Research progress of continuous manufacturing and process knowledge system of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

In the past few years, continuous manufacturing(CM) has been put forward by the FDA. Pharmaceutical enterprises are encouraged to promote the implementation of CM, which has become a hot research direction of pharmaceutical technology. In February 2019, the FDA issued a draft guideline for the implementation of CM, which greatly promoted the development of CM and provided reference for continuous manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). The production process of TCM is a complex system. With the innovation of production equipment and the promotion of automation and informatization of TCM production, the exis-ting policies, regulations and traditional production control capacity are difficult to meet the market demand for high-quality TCM pro-ducts. In this paper, we reviewed the new technologies and methods of quality control in accordance with the characteristics of TCM production by referring to modern manufacturing technology, information technology and quality control technology. Based on the "QbD" theory and "PAT" technology, process knowledge system(PKS), an advanced control strategy, was proposed to provide a reference for the implementation of CM in TCM production.

Epidemic features of coronavirus disease 2019 in Henan Province / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#To analyze the regional epidemic features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Henan Province, China.@*METHODS@#According to the data of COVID-19 patients and the resident population at the end of 2018 in Henan Province, statistical description and analysis of epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Henan Province were conducted, including the time distribution, population distribution, and regional distribution.@*RESULTS@#The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in Henan Province was 1.32/100 000, the cure rate was 98.03%, and the fatality rate was 1.73% by March 9, 2020. The incidence curve showed that the epidemic peak reached from January 24 to January 28. The high-incidence area was Xinyang, with a standardized cumulative incidence rate of 4.36/100 000. There were 580 female COVID-19 patients (45.60%), 688 males (54.09%) in Henan Province. The incidence of males was 1.41/100 000, while the incidence of females was 1.23/100 000. The age with the highest incidence of COVID-19 in Henan Province was 20-69 years old (88.68%). The incidence rate was highest in men aged 30-39 (2.51/ 100 000), while the lowest rate in women aged 0-9 (0.16/100 000). There were 1 225 local patients (96.31%), and the rural patients (45.73%) were slightly higher than the urban patients (44.02%) in Henan Province. A total of 63.60% patients had traveled or lived in Hubei or contacted with people who came from Hubei to Henan. The proportion of patients whose family members suffered from COVID-19 was 32.70%. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis suggested that there was a statistically significant positive correlation in the spatial distribution of COVID-19 patients in Henan Province (Moran's =0.248, =2.955, <0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are differences in the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 patients in different areas of Henan Province, with epidemic peak reaching from January 24 to January 28. Henan is dominated by local patients, male patients, and patients with contact history in Hubei. The space appears to be moderately clustered.

Análise da distribuição temporal das chuvas em eventos hidrológicos extremos / The analysis of time distribution of rainfall in heavy storms

RESUMO: O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a influência da distribuição temporal das chuvas em eventos hidrológicos extremos na bacia do Córrego do Gregório (São Carlos, São Paulo). Foram aplicadas duas metodologias de distribuição temporal das chuvas e adotados períodos de retorno de 25, 50 e 100 anos: o método de Huff 1º quartil e o método dos blocos alternados; e simularam-se as manchas de inundação com o software HEC-GeoRAS. A alteração do método de distribuição temporal das chuvas resultou em hidrogramas com diferenças de até 46% na vazão de pico, 57% nas áreas da mancha de inundação da região e 1,5 m na altura de inundação.

ABSTRACT: The research objective was to analyze the time distribution of rainfall caused by flash floods in Gregorio watershed (São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil). Two methodologies of temporal distribution of rainfall were applied for adopted return periods of 25, 50 and 100 years: the Huff 1st quartile method and the alternating blocks method; wherein the flood inundation areas were simulated with HEC-GeoRAS software. The time distribution of both rainfall methods exhibit 46% discrepancy in peak flow, 57% in flood inundation area and 1.5 m in water depth.

An analysis of time distribution characteristics of stroke patients in Wenzhou City by circular distribution methods / 预防医学

Objective To investigate the time distribution of pre-hospital emergency stroke patients,so as to provide recommendations for stroke prevention and control.Methods The information of 2844 stroke patients from 2013 to 2016 was collected from emergency medical center of Wenzhou,and circular distribution method was used to analyze the seasonal stroke incidence.Results Both seasonal and daily occurrence of cerebralvascular accidents showed weak(all r<0.3) trends of centralization(all P<0.05).The average angle for each year was not equal,and the average angle of 2014 was significantly different from the other years(P<0.05). The peak time point of every year(except 2014)was on the 4th of January and the peak time period was from the 2nd of September to the 9th of May of next year. The average angle for every day was(230.965±108.999)°(P<0.05),which suggested that the peak time point was 14:35,and the peak time period was from 7:19 to 21:51.Conclusion Stroke morbidity has obvious seasonality in Wenzhou,and the peak time was in winter and spring. Besides,the cerebralvascular accidents occures more often in the day time.The time distribution characteristics of stroke patients should be considered when studying the causes of stroke.

Distribution features of wild feces in schistosomiasis endemic areas in Jian-gling County,Hubei Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the spatial distribution characteristics of wild feces in schistosomiasis endemic areas of Jiangling County,Hubei Province and further explore the source of infection efficiently,so as to provide the evidence for the development of corresponding monitoring and response technology. Methods In 2011,the fresh wild feces were investigated every two months in the selected 15 villages by the severity of historical endemic in Jiangling County. The schistosome miracidi-um hatching method was used to test the schistosome infection of the wild feces. The descriptive analysis and spatial analysis were used for the description of the spatial distribution of the wild feces. Results Totally 701 wild feces samples were collected with the average density of 0.0556/100 m2,and the positive rate of the wild feces was 11.70%(82/701). The results of the re-gression analysis showed a positive spatial correlation between the positive rate of wild feces and the rate of human infection,the area with infected Oncomelania hupensis and the number of fenced cattle,and the corrected R2 of the model was 0.58. Conclu-sion The infection rate of wild feces is positively correlated with the rate of human infection,area with infected O. hupensis and number of fenced cattle in space in Jiangling County,so the prevention and control measures could be conducted according to the spatial distribution of the positive wild feces.

A retrospective study of emergency department mortality of a tertiary general hospital from 2004 to 2014 in Shandong province / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To determine the trend of emergency department (ED)mortality of a tertiary general hospital from 2004 to 2014 in order to find the factors that may impact on ED mortality.Methods Mortality in ED was estimated according to the ratio of ED visiting patients to ED deaths.And the data of all ED deaths in 2004,2009 and 2014 were collected.Variance analysis and chi-square test were used for data analysis.Results During the past decade,ED visiting patients was increased significantly by 38.0% in 2014,compared with those in 2004,and the mortality was also increased accordingly from 0.7% in 2004, to 0.9% in 2009,to 1.2% in 2014 (P <0.01).Finally,a total of 1,091 deaths occurred in these three years were included for further evaluation.There were no significant changes in average age and gender distribution,and the average age was 61.9 and the male /female ratio was 1.36∶1 during past decade.The number of adults under 40 years old (18 -39)increased from 7.5% in 2004,to 10.6% in 2009,to 14.4% in 2014 (P <0.05).Both the facilities were upgraded and the number of staffs in ED increased markedly.The cardiovascular illness,cerebrovascular diseases,and sudden death were the leading causes of ED death during past decade.The incidences of trauma and tumor remained unchanged.Average time consumed from onset of illness to arrival to ED didn’t vary significantly during past decade.The study showed no changes in use of ambulance,but remarkable increases in number of non-compliant patients or their family from 18.3% in 2004,to 25.6% in 2009,to 38.3% in 2014 (P <0.01).The percentage of patients in the night time was higher,but there were no significant changes in number of emergency patients in the night time and during holidays in the past decade,but the mean ED stay time increased obviously from 22.4 h in 2004 to 53.3 h in 2014 (P <0.05 ).Conclusions During the past decade,although ED facilities and number of staffs have been improved apparently,ED mortality rate still keeps on escalating. The increase in ED mortality rate may be related to the severely ill patients presenting to ED,the obvious decrease in compliance of patients and the prolonged ED stay time.

Study on time,spatial and population distribution of intestinal nematode in-fections in Jiangsu Province in recent 30 years / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To analyze the epidemical distribution of intestinal nematode infections in Jiangsu Province in recent 30 years,so as to provide the evidence for improving prevention and control of intestinal nematodiasis in the future. Methods The literature related to intestinal nematode infections in Jiangsu Province from 1984 to 2012 was searched and the infection data in them were sorted and analyzed. Results A total of 26 papers were obtained. In the recent 30 years,the infection rates of Trich-uris trichiura,Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm in Jiangsu Province decreased gradually,but the infection levels in northern Ji-angsu were higher than those in central and southern Jiangsu. In northern and central of Jiangsu Province,the descent speed of the intestinal nematode infection levels was faster before 2000,and then it slowed down after 2000. In southern Jiangsu,the descent speed of the infection level of A. lumbricoides was the fastest,but the infection level of T. trichiura with slight fluctuation kept rela-tively steady. From 1984 to 1989,the infection rates of the 3 intestinal nematodes above-mentioned in all age groups were high, and those of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides were above 20%and 30%,respectively,and the infection rates of hookworm in mid-dle aged and elderly populations were relatively high. From 1990 to 2000,the infection rates of A. lumbricoides in children and teenager as well as that of hookworm in the people aged from 40 to 70 years were high,but those of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides in the people above 70 years old were low. During the period of 2001 to 2012,the middle aged and elderly population and children were still the high-risk groups of hookworm and A. lumbricoides infections,respectively. Conclusions In the recent 30 years,the infection rates of intestinal nematodes in Jiangsu Province have decreased year by year,but the infection levels in northern Jiangsu are still higher than those in central and southern Jiangsu,which means that the northern Jiangsu is the key area of intestinal nema-todiasis control. Meanwhile,the A. lumbricoides infection rate of children and T. trichiura infection rate of the middle aged and el-derly population are high,which suggests that the control should put emphasis on the key population.

Occurrence, fatality and time distribution of food poisoning in Hunan Province / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To explore the incidence,mortality,trends and time distribution of food poisoning in Hunan Province.Methods:The data on food poisoning was derived from the Information Office of Hunan Provincial Health Department.Using the trend-test and circular distribution methods,we have described the current situation of food poisoning and tested the central tendency of the peak time points and the peak time zone of food poisoning in Hunan from 2000 to 2009.Results:On average,the incidence of food poisoning in Hunan from 2000 to 2009 was 0.072 per 100000 population.And the average number of people affected in these incidents was 1.937 per 100000 population.There were no apparent trends in either the number of incidents or people affected between 2000 and 2009 (u=-0.98,P＞0.05; u=-1.34,P＞0.05,respectively).The average mortality was 0.015 per 100000 population.The trend-test indicated that the average annual mortality decreased significantly from 2000 to 2009 (u=-1.72,P＜0.05).Meanwhile the average annual fatality rate was 0.77％.The trend-test revealed statistically significant differences for the average annual fatality rate (u=-1.88,P＜0.05).The circular distribution analysis showed that there was a central tendency of the distribution of food poisoning cases,with the average peak time atAugust 28th and the average peak time zone from June 7th to November 18th for food poisoning from 2000 to 2008.Conclusion:From 2000 to 2009,there is a significant tendency in the average annual mortality and fatality rate of food poisoning in Hunan.Summer and fall are the high seasons for food poisoning.We should pay attention to the peak time zone,especially the peak time point of food poisoning for food safety monitoring,and strengthen the prevention and control on food poisoning.