Long-read sequencing revealed alterations of microbial relationship between tongue coating and gastric mucosa in patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia / 数字中医药（英文）

Objective@#To explore the microbial correlation between oral tongue coating (TC) and gastric mucosa (GM) in patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM).@*Methods@#The present study recruited 1360 volunteers for upper gastrointestinal cancer screening. The microbiota in TC and GM were profiled by long-read sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA gene. The microbial diversity, community structure, and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) were analyzed by the software Visual Genomics. SparCC correlation analysis was used to construct the commensal network and the graphical display was conducted by R software.@*Results@#The population included 44 patients with precancerous GIM, and 28 matched controls with negative rapid urease test (RUT) and non-symptomatic chronic superficial gastritis (CSG). No significant difference in diversity was observed between GIM patients and controls in TC or GM microbiota (P > 0.05). Patients had a higher percentage of 41 – 60 co-occurring operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between TC and GM than controls (34.1% vs. 25.0%) (P < 0.05). The LEfSe showed that TC Prevotella melaninogenica and three gastric Helicobacter species (i.e., Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori XZ274, and Helicobacter pylori 83) were enriched in patients with GIM. Furthermore, GIM patients with positive RUT had a lower percentage of co-occurring OTUs over 20 (P < 0.05), and lower abundances of gastric Veillonella, Pseudonocardia, and Mesorhizobium than those with negative RUT (P < 0.05). The commensal network between TC and GM was more complex in GIM patients than in controls. GIM patients with positive RUT demonstrated more bacterial correlations between TC and GM than those with negative RUT. Finally, the serum ratio of PG-I/II was negatively correlated with three gastric Helicobacter species (Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori XZ274, and Helicobacter pylori 83) in patients with negative RUT (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with two TC species (Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum and Campylobacter showae) in patients with positive RUT (P < 0.05).@*Conclusion@#The development of GIM potentiated the commensal network between oral TC and GM, providing microbial evidence of the correlation between TC and the stomach.

Perturbations in gastrointestinal tract microbiota composition and function in individuals with yellow-greasy tongue coating / 数字中医药（英文）

@#【Objective】  To study the composition and function of tongue coating (TC) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota in participants with yellow-greasy tongue coating (YGTC), and to explore the representative metabolite markers and pathways in this group. 【Methods】  Subjects with YGTC or thin-white tongue coating (TWTC) were recruited from December 1, 2021 to October 30, 2022, and the TC and fecal samples were collected. Samples were subjected to both whole-genome shotgun (WGS), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The α-diversity analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and Spearman correlation analysis were performed for two groups. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis was used to analyze metabolomics and enrichment of metabolic pathways. 【Results】  The results revealed 20 YGTC participates and 19 TWTC participates. At the genus level, the dominant bacterial species of TC flora and intestinal flora in the two groups were roughly the same, but the relative kurtosis difference was marked, and the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria in TC and fecal samples of YGTC subjects was higher. There were 9 down-regulated microorganisms in the TC samples, 26 down-regulated microorganisms, and 6 up-regulated microorganisms in YGTC subjects. The α-diversity analysis indicated that the Chao and abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) indices of TC bacteria in the YGTC subjects showed a decreasing trend, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The α-diversity of fecal samples and the Chao and ACE indices decreased significantly (P < 0.05). PCA showed that the microflora structure of TC and fecal samples were significantly different between the two groups. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was no correlation between TC and fecal microorganisms at phyla and genus levels in the same subjects (P > 0.05). The metabolomics results demonstrated that fumarate reductase, V/A ATPase, and phosphatidylethanolamine were increased, and glycerate-3p, UDP-glucose, and quinone oxidoreductase metabolites were decreased in YGTC TC samples. Inosine monophosphate (IMP), uridine monophosphate (UMP), and gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA) were increased in YGTC fecal samples, while the contents of ribo-5P, histidine, biotin,and cobalamin were decreased. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that the abundance of the TC and fecal samples of the YGTC subjects was relatively low in various metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and energy metabolism. 【Conclusion】  Structural and functional changes in TC and GIT microbiota or metabolite markers could be potential biological bases of YGTC formation.

Prevalencia de halitosis en niños y su asociación con la higiene bucal, caries dental, saburra lingual, tipo de respiración, edad y sexo / Prevalence of halitosis in children and its association with oral hygiene, dental caries, tongue coating, type of breathing, age, and sex

Resumen La halitosis es considerada como una condición anómala frecuente en la salud bucal y se define como un olor desagradable que emite la cavidad oral, nariz, vías respiratorias o aparato digestivo. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de halitosis y su relación con los factores asociados como: higiene oral, caries, placa lingual, tipo de respiración, edad y sexo en niños de 5 a 12 años que asisten a la Escuela Giordano Bruno, de la Provincia de Pichincha - Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal realizado en una población de 178 estudiantes de 5 a 12 años, la muestra fue de 122 niños seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado para participar en el estudio. La prevalencia de halitosis se evaluó con un monitor que detecta compuestos volátiles de sulfuro. Los factores asociados se midieron por medio del IHOS, el índice de lengua saburral de Winkel, la prueba con el espejo bucal y el índice ceo-d y CPO-D. Los datos se analizaron con la prueba de Chi cuadrado con un valor de significación de 0,05 y un Análisis de Regresión Logística Binaria. Resultados: La prevalencia de halitosis fue del 50% en los niños y se relacionó con saburralingual, higiene bucal, edad y sexo (p<0,05), pero no hubo asociación entre la halitosis, el tipo de respiración y la presencia de caries dental. Los niños que presentan saburra lingual tienen 177 veces mayor riesgo de presentar halitosis mientras que los que muestran una higiene bucal regular tienen 205 veces más riesgo de presentar halitosis. Conclusión: La prevalencia de halitosis en niños es alta y los principales factores de riesgo son la saburra lingual y la higiene bucal regular.

Abstract Halitosis is considered a frequent anomaly in oral health that is defined as an unpleasant odor that emits from the oral cavity, nose, respiratory tract or digestive system. Objective: To determine the prevalence of halitosis and its relationship with associated factors such as: oral hygiene, tooth decay, tongue plaque, type of breathing, age and sex in children aged 5 to 12 years who attend the Giordano Bruno School of the Province of Pichincha - Ecuador. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out in a population of 178 students aged 5 to 12 years, the sample consisted of 122 children selected through probability sampling. Informed consent was requested to participate in the study. The prevalence of halitosis was evaluated with a monitor that detects volatile sulfur compounds and the associated factors were measured by means of the IHOS, the Winkel coated tongue index, the oral mirror test and the ceo-d and CPO-D index. The data were analyzed with the Chi square test with a significance value of 0.05 and a Binary Logistic Regression Analysis. Results: The prevalence of halitosis was 50% in children and it was related to tongue coating, oral hygiene, age, and sex (p <0.05), there was no association between halitosis, type of respiration and the presence of dental caries. Children with tongue coating have a 177 times greater risk of halitosis, while children with regular oral hygiene have a 205 times greater risk of halitosis. Conclusion: The prevalence of halitosis in children is high and the main risk factors are tongue coating and regular oral hygiene.

Reliability, Accuracy, and Use Frequency of Evaluation Methods for Amount of Tongue Coating / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To classify the evaluation methods for amount of tongue coating (TC) and investigate their reliability, accuracy, and frequency of use.@*METHODS@#Articles published from 1985 to 2015 were searched for evaluation methods for the amount of TC in PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Only clinical researches were included except protocol articles. The methods were classified according to their characteristics.@*RESULTS@#Finally, 113 articles were selected. The evaluation method for the amount of TC from the articles was classified into 4 types: intuitive, specificative, computerized, and weighing TC. The reliability in the intuitive and specificative methods (κ =0.33-0.92) showed varying levels among the studies. In general, the amount of TC calculated by the specificative method (Spearman's r=0.68-0.80) was more strongly related to the directly measured value than to the value estimated by the computerized method (Pearson's r=0.442). The number of articles published on this topic has increased consistently, and the specificative method was the most frequently used. Despite the higher reliability of the computerized method, it has not been widely used.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The high prevalence of the specificative method would continue in clinical practice because of its convenience and accuracy. However, to establish higher reliability, the limitation of the subjectivity of the assessors should be overcome through calibration training. In the computerized method, novel algorithms are needed to obtain a higher accuracy so that it can help the practitioners confidently estimate the amount of TC.

Tongue coating microbiome as a potential biomarker for gastritis including precancerous cascade

The development of gastritis is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Current invasive gastritis diagnostic methods are not suitable for monitoring progress. In this work based on 78 gastritis patients and 50 healthy individuals, we observed that the variation of tongue-coating microbiota was associated with the occurrence and development of gastritis. Twenty-one microbial species were identified for differentiating tongue-coating microbiomes of gastritis and healthy individuals. Pathways such as microbial metabolism in diverse environments, biosynthesis of antibiotics and bacterial chemotaxis were up-regulated in gastritis patients. The abundance of Campylobacter concisus was found associated with the gastric precancerous cascade. Furthermore, Campylobacter concisus could be detected in tongue coating and gastric fluid in a validation cohort containing 38 gastritis patients. These observations provided biological evidence of tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine, and indicated that tongue-coating microbiome could be a potential non-invasive biomarker, which might be suitable for long-term monitoring of gastritis.

Avaliação de lesões cariosas e biofilme dentário por fluorescência em pacientes portadores da síndrome metabólica submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica: um estudo de coorte prospectivo / Evaluation of caries lesions and dental biofilm by fluorescence, in patients with metabolic syndrome submitted to bariatric surgery: a prospective cohort study

A obesidade e a síndrome metabólica têm aumentado em proporções preocupantes em nível mundial. Além das consequências sistêmicas, a obesidade e suas comorbidades também têm sido relacionadas com a condição bucal. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a progressão de lesões cariosas, presença de biofilme dentário, fluxo salivar e presença de saburra lingual em indivíduos eutróficos, sendo avaliados em dois momentos e portadores de síndrome metabólica antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. A amostra foi constituída por 150 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC: 75) e grupo obeso (GO: 75), ambos avaliados em T0 e T1, sendo GC 6 meses após a primeira avaliação e GO 6 meses após a cirurgia bariátrica. A avaliação antropométrica dos indivíduos foi realizada por meio do IMC e circunferência da cintura. Os índices ICDAS II e CPOD foram utilizados para avaliar a progressão da cárie dentária. O método de fluorescência verde (QLF- Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence) avaliou a perda mineral nas superfícies lisas dos dentes e presença de biofilme dentário. O fluxo salivar estimulado foi avaliado em mL/min. O Índice de Saburra Lingual foi utilizado para a avaliação da presença de saburra na língua. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se os testes Qui Quadrado, Exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e Regressão Logística Múltipla, adotando nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença significativas entre os grupos, GC apresentou maior número de dentes hígidos (p=0,038) e dentes sem alteração no esmalte (p=0,005) quando comparado ao GO. Ao comparar GC e GO no T1, verificou-se que houve diferença significativa em relação ao CPOD (p<0,0001), dentes restaurados (p<0,0001) e área da lesão (Ws) (p=0,045), sendo as piores condições encontradas encontradas em GO. Observou-se que houve diferença significativa entre a perda mineral e quantidade de biofilme dentário por fluorescência entre os grupos, mas não entre T0 e T1. Diante dos resultados, podese concluir que indivíduos portadores de síndrome metabólica, comparado com os eutróficos, apresentam maior número de lesões cariosas antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. No presente estudo a cirurgia bariátrica não interferiu na progressão das lesões cariosas, todavia, destaca-se a necessidade de abordagem multiprofissional e contínua, atuando na prevenção de doenças e atenção odontológica.(AU)

Obesity and the metabolic syndrome have increased in alarming proportions at world level. Apart from systemic consequences, obesity and its comorbidities have also been related to the oral condition. The aim of this study was to identify the caries lesion progression, presence of dental biofilm, the salivary flow and tongue coating in eutrophic individuals, being evaluated in two moments and individuals with metabolic syndrome before and after undergoing bariatric surgery. The sample consisted of 150 individuals divided into two groups: Control Group (CG: 75) and Obese Group (OG): 75, both evaluated in T0 and T1; CG being evaluated six months after T0, and EG, 6 months after bariatric surgery. Anthropometric assessment of individuals was made by means of BMI and waist circumference measurement. The ICDAS II and DMFT indices were used for evaluating the progression of dental caries. The Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) method, for evaluating mineral loss on the smooth tooth surfaces and the presence for dental biofilm. The stimulated salivary flow was evaluated in mL/min. The Winkel tongue coating index (WTCI) was used to evaluate the presence of tongue coating. For statistical analysis, the Chi- Square, Fishers Exact, Kruskal-Wallis and Multiple Logistic Regression tests were used, adopting a significance level of 5%. The results showed statistical difference between the groups: CG presented a higher; number of healthy teeth (p=0.038) and teeth without changes in enamel (p=0.005) when compared to OG. When comparing CG and EG after the second evaluation (T1), statistically significant difference was verified in relation to DMFT (p<0.0001), restored teeth (p<0.0001) and lesion area (Ws) (p=0.045), being the worst conditions found in OG. It was observed that there was a significant difference between mineral loss and the quantity dental biofilm by fluorescence between groups, but not between T0 and T1. In view of the results, the authors concluded that patients with metabolic syndrome, compared to eutrophic, have a higher number of caries lesions before and after bariatric surgery. In the present study, bariatric surgery did not influence in caries lesion progression, however, highlights the necessity to a continuous multi professional approach to acting in the prevention of diseases and dental care.(AU)

Prevalencia de halitosis en niños y su asociación con la higiene bucal, caries dental, saburra lingual, tipo de respiración, edad y sexo

La halitosis es considerada como una condición anómala frecuente en la salud bucal y se define como un olor desagradable que emite la cavidad oral, nariz, vías respiratorias o aparato digestivo. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de halitosis y su relación con los factores asociados como: higiene oral, caries, placa lingual, tipo de respiración, edad y sexo en niños de 5 a 12 años que asisten a la Escuela Giordano Bruno, de la Provincia de Pichincha - Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal realizado en una población de 178 estudiantes de 5 a 12 años, la muestra fue de 122 niños seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado para participar en el estudio. La prevalencia de halitosis se evaluó con un monitor que detecta compuestos volátiles de sulfuro. Los factores asociados se midieron por medio del IHOS, el índice de lengua saburral de Winkel, la prueba con el espejo bucal y el índice ceo-d y CPO-D. Los datos se analizaron con la prueba de Chi cuadrado con un valor de significación de 0,05 y un Análisis de Regresión Logística Binaria. Resultados: La prevalencia de halitosis fue del 50% en los niños y se relacionó con saburralingual, higiene bucal, edad y sexo (p<0,05), pero no hubo asociación entre la halitosis, el tipo de respiración y la presencia de caries dental. Los niños que presentan saburra lingual tienen 177 veces mayor riesgo de presentar halitosis mientras que los que muestran una higiene bucal regular tienen 205 veces más riesgo de presentar halitosis. Conclusión: La prevalencia de halitosis en niños es alta y los principales factores de riesgo son la saburra lingual y la higiene bucal regular.

Halitosis is considered a frequent anomaly in oral health that is defined as an unpleasant odor that emits from the oral cavity, nose, respiratory tract or digestive system. Objective: To determine the prevalence of halitosis and its relationship with associated factors such as: oral hygiene, tooth decay, tongue plaque, type of breathing, age and sex in children aged 5 to 12 years who attend the Giordano Bruno School of the Province of Pichincha - Ecuador. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out in a population of 178 students aged 5 to 12 years, the sample consisted of 122 children selected through probability sampling. Informed consent was requested to participate in the study. The prevalence of halitosis was evaluated with a monitor that detects volatile sulfur compounds and the associated factors were measured by means of the IHOS, the Winkel coated tongue index, the oral mirror test and the ceo-d and CPO-D index. The data were analyzed with the Chi square test with a significance value of 0.05 and a Binary Logistic Regression Analysis. Results: The prevalence of halitosis was 50% in children and it was related to tongue coating, oral hygiene, age, and sex (p <0.05), there was no association between halitosis, type of respiration and the presence of dental caries. Children with tongue coating have a 177 times greater risk of halitosis, while children with regular oral hygiene have a 205 times greater risk of halitosis. Conclusion: The prevalence of halitosis in children is high and the main risk factors are tongue coating and regular oral hygiene.

Analysis of volatile sulfur compounds production of oral cavity in preschool children and influencing factors / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of volatile sulfur compounds ( VSC ) in oral cavity of preschool children, and to analyze related factors, thus to provide scientific basis for the prediction and treatment of halitosis. Methods:The VSC content ( hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sul-fide) of 170 preschool children (4 to 6 years old) was detected by a portable gas chromatograph Oral-ChromaTM . The status of the oral health was evaluated. The living habits and other aspects were obtained through questionnaires from the children' s parents. A soft package for social statistics version 13. 0 ( SPSS 13 . 0 ) was used in which univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were utilized to analyze the related factors of halitosis in children. Results:In the study, 34. 4% of the total subjects had excessive VSC. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) [(1. 59 ± 2. 41) ng/10 mL] and total VSC concentration [(2. 14 ± 4. 42) ng/10 mL] in the girls were significantly higher (P<0. 05) than those in the boys. The tongue coating score had a significant positive correlation with H2S [tongue coating area (1. 68 ± 2. 48) ng/10 mL,tongue coating thickness (2. 18 ± 2. 69) ng/10 mL] and total VSC concentration [ tongue coating area, (2. 26 ± 4. 31) ng/10 mL,tongue coating thickness (2. 41 ± 3. 02) ng/10 mL , P<0. 01]. The site number of DI-S≥2 had a significant positive correlation with methyl mercaptan ( CH3 SH) and dime-thyl sulfide [(CH3)2S] concentration (P<0. 01). The concentration of H2S [(1. 19 ± 1. 62) ng/10 mL] in children, whose mother had a higher degree of education, was statistically lower (P<0. 01).The children who took dessert or sweat drinks more frequently had lower H2S [(1. 04 ± 1. 55) ng/10 mL, P<0. 05] concentration, while CH3SH and (CH3)2S concentration [(0. 29 ± 1. 92) ng/10 mL, (0. 37 ± 2. 06) ng/10 mL, P<0. 05) were higher in the children with mouth -breath habit. Conclu-sion:A high prevalence of halitosis was noted in preschool children. Gender, tongue coating index, deb-ris index-simplified, status of the mother' s education, frequency of eating dessert or sweat drinks and dry mouth breath were related with halitosis of preschool children. The different related factors resulted in changes of each VSC concentration.

Detection of odoriferous subgingival and tongue microbiota in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with oral malodor using polymerase chain reaction.

Background: Halitosis has been correlated with the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) produced in the oral cavity by metabolic activity of bacteria colonizing the periodontal pockets and the dorsum of the tongue. It has been assumed that there is a relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the malodor using the organoleptic method and tanita device; to quantify odoriferous microorganisms of subgingival plaque and tongue coating, such as P. gingivalis (Pg), T. forsythia (Tf), and F. nucleatum (Fn) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in nondiabetic and diabetic chronic periodontitis patients. Patients and Methods: Thirty chronic periodontitis patients (with and without diabetes) with 5-7 mm pocket depth, radiographic evidence of bone loss, and presence of oral malodor participated in this study. Subjective assessment of mouth air was done organoleptically and by using a portable sulfide monitor. Tongue coating was also assessed. Results: The scores of plaque index, gingival index, gingival bleeding index, VSC levels, and tongue coating between the nondiabetic and diabetic patients were not significant (P>0.5). In nondiabetic patients, Fn was found to be significantly (P<0.5) more in tongue samples, whereas Pg and Tf have not shown significant values (P>0.5). In diabetic patients, Fn and Tf have shown significant (P<0.5) an increase in subgingival and tongue samples, respectively, whereas Pg has not shown significant difference between subgingival and tongue samples. Interpretation and Conclusion: The results confirm that there is no difference in clinical parameters between nondiabetic and diabetic periodontitis patients, but the odoriferous microbial profiles in tongue samples of diabetic patients were found to be high. However, there is a weak positive correlation between VSC levels, clinical parameters, and odoriferous microbial profiles.

Study on Different Proteomics of Denuded tongue coating / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To investigate the microbiostatic mechanism of denuded tongue coating, Proteomic methods were used to find differential expression proteins in denuded tongue. Methods The total protein of normal or denuded tongue coating was separated by means of immobilized pH gradient-based two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The differential expression protein was analyzed by using ImageMaster 2D analysis software. Image analysis software was used for comparative analysis to find differential expression proteins; Mass spectrometry (mass spectrometry) was applied to get the corresponding peptide fingerprint (peptide mass finger print_ PMF). Search the database to identify differences in protein.Results Establish two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for normal and denuded tongue; Segregation analysis on four groups of proteome of tongue coating showed that gel could be detected in the protein spots at 1082=t=105 and 1143±140 respectively; Compared with normal group, there are eight points of protein expression being regulated upward and seven points down.Altogether 9 differences in protein expression were identified. Conclusion The sound resolution and repeatability Two-dimensional electrophoresis silver staining pattern were established; Some differences in protein expression related to denuded tongue were identified.

The effect of tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush on tooth and tongue cleanness and malodor index / 대한치주과학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush on tooth cleanness, tongue cleanness and malodor index. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 504 subjects were included in this study. At 1st visit, basic information such as age, sex, smoking amount and alcohol consumption was recorded. Self assessment by individual subjects was performed regarding satisfaction to old toothbrush and toothbrushing habit. Tooth cleanness, tongue cleanness and malodor index was assessed by professional researcher. Tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush was given to each subject with proper toothbrushing instruction. After 1 month passed, self assessment and researcher assessment regarding the same index were performed and analyzed statistically by chi-square test. RESULTS: At 1st visit subjects seem to ignore tongue cleansing and showed poor tooth cleanness index, tongue cleanness index and malodor index, however the same subjects were motivated to clean their tongue and teeth and presented statistically improved distribution pattern in tooth cleanness index, tongue cleanness index and malodor index after using tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush(p<0.01). Satisfaction to tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush was 98%. CONCLUSION: Tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush would be an effective tool for maintaining good oral hygiene through improving tooth and tongue cleanness and preventing malodor formation.

A Study on the Relationship between Thickness of Tongue Coating and Pancreas Exocrine Function by Pancreatic Function Diagnostant / 日本東洋医学雑誌

The relationship between tongue coating and Pancreas exocrine function was investigated in 45 cases by pancreatic function diagnostant. These cases were classified into three groups, “slight, ” “moderate” and “marked” according to the degree of thickness of tongue coating. Among the three groups, the mean rate of PABA excretion in urine tended to decrease as the degree of thickness of the tongue coating increased. That in the marked group was lower than in the slight group with statistical significance. The results suggest that thickness of tongue coating is partially related to pancreas exocrine function.