ABSTRACT
Objective Nomilin and obacunone are two important limonoids that are well known for their anticancer effect. Previous studies showed that limonoids had inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). However these effects are inconclusive with regards to prediction of potential drug interactions. Methods Nomilin or obacunone was pre-incubated with HLMs for 30 min. Following 10-fold dilution from the pre-incubation concentration, a second incubation was performed in the presence of NADPH and cytochrome P450 substrates for 15 min. The reaction was quenched and the supernatants were analyzed by chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results In this study, nomilin and obacunone showed potent inhibitory effect on CYP3A4 with the IC50 values of 3.50 and 6.08 µmol/L, respectively. The inhibition of CYP3A4 was in a time-, concentration- and NADPH-dependent manner with Ki values of 2.92 and 1.25 µmol/L and Kinact values of 0.033 and 0.078 min−1 for nomilin and obacunone respectively. These results elucidated that they were time-dependent inhibitors for CYP3A4. Conclusion Concomitant use of limonoids and other drugs may call for extra caution for purposes of clinical safety.
ABSTRACT
Podophyllotoxin (PPT) and its derivatives exert significant anti-cancer activities, and one derivative etoposide is often utilized to treat various cancers in the clinic. The aim of the present study is to investigate the inhibitory effects of PPT on major cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms in human livers. Inhibition of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP2A6 by PPT was investigated in the human liver microsomal system. Time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 by PPT was also evaluated. The results showed that PPT strongly exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 in a concentration-dependent manner. Half inhibition concentration (IC50) was 1.1±0.3 and 4.6±0.3 μM for CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, respectively. Inhibition kinetic analysis showed that PPT exhibited competitive inhibition towards CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 with Ki of 1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively. Additionally, PPT exerted time-dependent inhibition towards CYP3A4 and the kinetic parameters were 4.4±2.1 μM and 0.06±0.01 min–1 for KI and kinact, respectively. Our experimental data indicate that potential drug–drug interaction (DDI) might exist when PPT is co-administered with the substrates which mainly undergo CYP3A4- or CYP2C9-mediated metabolism.