temporal order memory task and object context recognition task in animals based on their spontaneous behavior. Methods Two strains of mice(KM and ICR)and four patterns were used to establish the object recognition method and several relative factors,such as time of test phase,delay between test phase and familiar phase were investigated. Results It was stable and reasonable to set the time of familiar phase as 5 min,the interval between test phase and familiar phase as 10 min,and the time of test phase as 3-5 min,under the precondition of habituation for three days and selecting the appropriate object pairs. Conclusions Object recognition test including four patterns has been systematically established as a stable, reliable and normative way for the research of animal learning and memory and drug development.

Case-control study on the visual information integration and visual working memory of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To find out the brain function characters of visual information integration and visual working memory with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. Methods 1∶ 1 case-control study was used on the study. 45 ADHD children who met DSM-IV criteria were recruited as case group,45 normal children from primary school were chosen as control group. Two groups children received the test of contour-integration,positional noise, temporal order memory, pattern memory. Results The ADHD double eyes' contour integration ( ( 1.62 ± 0. 81 ), ( 1.69 ± 0.87 ) ) were significantly lower than the control group' ( (2.02 ± 1.10), ( 1.98 ±0.81 )). There was no significant difference of double eyes' positional noise between case group( (1.98 ±0.89 ), ( 2.20 ± 1.10 ) ) and the control group ( ( 2.20 ± 0. 97 ), ( 2.30 ± 0. 83 ) ). The temporal order memory,pattern memory ( ( 1.89 ± 1.30), ( 1.18 ± 0.44) ) showed significantly lower in case group(P＜ 0.05 ) than that in control group ( ( 2.98 ± 1.25 ), ( 1. 44 ± 0. 66) ). Conclusion Results indicate that children with ADHD have deficiency in visual perception and the ability of visual information integration, and have significantly deficiency in visual working memory and executive-function.

Distribution of visual attention within a cued area: evidence based on temporal order judgments / Distribuição da atenção visual dentro de áreas indicadas: evidência baseada em julgamentos de ordem temporal

Three experiments were performed to investigate the distribution of attention across the visual field and the possibility of attentional resources to be more concentrated inside an abrupt onset frame (cue). The participants performed a temporal order judgment task of two letters presented in sequence; one letter presented inside and the other outside the frame. The results showed that the information presented inside the frame had its perceptual latency shortened in relation to the information presented outside the frame in experimental conditions where the frame orientation, the distance between the two letters and the cue onset time were manipulated. The advantage of the information presented inside the frame was attributed to the displacement of attention to the area delimited by the frame. The results contribute to the understanding of visual perception, showing that attentional resources may be redistributed inside the borders of a geometric figure.

Três experimentos foram realizados para investigar a distribuição da atenção pelo campo visual e a possibilidade dos recursos de atenção serem mais concentrados no interior de uma moldura (dica) de início abrupto. Os participantes realizaram uma tarefa de julgamento de ordem temporal de duas letras apresentadas em seqüência; uma letra apresentada dentro e a outra fora da moldura. Os resultados mostraram que a informação apresentada dentro da moldura teve a sua latência perceptual encurtada em relação à informação apresentada fora da moldura em condições experimentais onde a orientação da moldura, a distância entre as duas letras e o tempo de exposição da moldura foram manipulados. Esta vantagem para a informação apresentada dentro da moldura foi atribuída ao deslocamento da atenção para a área delimitada pela moldura. Os resultados contribuem para o entendimento da percepção visual, mostrando que recursos de atenção podem ser redistribuídos dentro das bordas de uma figura geométrica.

Generalization of temporal order detection skill learning: two experimental studies of children with dyslexia

The objective of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of learning generalization of a specific skill of auditory temporal processing (temporal order detection) in children with dyslexia. The frequency order discrimination task was applied to children with dyslexia and its effect after training was analyzed in the same trained task and in a different task (duration order discrimination) involving the temporal order discrimination too. During study 1, one group of subjects with dyslexia (N = 12; mean age = 10.9 ± 1.4 years) was trained and compared to a group of untrained dyslexic children (N = 28; mean age = 10.4 ± 2.1 years). In study 2, the performance of a trained dyslexic group (N = 18; mean age = 10.1 ± 2.1 years) was compared at three different times: 2 months before training, at the beginning of training, and at the end of training. Training was carried out for 2 months using a computer program responsible for training frequency ordering skill. In study 1, the trained group showed significant improvement after training only for frequency ordering task compared to the untrained group (P < 0.001). In study 2, the children showed improvement in the last interval in both frequency ordering (P < 0.001) and duration ordering (P = 0.01) tasks. These results showed differences regarding the presence of learning generalization of temporal order detection, since there was generalization of learning in only one of the studies. The presence of methodological differences between the studies, as well as the relationship between trained task and evaluated tasks, are discussed.

The retrieval of temporal order:an ERP research / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate neural correlates of the retrieval of temporal order.Methods ERP of 19 channels was recorded from 17 healthy young students while they performed a recency judgment task,a recognition task and a visual discrimination task separately,which were based on Sternberg paradigm.One-way ANOVA of repeated-measurement and post-hoc paired comparisons were carried out for both the task factor(temporal order,recognition and control)and the temporal distance factor correspondingly.The latter contains 3 intervals (1,2 and 3)between the targets.Results The temporal distance effect was significant:the closer targets correspond to longer reaction time((745.5±106.1)ms,(711.7±102.2)ms,(653.7±81.5)ms;F_((1.28,20.48))=43.37,P=0.00]and higher error rate((62.8±7.0)%,(72.5±5.4)%,(84.5±6.4)%;F_((1.32,21.11))=135.99,P=0.00].Significant behavioral effect of the task factor was also found for both reaction time(F_((1.32,21.11))=135.99,P=0.00)and error rate(F_((2,32))=200.31,P=0.00).No significant behavioral difference was found between the temporal order group and the recognition group.The spatiotemporal pattern of statistical parametric mapping(SPM)suggested the ERP effects of temporal order were presented in left temporal region (260～270 ms),bilateral parietal-occipital areas(280～290 ms),and bilateral parietal lobes(300～400 ms)prominently.No ERP effect was found between the temporal order task and the recognition task.Conclusions The neural correlates of the temporal distance effect exist in bilateral parietal regions.Temporal order as well as object information processing involves similar cerebral regions during the retrieval period.