Renal injury caused by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in a patient with liver cancer complicated with HBV infection：a case report and literature analysis / 中国药房

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate （TDF） is a first-line treatment for chronic hepatitis B. With increasing use worldwide， the adverse events of renal injury caused by this drug have also attracted industry attention. This article reports a 61- year-old patient with liver cancer complicated with hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection. The patient started using TDF in mid-March 2022 and developed kidney injury after 2 months of treatment， during which he received 2 courses of donafenib combined with sintilimab chemotherapy and irregular administration of diclofenac for pain relief. In this paper， Naranjo’s assessment scale was used to evaluate the drugs that may be associated with renal injury， including TDF and sintilimab， and the drugs that are suspected to be associated with renal injury are donafenib and diclofenac. The renal injury caused by TDF can be judged according to the changes in the patient’s condition， the incidence of drug-induced renal injury， clinical manifestations， occurrence time， occurrence mechanism， drug combination， and high-risk factors. The changes of serum creatinine in patients with liver cancer complicated with HBV infection after TDF should be dynamically monitored in the clinic， and the dose of antiviral drugs should be adjusted if necessary and other antiviral drugs with less impact on renal function can be selected， to provide individualized medication recommendations for tumor patients， reduce the incidence of TDF-related renal injury.

Regulatory effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on oxidative stress and peripheral blood Th17/Treg balance in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the regulatory effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on oxidative stress and peripheral blood Th17/Treg balance in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.Methods:A total of 102 patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis who received treatment in the Marine Police Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police, China from March 2020 to June 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo treatment with either tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ( n = 51, observation group) or entecavir ( n = 51, control group) for 42 weeks. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), T helper 17 cells (Th17), regulatory T cells (Treg), Th17/Treg ratio, hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), type III procollagen (PC III), type IV collagen (IV-C), hepatitis B virus DNA negative rate, HBeAg negative rate, and alanine aminotransferase normalization rate pre- and post-treatment as well as the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:Before treatment, there were no significant differences in SOD, MDA, NO, Th17, Treg, Th17/Treg ratio, HA, LN, PC III, IV-C between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment, SOD and Treg in the observation group were (121.52 ± 23.52) U/L and (3.51 ± 0.70)% in the observation group, respectively, which were significantly higher than (113.30 ± 20.05) U/L and (3.14 ± 0.49)%, respectively in the control group ( t = 1.90, -4.14, both P < 0.05). MDA, NO and Th17, Th17/Treg ratio, HA, LN, PC III, and IV-C in the observation group were (7.40 ± 1.35) mmol/L, (22.56 ± 4.25) μmol/L, (1.29 ± 0.46)%, (0.45 ± 0.11), (212.52 ± 16.62) μg/L, (135.52 ± 14.02) μg/L, (132.52 ± 15.62) μg/L,(96.52 ± 10.02) μg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower compared with the control group ( t = -6.81, 4.02, 3.10, -8.46, -13.27, -15.23, -13.67, -17.38, all P < 0.05). Hepatitis B virus DNA negative rate, HBeAg negative rate, and alanine aminotransferase normalization rate in the observation group were 76.47% (39/51), 68.63% (35/51) and 74.51% (38/51), respectively, which were higher than 56.86% (29/51), 41.18% (21/51), 54.90% (28/51) in the control group ( χ2 = 4.41, 7.76, 4.29, all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is highly effective on hepatitis B cirrhosis. It can reduce oxidative stress and regulate peripheral blood Th17/Treg balance.

Adverse effects of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Efeitos adversos da profilaxia pré-exposição oral diária para homens que fazem sexo com homens e mulheres trans: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Efectos adversos de la profilaxis preexposición oral diaria para hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y mujeres trans: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Abstract: The adverse effects of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are barriers to PrEP initiation and continuation. Although serious effects are rare and predictable, evidence for this assessment among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) is still limited. This study assesses the adverse effects of daily oral PrEP in MSM and TGW. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials and cohort studies on the use of daily oral PrEP selected from the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Data extraction included adverse effects and changes in renal and hepatic markers. Random effects models were used to summarize the risk of adverse effects throughout the study. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q test and the inconsistency test (I2). The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations. The search identified 653 references. Of these, 10 were selected. All studies assessed the eligibility of renal and hepatic markers. The use of daily oral PrEP was not associated with grade 3 or 4 adverse events (RR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.83-1.18; I2 = 26.1%), any serious adverse event (RR = 1.04; 95%CI: 0.58-1.87; I2 = 88.4%), grade 3+4 creatinine level (RR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.24-1.84; I2 = 79.9%), and grade 3 or 4 hypophosphatemia (RR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.15-2.10). The certainty of the evidence ranged from high to moderate for the outcomes analyzed. Daily oral PrEP is safe and well tolerated by MSM and TGW. Adverse effects were minimal and evenly distributed between intervention and control.

Resumo: Os efeitos adversos da profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) oral com fumarato de tenofovir desoproxila são barreiras para o início e a continuidade da PrEP. Embora os efeitos graves sejam raros e previsíveis, as evidências dessa avaliação entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) e mulheres transgênero (MTG) ainda são limitadas. Este estudo avalia os efeitos adversos da PrEP oral diária em HSH e MTG. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de ensaios clínicos e coortes que demonstram o uso de PrEP oral diária selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e Cochrane CENTRAL. A extração de dados incluiu os efeitos adversos e alterações nos marcadores renais e hepáticos. Modelos de efeitos aleatórios foram usados para resumir o risco de efeitos adversos ao longo do estudo. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran e inconsistência (I2). O risco de viés e a certeza da evidência foram avaliados por meio das recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane. Foram identificadas 653 referências. Destes, dez foram selecionadas. Todos os estudos avaliaram marcadores renais de elegibilidade e marcadores hepáticos. O uso diário de PrEP oral não foi associado a eventos de grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,99; IC95%: 0,83-1,18; I2 = 26,1%), a qualquer evento adverso grave (RR = 1,04; IC95%: 0,58-1,87; I2 =88,4%), à creatinina grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,66; IC95%: 0,24-1,84; I2 = 79,9%) e à hipofosfatemia grau 3 ou 4 (RR = 0,56; IC95%: 0,15-2,10). A certeza das evidências variou de alta a moderada para os desfechos analisados. A PrEP oral diária é segura e bem tolerada por HSH e MTG. Os efeitos adversos foram mínimos e distribuídos uniformemente entre a intervenção e o controle.

Resumen: Los efectos adversos de la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP) oral con fumarato de disoproxilo de tenofovir son barreras para el inicio y la continuación de la PrEP. Aunque los efectos graves son raros y predecibles, la evidencia de esta evaluación entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) y mujeres transgénero (MTG) sigue siendo limitada. Este estudio evalúa los efectos adversos de la PrEP oral diaria en HSH y MTG. Se trata de una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos y cohortes que demuestran el uso de la PrEP oral diaria seleccionada de las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS y Cochrane CENTRAL. La recolección de datos incluyó efectos adversos y cambios en los marcadores renales y hepáticos. Se utilizaron modelos de efectos aleatorios para resumir el riesgo de efectos adversos a lo largo del estudio. La heterogeneidad se evaluó mediante la prueba Q de Cochran y la inconsistencia (I2). El riesgo de sesgo y la certeza de la evidencia se evaluaron utilizando las recomendaciones de la Colaboración Cochrane. Se identificaron 653 referencias. De estas, se seleccionaron diez. Todos los estudios evaluaron los marcadores renales de elegibilidad y los marcadores hepáticos. El uso diario de la PrEP oral no se asoció con eventos de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,99; IC95%: 0,83-1,18; I2 = 26,1%), con ningún evento adverso grave (RR = 1,04; IC95%: 0,58-1,87; I2 = 88,4%), con creatinina de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,66; IC95%: 0,24-1,84; I2 = 79,9%) y con hipofosfatemia de grado 3 o 4 (RR = 0,56, IC95%: 0,15-2,10). La certeza de la evidencia varió de alta a moderada para los resultados analizados. La PrEP oral diaria es segura y bien tolerada por HSH y MTG. Los efectos adversos fueron mínimos y se distribuyeron uniformemente entre la intervención y el control.

Tenofovir-induced renal and bone toxicity: report of two cases and literature review

ABSTRACT Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) is one of the drugs in the initial first-line antiretroviral regimen for the treatment of hepatitis B and HIV infections. Despite its effectiveness and few adverse effects, it is related to renal and bone toxicity. We described two cases of HIV-positive middle-aged women who had been using TDF for two and four years (cases 1 and 2, respectively) and were admitted to the emergency room. Case 1 presented with metabolic ileum and diffuse bone pain while case 2 presented with bilateral coxo-femoral pain after a fall from standing height. Both cases had similar laboratory tests: hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hypouricemia and elevated plasma creatinine. In urinary exams, there was evidence of renal loss of electrolytes, justifying the serum alterations, in addition to glucosuria and proteinuria. The bone pain investigation identified bone fractures and reduced bone mineral density, together with increased levels of parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase and vitamin D deficiency. These two cases illustrate the spectrum of adverse renal and bone effects associated with TDF use. TDF was discontinued and treatment was focused on correcting the electrolyte disturbances and acidosis, in addition to controlling the bone disease through vitamin D and calcium supplementation. The renal changes found in both cases characterized the Fanconi's syndrome, and occurred due to TDF toxicity to proximal tubule cells mitochondria. Bone toxicity occurred due to direct interference of TDF in bone homeostasis, in addition to vitamin D deficiency and phosphaturia resulting from tubulopathy. During the follow-up, both cases evolved with chronic kidney disease and in one of them, the Fanconi's syndrome did not revert. We emphasize the need to monitor markers of bone metabolism and glomerular and tubular functions in patients using TDF.

Evaluating the effects of Moringa oleifera on atherogenic lipoprotein indices of HIV infected Nigerian adults on tenofovir-based antiretroviral regimen

Background: The administration of tenofovir (TDF) based (tenofovir/ lamivudine/efavirenz) antiretroviral regimen for the management of HIV has remained a concern to both clinicians and patients, thus necessitating the need for suitable supplement for the management of ART induced metabolic abnormalities. The study evaluated the effects of Moringa supplementation on the atherogenic lipoprotein indices of HIV patients on TDF-based regimen at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria.Methods: The study was designed as a time dependent investigation structured into 3 visits, visit 1 (cross sectional, baseline), visit 2 (4 weeks after administration) and visit 3 (12 weeks post administration). Subjects recruited (140) into this study comprised of two groups, TDF-M (n=56, administered Moringa Supplement) and TDF-NM (n=84, no supplement).Results: At baseline, more than 50% of the patients had at least one abnormal atherogenic lipoprotein indices (Log (TC/HDL-C) = 85.7%, TC/HDL-C=58.5% and LDL-C/HDL-C=51.4%), although at lower limits. At the end of 12 weeks of Moringa supplement administration, the results showed subjects in the TDF-M group who were at risk of CVD had fallen to 20%, indicating a dramatic (40.4%) decrease, while the prevalence of TDF-NM subject at risk of CVD rose to 53.6% (?2=26.67, P <0.001). HIV patients on TDF-based regime, who were at risk of CVD had elevated triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols which inversely affected the levels of high-density lipoprotein and negatively impacting the atherogenic indices.Conclusions: Moringa oleifera supplementation may be helpful in ameliorating the metabolic abnormalities associated with HIV patients on TDF-based regimen.

The anti-ZIKA virus activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in vitro / 药学学报

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a nucleoside analogue that has been widely used for clinical treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether TDF has anti-Zika virus (ZIKV) activity in vitro. The inhibitory effect of TDF on ZIKV was detected by plaque reduction assay. Then, the anti-ZIKV activity of TDF at RNA level and protein level was verified by real time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Finally, MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of TDF. Our results showed that TDF not only reduced the formation of plaque after ZIKV infection, but also inhibited the replication of ZIKV RNA or expression of ZIKV NS2B protein. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of TDF in inhibition of ZIKV replication were 14.96-27.47 μmol·L-1, while that of ribavirin was 56.01 ± 12.16 μmol·L-1, which served as the positive control. The cytotoxicity of TDF and ribavirin in Vero cells were very low, with their 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values being greater than 500 μmol·L-1. The therapeutic index of TDF calculated by CC50/EC50 was greater than 18.20, which was significantly higher than that of ribavirin. The results suggest that TDF has good anti-ZIKV activity in vitro and is expected to become a candidate drug for anti-ZIKV therapy.

Research advances in the clinical effect of tenofovir alafenamide in treatment of chronic hepatitis B / 临床肝胆病杂志

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TAF has better plasma stability and stronger liver-targeting ability and can significantly reduce the adverse events of renal injury and reduced bone mineral density. This article summarizes the research advances in the pharmacological characteristics, metabolic pathways, drug interactions, drug resistance, and renal safety of TAF and its role in patients with chronic HBV infection.

Mother-to-child vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus and its prevention with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate / 临床肝胆病杂志

This article reviews the research advances in mother-to-child vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), cause of standard immunoprophylaxis failure against HBV, and use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) during pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child vertical transmission of HBV, in order to provide guidance for future clinical studies. Our purpose is to perform scientific clinical management and completely prevent the mother-to-child transmission of HBV.

Zidovudine/Lamivudine vs. Abacavir/Lamivudine vs. Tenofovir/Emtricitabine in fixed-dose combinations as initial treatment for HIV patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis / Zidovudina/Lamivudina vs Abacavir/Lamivudina vs Tenofovir/Emtricitabina en combinaciones de dosis fija como tratamiento inicial en pacientes con VIH: revisión sistemática y metanálisis en red

Abstract Introduction: Initial treatment of the HIV is based on the use of three drugs, two of which are nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. There are three combinations of these drugs which have been approved by different guidelines, each with divergent results in terms of efficacy and safety. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of these three combinations. Methods: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing fixed doses of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate / Emtricitabine (TDF/FTC), Abacavir / Lamivudine (ABC/3TC) and Zidovudine / Lamivudine (ZDV/3TC). Results: Seven clinical trials met the eligibility criteria. The results suggested higher efficacy with TDF/FTC vs. ABC/3TC at 96 weeks and vs. ZDV/3TC at 48 weeks. However, there is clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis were performed by third drug and by level of viral load prior to treatment, and found no differences in virological control. Network meta-analysis could only be carried out with TDF/FTC vs. ZDV/3TC, and the proportion of patients with virological response, with no differences at 48 weeks nor at 96 weeks. Direct comparisons showed an increased risk of bone marrow suppression of ZDV/3TC vs. TDF/FTC and of ABC/3TC hypersensitivity reactions vs. ZDV/3TC Conclusions: The results did not show differences in effectiveness among the interventions. However, due to the heterogeneity of the third drug and the follow-up time between the included studies, this result is not definitive. The results raise the need for further studies to help improve treatment recommendations in patients infected with HIV.

Resumen Introducción: El tratamiento inicial de la infección por VIH se basa en el uso de tres medicamentos, dos de ellos inhibidores de transcriptasa reversa análogos de nucleósido. Existen tres combinaciones de estos medicamentos aprobadas por diferentes guías, con resultados divergentes en cuanto a eficacia y seguridad. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia y seguridad de las 3 combinaciones Métodos: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis en red de ensayos clínicos con asignación aleatoria comparando dosis fijas de Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarato/Emtricitabina (TDF/FTC), Abacavir/Lamivudina (ABC/3TC) y Zidovudina/Lamivudina (ZDV/3TC). Resultados: Siete ensayos clínicos cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Los resultados sugirieron mayor eficacia con TDF/FTC vs ABC/3TC a 96 semanas y vs. ZDV/3TC a 48 semanas. Sin embargo, existe heterogeneidad clínica y estadística. Se realizó análisis de subgrupos por tercer medicamento y por nivel de carga viral previa al tratamiento, sin encontrar diferencias en control virológico. Se pudo realizar metanálisis en red con TDF/FTC vs ZDV/3TC y proporción de pacientes con respuesta virológica, sin diferencias a las 48 semanas ni 96 semanas. Las comparaciones directas evidenciaron mayor riesgo de supresión de médula ósea de ZDV/3TC vs TDF/FTC y de reacciones de hipersensibilidad de ABC/3TC vs ZDV/3TC. Conclusión: Los resultados no demostraron diferencias en efectividad entre las intervenciones; sin embargo, debido a heterogeneidad en cuanto al tercer medicamento y el tiempo de seguimiento entre los estudios incluidos, dicho resultado no es definitivo. Los resultados plantean la necesidad de realizar nuevos estudios que ayuden a mejorar las recomendaciones de tratamiento en los pacientes infectados por el VIH.

Efficacy and Safety of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Asian Subjects with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection: A Sub-Analysis of Phase 3 Clinical Trials / 감염과화학요법

The efficacy and safety of a single tablet regimen (STR) of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (E/C/F/TDF) were analyzed in Phase 3 clinical trials in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve and ART-experienced Asian subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. Studies GS-US-236-102 and GS-US-236-103 were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 144-week studies conducted in ART-naïve subjects, comparing E/C/F/TDF versus efavirenz (EFV)/F/TDF or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV+RTV) plus emtricitabine/tenofovir DF (F/TDF), respectively. Studies GS-US-236-115 and GS-US-236-121 were randomized, open-label, 96-week long conducted in ART-experienced subjects, who switched to E/C/F/TDF from ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PI+RTV)+F/TDF, or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)+F/TDF regimens. The E/C/F/TDF appeared to have sustained efficacy and safety and was well tolerated in the small number of ART-naïve and ART-experienced Asian subjects.

Research advances in tenofovir in treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients with drug resistance / 临床肝胆病杂志

Currently, tenofovir is the first-line drug for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. This article reviews the research advances in its therapeutic effects in patients who are resistant to lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil, respond poorly to entecavir, or have multidrug resistance and introduces the results of the comparative study on the therapeutic effects of tenofovir monotherapy and combined treatment. It is pointed out that tenofovir has good safety and a good therapeutic effect in patients with drug resistance, including pregnant women; however, there are no significant differences in study results between tenofovir monotherapy and combined treatment.

Title: Development of new spectrophotometric method for estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate using MBTH reagent.

A new simple, sensitive and specific procedure has been developed for determination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms using MBTH reagent. The purpose of this analytical validation procedure is to validate it by laboratory experiments to prove that the method meets the minimum standards for laboratory use. 3-methyl-2-bezothiazoline hydrazone reacts with the secondary amine group of tenofovir in the presence of oxidizing agent, ferric chloride. The resulting apple green coloured chromogen when measured spectrophotometrically in visible region (i.e., 400-800nm) shows a maximum absorbance at 626.5nm. This method can be successfully applied for the determination of drug content in pharmaceutical formulations. The results of analysis have been validated statistically.

Retrospective Analysis of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in the Treatment of Multi-drug Resistant Chronic Hepatitis B / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To observe the short-term efficacy and ADR of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)in the treatment of multi-drug resistant chronic hepatitis B(CHB). METHODS:32 patients with multi-drug resistant CHB were analyzed retrospec-tively,and HBV drug-resistant genes were detected before treatment;there were a number of points to resistance;they were gave TDF orally. The recovery rate of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),HBV-DNA conversion rate,lactic acid and renal function were observed before and after treatment. RESULTS:The recovery rate of ALT reached 100% at 3 months,and the conversion rate of HBV-DNA reached 96.88%. The lactic acid levels and renal dysfunction was not found during treatment. CONCLUSIONS:TDF take effect quickly on multi-drug resistant CHB,and no obvious ADR is found.

Determination of Residual Triethylamine in Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate by GC / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of residual triethylamine in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Methods:The residual treithylamine was determined by GC with an Agilent DB-624 capillary column(30 m × 0. 53 mm,3 μm)and an FID detector. The carrier gas was nitrogen and the flow rate was 2. 0 ml · min-1 . The oven temperature was programming in-creased. The initial column temperature was 50℃,and then raised to 220℃ at a rate of 10℃·min-1 ,and maintained 4 min. Trieth-ylamine was quantified by an external standard. Results:The calibration showed a good linearity within the range of 53. 02-742. 34 μg ·ml-1 for triethylamine. The correlation coefficient was 0. 999 8. The recoveries were within the range of 96. 52%-102. 27%. The relative standard deviation(RSD)was 2. 42%(n=9). Conclusion:The method has good specificity,repeatability and sensitivity, which can be used in determining the content of residual trietbylamine in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Development of new spectrophotometric method for estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate using MBTH reagent.

A new simple, sensitive and specific procedure has been developed for determination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms using MBTH reagent. The purpose of this analytical validation procedure is to validate it by laboratory experiments to prove that the method meets the minimum standards for laboratory use. 3-methyl-2-bezothiazoline hydrazone reacts with the secondary amine group of tenofovir in the presence of oxidizing agent, ferric chloride. The resulting apple green coloured chromogen when measured spectrophotometrically in visible region (i.e., 400-800nm) shows a maximum absorbance at 626.5nm. This method can be successfully applied for the determination of drug content in pharmaceutical formulations. The results of analysis have been validated statistically.

Chromatographic Separation and in Vitro Dissolution Assessment of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Emtricitabine and Nevirapine in a Fixed Dose Combination of Antiretrovirals.

A rapid, economic and robust stability indicating HPLC method was developed and validated to quantify Tenofovir disoproxil Fumarate (TDF), Emtricitabine (EMT) and Nevirapine (NVP) simultaneously at single wavelength (254 nm) in order to assess the in vitro drug release profile from tablet formulations. Chromatographic separation was performed with a gradient elution of samples on a 4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 μm, Inertsil ODS-2 column with buffered mobile phase containing solvent A (10 Mm ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.6) and solvent B ( acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min). In dissolution studies, the sink condition was optimized based on quantitative solubility of TDF, EMT and NVP standards in different dissolution medium as recommended by USP. The proposed HPLC method and dissolution test condition were validated as per ICH guidelines. The results obtained meet the regulatory criteria thereby confirming that the method is suitable for routine quality control analysis and in vitro dissolution studies.

Una revisión sobre la profilaxis pre-exposición (PrEP) para la prevención del VIH / The review of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PreP) for HIV prevention

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic continues to represent a major global health issue. Today, there are several tools available to prevent the spread of HIV infection. However, there are several constraints to the current prevention strategies including low condom use, low acceptance of testing, low awareness of vulnerability and more emphasis on treatment. Prevention strategy is redirected towards reducing acquisition of HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis or “PrEP” is the latest groundbreaking innovation in biomedical research in the prevention of HIV transmission. The purpose of this paper is to review preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention including the current guidelines in the use of PreP.

El virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) continúa representando un importante problema de salud mundial. Hoy en día, existen varias herramientas disponibles para evitar la propagación de la infección por el VIH. Sin embargo, existen varias restricciones a las estrategias de prevención actuales, incluyendo el bajo uso del condón, baja aceptación de la prueba, la escasa conciencia de la vulnerabilidad y un mayor énfasis en el tratamiento. La estrategia de prevención se redirige hacia la reducción de la transmisión del VIH. La profilaxis pre-exposición o "PrEP" es la última innovación pionera en la investigación biomédica en la prevención de la transmisión del VIH. El propósito de este trabajo fue revisar la profilaxis de pre-exposición para la prevención del VIH, incluyendo las directrices actuales en el uso de PrEP.