ABSTRACT
El manejo de la inestabilidad patelofemoral se basa en una adecuada evaluación de alteraciones anatómicas predisponentes. Patela alta es una de las causas más importantes de inestabilidad objetiva. La alteración biomecánica que ésta produce puede conducir a luxación patelar recurrente, dolor y cambios degenerativos focales. El examen físico es fundamental en la toma de decisiones. La evaluación imagenológica ha evolucionado desde métodos basados en radiografía hacia mediciones en resonancia magnética, que permiten una orientación más acabada de la relación existente entre la rótula y la tróclea femoral. El tratamiento se fundamenta en la corrección selectiva de los factores causales, donde la osteotomía de descenso de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia y la reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial son herramientas que deben considerarse racionalmente. Este artículo realiza una revisión de la literatura, otorgando los fundamentos quirúrgicos que explican la importancia del tratamiento específico de patela alta en inestabilidad rotuliana.
Patellofemoral instability management is based on a thorough evaluation of predisposing anatomical factors. Patella alta is one of the utmost causes of objective instability. As a result, biomechanical disturbance can lead to recurrent patellar instability, pain, and focal degenerative changes. Physical examination is paramount in decision making. Imaging evaluation has evolved from X-rays based methods to magnetic resonance measurements, which allows a more accurate assessment of the patellotrochlear relationship. Treatment is based on a selective risk factors correction, where tibial tubercle distalization osteotomy and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction must be considered altogether. This article reviews the surgical rationale of patella alta treatment in patellofemoral instability.
Subject(s)
Humans , Osteotomy/methods , Patellar Dislocation/surgery , Patellofemoral Joint/surgery , Joint Instability/surgery , Osteotomy/adverse effects , Postoperative Care , Biomechanical Phenomena , Patellar Ligament/surgery , Knee Dislocation/diagnostic imaging , Patellofemoral Joint/diagnostic imaging , Joint Instability/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the clinical effects of combined operation involving tibial tubercle distalization for the recurrent patellar dislocation with patella alta. Methods: Between April 2010 and May 2016, 14 cases of recurrent patellar dislocation with patella alta were treated with combined operation involving tibial tubercle distalization. There were 5 males and 9 females with an average age of 18.5 years (range, 13-26 years). The left knee was involved in 9 cases and the right knee in 5 cases. The patella had dislocated 3.3 times on average (range, 2-5 times). The interval between the first dislocation and admission was 19.7 months on average (range, 4-60 months), and the main symptoms were knee pain and limited knee movement. Preoperative X-ray films, CT, and MRI examinations of knee joint showed that the epiphyseal plate closed in all patients. Of all patients, 3 patients had avulsion fracture of the inner edge of patella, and 2 patients had free body in articular cavity. The tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, patellar-trochlear-groove distance, Caton-Deschamps index, knee range of motion (ROM), Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Kujala score, and Tegner score were compared pre- and post-operation. Results: All patients had primary wound healing. All patients were followed up 24-72 months with an average of 34.6 months. X-ray film and CT examination showed that the patellar dislocation was corrected and the osteotomy of the tibial tubercle healed with an average healing time of 3.8 months (range, 3-5 month). At 1 day and 1 year after operation, the TT-TG distance, patellar-trochlear-groove distance, and Caton-Deschamps index showed significant differences when compared with preoperative values ( P0.05). At the 1 year and 2 years after operation, the knee ROM, Lysholm score, IKDC score, Kujala score, and Tegner score showed significant differences when compared with preoperative values ( P0.05). Conclusion: Combined operation involving tibial tubercle distalization is a safe and reliable method, which has satisfactory short-term effectiveness for the recurrent patellar dislocation with patella alta.