Preformulation screening of lipids using solubility parameter concept in conjunction with experimental research to develop ceftriaxone loaded nanostructured lipid carriers

Abstract Development of ceftriaxone loaded nanostructured lipid carriers to increase permeability of ceftriaxone across uninflamed meninges after parenteral administration. Lipids were selected by theoretical and experimental techniques and optimization of NLCs done by response surface methodology using Box-Behnken design. The Δδt for glyceryl monostearate and Capryol90 were 4.39 and 2.92 respectively. The drug had maximum solubility of 0.175% (w/w) in glycerol monostearate and 2.56g of Capryol90 dissolved 10mg of drug. The binary mixture consisted of glyceryl monostearate and Capryol90 in a ratio of 70:30. The optimized NLCs particle size was 130.54nm, polydispersity index 0.28, % entrapment efficiency 44.32%, zeta potential -29.05mV, and % drug loading 8.10%. In vitro permeability of ceftriaxone loaded NLCs was 5.06x10-6 cm/s; evidently, the NLCs pervaded through uninflamed meninges, which, was further confirmed from in vivo biodistribution studies. The ratio of drug concentration between brain and plasma for ceftriaxone loaded NLCs was 0.29 and that for ceftriaxone solution was 0.02. With 44.32% entrapment of the drug in NLCs the biodistribution of ceftriaxone was enhanced 7.9 times compared with that of ceftriaxone solution. DSC and XRD studies revealed formation of imperfect crystalline NLCs. NLCs improved permeability of ceftriaxone through uninflamed meninges resulting in better management of CNS infections.

O estrangeiro de Albert Camus e o absurdo / El extranjero de Albert Camus y el absurdo / Albert Camus’ The stranger and the absurd

Pretende-se, nessa leitura de O estrangeiro, publicado pela primeira vez em 1942, demonstrar o quanto a ideia de absurdo, exposta no ensaio O mito de Sísifo, do mesmo ano, é decisiva na composição do seu romance mais consagrado e na definição de seu protagonista. Encerra-se questionando a propriedade de classificar a personagem como um exemplar das patologias ditas do vazio

In this approach to The stranger (1942), the author shows how much the idea of absurd, presented in the essay The myth of Sisyphus, published in that same year, is decisive for the creation of his most famous novel, as well as for the definition of the main character. She finishes questioning if it is appropriate to classify the character as an example of the so-called pathologies of emptiness

Se pretende, en esa lectura de El extranjero (1942), demostrar lo tanto que la idea del absurdo, en el ensayo El mito de Sísifo, publicado el mismo año, es decisiva en la composición de su novela más consagrada y en la definición de su protagonista. Se concluye cuestionando la propiedad de clasificar el personaje como un ejemplar de las patologías dichas del vacío