ABSTRACT
Abstract The present investigation was aimed to examine the concentrations of trace metals including e.g copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in water samples collected from nursery pond of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Bannu Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period from April 2018 to January 2019. The temperature and pH of each water sample were measured for the whole study duration. The concentration of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in collected water samples were measured in mg/liter by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The blank and standard solutions for device calibration Standard solutions i.e., 2.0 mg, 4.0 mg, and 6.0 were used to measure the concentration of these metals in water samples to verify the measurements. The data was statistically analyzed on descriptive statistics (estimation of proportions and standard deviation) used to summarize mean concentration. The results obtained of both temperature and pH of water samples were found in ranged 10 to 36 0C and 7.0 to 8.44; whereas the size of fry stages was ranged from 4.0 to 56.0 mm in total length. The results of investigated metals found in pond water samples are in order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu, respectively. As optimum temperature and pH for grass carp were mostly between 15 0C and 30 0C and pH 6.5 to 8.0. It was concluded from obtained results that temperature, pH, and trace metals were found appropriate for the growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella from fry to fingerling stages, but the highest amount of zinc can cause its mortality. It is a preliminary study on grass carp culturing in Bannu fish hatchery so, it would provide useful information for model fish seed production unit in a hatchery.
Resumo A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar as concentrações de metais traço, incluindo cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) em amostras de água coletadas de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em Incubatório de Bannu de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa durante o período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. A temperatura e o pH de cada amostra de água foram medidos durante todo o período do estudo. A concentração de cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) nas amostras de água coletadas foi medida em mg / litro usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As soluções em branco e padrão para as soluções padrão de calibração do dispositivo, ou seja, 2,0 mg, 4,0 mg e 6,0, foram usadas para medir a concentração desses metais em amostras de água para verificar as medições. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente em estatística descritiva (estimativa de proporções e desvio padrão) usada para resumir a concentração média. Os resultados obtidos tanto de temperatura quanto de pH das amostras de água variaram de 10 a 36 0C e 7,0 a 8,44, enquanto o tamanho dos estágios de alevinos variou de 4,0 a 56,0 mm no comprimento total. Os resultados dos metais investigados encontrados em amostras de água de lagoas são da ordem de Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu, respectivamente. A temperatura e o pH ótimos para a carpa-capim foram principalmente entre 15 0C e 30 0C e pH 6,5 a 8,0. Concluiu-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que temperatura, pH e traços de metais foram considerados adequados para o crescimento de Ctenopharyngodon idella desde os estágios de alevinos até alevinos, mas a maior quantidade de zinco pode causar sua mortalidade. É um estudo preliminar sobre a cultura da carpa-capim em incubatório de peixes Bannu, portanto forneceria informações úteis para modelo de unidade de produção de sementes de peixes em um incubatório.
Subject(s)
Animals , Carps , Pakistan , Water , Ponds , FisheriesABSTRACT
The present investigation was aimed to examine the concentrations of trace metals including e.g copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in water samples collected from nursery pond of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Bannu Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period from April 2018 to January 2019. The temperature and pH of each water sample were measured for the whole study duration. The concentration of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in collected water samples were measured in mg/liter by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The blank and standard solutions for device calibration Standard solutions i.e., 2.0 mg, 4.0 mg, and 6.0 were used to measure the concentration of these metals in water samples to verify the measurements. The data was statistically analyzed on descriptive statistics (estimation of proportions and standard deviation) used to summarize mean concentration. The results obtained of both temperature and pH of water samples were found in ranged 10 to 36 0C and 7.0 to 8.44; whereas the size of fry stages was ranged from 4.0 to 56.0 mm in total length. The results of investigated metals found in pond water samples are in order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu, respectively. As optimum temperature and pH for grass carp were mostly between 15 0C and 30 0C and pH 6.5 to 8.0. It was concluded from obtained results that temperature, pH, and trace metals were found appropriate for the growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella from fry to fingerling stages, but the highest amount of zinc can cause its mortality. It is a preliminary study on grass carp culturing in Bannu fish hatchery so, it would provide useful information for model fish seed production unit in a hatchery.
A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar as concentrações de metais traço, incluindo cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) em amostras de água coletadas de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em Incubatório de Bannu de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa durante o período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. A temperatura e o pH de cada amostra de água foram medidos durante todo o período do estudo. A concentração de cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) nas amostras de água coletadas foi medida em mg / litro usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As soluções em branco e padrão para as soluções padrão de calibração do dispositivo, ou seja, 2,0 mg, 4,0 mg e 6,0, foram usadas para medir a concentração desses metais em amostras de água para verificar as medições. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente em estatística descritiva (estimativa de proporções e desvio padrão) usada para resumir a concentração média. Os resultados obtidos tanto de temperatura quanto de pH das amostras de água variaram de 10 a 36 0C e 7,0 a 8,44, enquanto o tamanho dos estágios de alevinos variou de 4,0 a 56,0 mm no comprimento total. Os resultados dos metais investigados encontrados em amostras de água de lagoas são da ordem de Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu, respectivamente. A temperatura e o pH ótimos para a carpa-capim foram principalmente entre 15 0C e 30 0C e pH 6,5 a 8,0. Concluiu-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que temperatura, pH e traços de metais foram considerados adequados para o crescimento de Ctenopharyngodon idella desde os estágios de alevinos até alevinos, mas a maior quantidade de zinco pode causar sua mortalidade. É um estudo preliminar sobre a cultura da carpa-capim em incubatório de peixes Bannu, portanto forneceria informações úteis para modelo de unidade de produção de sementes de peixes em um incubatório.
Subject(s)
Animals , Carps , Copper , Manganese , Nickel , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , ZincABSTRACT
Abstract The present investigation was aimed to examine the concentrations of trace metals including e.g copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in water samples collected from nursery pond of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Bannu Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period from April 2018 to January 2019. The temperature and pH of each water sample were measured for the whole study duration. The concentration of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in collected water samples were measured in mg/liter by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The blank and standard solutions for device calibration Standard solutions i.e., 2.0 mg, 4.0 mg, and 6.0 were used to measure the concentration of these metals in water samples to verify the measurements. The data was statistically analyzed on descriptive statistics (estimation of proportions and standard deviation) used to summarize mean concentration. The results obtained of both temperature and pH of water samples were found in ranged 10 to 36 0C and 7.0 to 8.44; whereas the size of fry stages was ranged from 4.0 to 56.0 mm in total length. The results of investigated metals found in pond water samples are in order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu, respectively. As optimum temperature and pH for grass carp were mostly between 15 0C and 30 0C and pH 6.5 to 8.0. It was concluded from obtained results that temperature, pH, and trace metals were found appropriate for the growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella from fry to fingerling stages, but the highest amount of zinc can cause its mortality. It is a preliminary study on grass carp culturing in Bannu fish hatchery so, it would provide useful information for model fish seed production unit in a hatchery.
Resumo A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar as concentrações de metais traço, incluindo cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) em amostras de água coletadas de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em Incubatório de Bannu de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa durante o período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. A temperatura e o pH de cada amostra de água foram medidos durante todo o período do estudo. A concentração de cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) nas amostras de água coletadas foi medida em mg / litro usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As soluções em branco e padrão para as soluções padrão de calibração do dispositivo, ou seja, 2,0 mg, 4,0 mg e 6,0, foram usadas para medir a concentração desses metais em amostras de água para verificar as medições. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente em estatística descritiva (estimativa de proporções e desvio padrão) usada para resumir a concentração média. Os resultados obtidos tanto de temperatura quanto de pH das amostras de água variaram de 10 a 36 0C e 7,0 a 8,44, enquanto o tamanho dos estágios de alevinos variou de 4,0 a 56,0 mm no comprimento total. Os resultados dos metais investigados encontrados em amostras de água de lagoas são da ordem de Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu, respectivamente. A temperatura e o pH ótimos para a carpa-capim foram principalmente entre 15 0C e 30 0C e pH 6,5 a 8,0. Concluiu-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que temperatura, pH e traços de metais foram considerados adequados para o crescimento de Ctenopharyngodon idella desde os estágios de alevinos até alevinos, mas a maior quantidade de zinco pode causar sua mortalidade. É um estudo preliminar sobre a cultura da carpa-capim em incubatório de peixes Bannu, portanto forneceria informações úteis para modelo de unidade de produção de sementes de peixes em um incubatório.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Os efluentes e resíduos industriais galvânicos são uma preocupação mundial, por terem em sua composição metais-traço altamente tóxicos, prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Neste artigo, é apresentado um panorama da indústria de semijoias folheadas de Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, considerando-se os processos de produção e a concentração de metais-traço nos efluentes, bem como o resíduo sólido galvânico, gerados pelo setor. Dados primários de produção foram obtidos em 11 empresas por meio de questionário técnico. As concentrações de metais-traço foram obtidas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica de chama. Os resultados demonstraram ineficiência no tratamento dos efluentes para cobre, níquel, cromo, chumbo e zinco. As concentrações médias de metais no resíduo sólido galvânico foram de 239 g Cu kg-1, 99 g Zn kg-1, 23,8 g Ni kg-1, 6,6 g Pb kg-1, 0,2 g Cr kg-1, 1,7 g Cd kg-1, 1,0 g Mn kg-1 e 8,2 g Fe kg-1. Os resultados evidenciaram a necessidade da adoção de medidas para o controle de qualidade dos processos de tratamento dos efluentes, com vistas à sustentabilidade do setor.
ABSTRACT Galvanic industrial effluents and wastes are a worldwide concern, as they contain highly toxic trace metals that are harmful to the environment and human health. This article presents an overview of the clad semi jewelry industry in Juazeiro do Norte, state of Ceará, Brazil, considering the production processes and the concentration of trace metals in the effluents and galvanic sludge waste generated by the sector. Primary production data were obtained from 11 companies by a technical questionnaire. Trace metal concentrations were obtained by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed inefficiency in the treatment of effluents for copper, nickel, chrome, lead, and zinc. The average metal concentrations in the galvanic sludge waste were 239 g Cu kg-1, 99 g Zn kg-1, 23.8 g Ni kg-1, 6.6 g Pb kg-1, 0.2 g Cr kg-1, 1.7 g Cd kg-1, 1.0 g Mn kg-1, and 8.2 g Fe kg-1. The results evidenced the need for adopting measures concerning quality control of the effluent treatment processes aiming at the sustainability of the sector.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Oxidative stress, lifestyle factors as also exposure to certain environmental factors are known to affect the fertility status in human beings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of OS and lifestyle and environmental factors affecting IVF outcome. Methods: A total of 253 couples were included, and biological samples such as blood, follicular fluid (FF), cumulus cells and semen were collected. Relevant biochemical parameters and metals namely lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were determined in the biological samples. ?-human chorionic gonadotropin levels ?100 IU/l were considered to predict viable pregnancy on the 15th day of embryo transfer (ET). Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in females with positive IVF outcome compared to those with negative outcome. Couples residing in the residential area showed more percentage of positive IVF outcomes as compared to couples residing in industrial/agricultural area. FF Zn level was significantly higher (P<0.001) among the females' participants who have undergone ET as compared to those who have not undergone ET. FF MDA and serum Cu levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the female participants with negative IVF outcome as compared to positive IVF outcome. Logistic regression revealed that maternal BMI (P=0.034) and FF MDA level (P=0.047) were significantly associated with the IVF outcome. Interpretation & conclusions: The success rate of IVF was about 31.8 per cent, and BMI was significantly lower in females with positive outcome. The higher levels of MDA in FF and SP might have a negative impact on IVF outcome, higher Zn level in SP, FF and serum might have a positive role in embryo transfer as well as IVF outcome. The role of stress management and nutrition supplementation during the IVF treatment may be explored.
ABSTRACT
El tiburón martillo (Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)) es una de las especies de elasmobranquios más utilizada para consumo humano en el Perú. Sin embargo, se desconoce los niveles de mercurio que contiene su carne. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los niveles de mercurio hallados en el músculo del tiburón martillo y su posible implicancia en la salud humana. Además, determinar si existe una correlación entre el tamaño del tiburón y los niveles de mercurio. Analizamos 27 muestras de músculo de neonatos y juveniles capturados en el norte del Perú. La concentración de mercurio varió entre 0.13 - 0.85 mg kg-1 peso húmedo. Se encontró una relación negativa y significativa entre el tamaño corporal del tiburón y los niveles de mercurio. Este trabajo representa el primer estudio que evalúa los niveles de mercurio de tiburones en el Perú. Si bien los valores hallados fueron menores a lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (< 1 mg kg-1), se recomienda ampliar este tipo de estudios en individuos adultos de tiburón, así como en otros recursos hidrobiológicos de consumo humano.
The smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the elasmobranch species most used for human consumption in Peru. However, the level of mercury in hammerhead muscle tissue is unknown. This study assessed the level of mercury found in the muscle of hammerhead sharks and its relation with human health. Moreover, we evaluated the relationship between shark body size and mercury levels. We analyzed 27 muscle samples of neonates and juveniles captured in northern Peru. Mercury concentrations varied between 0.13 and 0.86 mg kg-1 wet weight. Moreover, we found a negative and significant relationship between shark body size and mercury levels. This study represents the first evaluation of mercury levels of sharks in Peru. Although the values found do not exceed levels recommended by the World Health Organization (< 1 mg kg-1), we recommend expanding this study to include other size classes of sharks as well as other marine resources used for human consumption.
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Background: The number of people found to be exposed to gasoline is of public health concern. In developed countries, unlike developing countries, measures are taken to dispense gasoline quickly and safely to reduce exposure. In Nigeria, roadside dispensers are a common sight, often with no any form of protection. This leads to high levels of exposure with the consequences including oxidative injuries. As cofactors in antioxidant reactions, antioxidant trace metals are consumed in the process of converting the free radicals generated by petrol. Methods: Antioxidant trace metals (zinc, manganese, copper, and selenium) were compared between 90 road side dispensers of gasoline and 90 matched controls. Plasma zinc, selenium, manganese and copper ware analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results: The mean age of the exposed and control groups are 29.03±3.7 and 29.24±3.5 years respectively. Antioxidant trace metals zinc (64.7±6.09 µg/dl), manganese (7.93±1.32 µg/dl) and copper (77.8±7.38 µg/dl) of the exposed were significantly (p< 0.001) lower than the controls (100.2±9.58 µg/dl, 9.22±1.19 µg/dl and 103.8±20.09 µg/dl respectively). Selenium (0.03±0.008 µg/dl) was significantly (p< 0.001) higher in the exposed group compared to the controls (0.01±0.0023 µg/dl). Conclusion: This study has demonstrated lower level of antioxidant trace metals in roadside dispensers of gasoline compared to the controls. This indicates that those exposed are probably at greater risk of developing chronic diseases associated with increase oxidative stress. Enforcing legislation on roadside gasoline dispensing may reduce the risk.
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Phytoplankton is important bioindicator of chemical and biological modifications of natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the total chemical composition of the phytoplankton of the Pará and Mocajuba estuaries on the eastern coast of the Amazon region in the Brazilian state of Pará. The chemical composition of the surface water, bottom sediments (total sample and bioavailable fraction), and the phytoplankton were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Phytoplankton contained high concentrations of Ca, P, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Ba, and Pb. The phytoplankton of the Mocajuba estuary is rich in Fe (2,967-84,750 µg g-1), while those from the Pará is rich in Al (1,216-15,389 µgg-1), probably reflecting divergent anthropogenic inputs. Both samples indicated a high bioconcentration factor derived from both the water and the bioavailable fraction, reflecting the efficiency of these organisms in the concentration of metals.
O fitoplancton é de grande importância para os estudos das interações solo-água, como indicadores de modificações químicas e biológicas nos ecossistemas naturais. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a composição química total do fitoplâncton nos estuários do rio Pará e Mocajuba (Pará, Brasil). As análises químicas foram realizadas na água superficial, sedimento de fundo (amostra total e fração biodisponível) e no fitoplancton, por espectrometria óptica e de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado. A composição química elementar do fitoplancton é composta por elevadas concentrações de Ca, P, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Ba e Pb. O fitoplancton do estuário do rio Mocajuba é rico em Fe (2.967 a 84.750 µg g-1) e do rio Pará rico em Al (1.216 a 15.389 µg g-1), provavelmente com contribuição antropogênica. O material fitoplanctonico apresentou elevado fator de bioconcentração proveniente tanto da água quanto da fração biodisponível, e reflete a eficiência desses organismos em concentrar metais.
ABSTRACT
Metais traço como o chumbo (Pb) são poluentes ambientais muito abundantes devido sua ampla aplicação industrial. Os riscos ao meio ambiente causados pela presença destes elementos têm despertado a atenção das autoridades ambientais para o controle da emissão de poluentes e monitoramento, desta forma, o uso de bioindicadores têm sido constantes na avaliação de impactos ambientais. Os organismos mais comuns utilizados para este propósito são os macroinvertebrados bentônicos, pois estes organismos habitam o fundo deste ambiente durante pelo menos parte de seu ciclo de vida e estão associados a diversos tipos de substratos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da quantificação de chumbo em indivíduos da família Chironomidae visando sua utilização como indicadores de presença de chumbo em ambientes aquáticos que recebem descarga aleatória deste elemento. Amostras de quironomídeos e do substrato foram submetidas à solução extratora Mehlich e o chumbo foi quantificado por espectrometria de absorção atômica por chama GBC932. Detectou-se Pb nos indivíduos coletados em ambiente contaminado por este elemento, no entanto são necessários novos delineamentos experimentais para validação do método.
Trace metals, such as lead (Pb), are environmental pollutants are plentiful due its wide industrial application. The risks caused to the environment by the presence of these elements have awakened the attention of environmental authorities to control the emission of pollutants and monitoring, thus the use of biomarkers have been constant in the evaluation of environmental impacts. The most common organisms used for this purpose are benthic macroinvertebrates, since these organisms inhabit the bottom of this environment for at least a part of their life cycle and are associated to several types of substrates. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of quantification of lead in individuals of the family Chironomidae for their use as indicators of the presence of lead in aquatic environments that receive random discharge of this element. Samples of chironomids and substrate were submitted to the Mehlich extraction solution and the lead was measured by a GBC932 flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Pb was detected among individuals collected from Chironomidae family in environment contaminated by this element, however new experimental designs are needed to validate the method.
Subject(s)
Chironomidae , Metals, Heavy , LeadABSTRACT
Assessing the impacts of climate changes on water quality requires an understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals. Evidence from research on alluvial aquifers and coastal watersheds shows direct impacts of climate change on the fate and transformation of trace metals in natural environments. The case studies presented here use field data and numerical modeling techniques to test assumptions about the effects of climate change on natural arsenic contamination of groundwater in alluvial aquifers and mercury bioaccumulation in coastal salt marshes. The results show that the rises of sea level and river base during the warm Holocene period has led to an overall increase in groundwater arsenic concentration due to the development of reducing geochemical
ABSTRACT
Reconnaissance hydrochemical survey was conducted in some villages of Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh to assess the quality of groundwater, which is mainly used for drinking purpose. The study consists of the determination of physico-chemical properties, trace metals, heavy metals and rare earth elements in water samples. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in samples as follows: pH 6.92 to 8.32, EC 192 to 2706 µS cm-1, TDS 129.18 to 1813.02 ppm. The pH of the waters was within the permissible limits whereas EC and TDS were above the permissible limits of World Health Organization (WHO). Total 27 elements (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba and Pb) were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The concentration of elements in water samples ranged between 0.063 to 0.611 mg l-1 for B, 11.273 to 392 mg l-1 for Na, 5.871 to 77.475 mg l-1 for Mg, 0.035 to 1.905 mg l-1 for Al, 0.752 to 227.893 mg l-1 for K, 11.556 to 121.655 mg l-1 for Ca and 0.076 to 0.669 mg l-1 for Fe respectively. The concentrations of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, and Fe exceeded the permissible limits of WHO and BIS guidelines for drinking water quality. In the present study, Bhimavaram, Kazipalli, Kannepalli and Chennur areas of the Adilabad are especially prone to geogenic contamination. Overall water quality was found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes.
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Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting in defective insulin secretion, resistance to insulin action or both. The use of biguanides, sulphonylurea and other drugs are valuable in the treatment of diabetes mellitus; their use, however, is restricted by their limited action, pharmacokinetic properties, secondary failure rates and side effects. Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek, is a plant that has been extensively used as a source of antidiabetic compounds from its seeds and leaf extracts. Preliminary human trials and animal experiments suggest possible hypoglycaemic and antihyperlipedemic properties of fenugreek seed powder taken orally. Our results show that the action of fenugreek in lowering blood glucose levels is almost comparable to the effect of insulin. Combination with trace metal showed that vanadium had additive effects and manganese had additive effects with insulin on in vitro system in control and diabetic animals of young and old ages using adipose tissue. The Trigonella and vanadium effects were studied in a number of tissues including liver, kidney, brain peripheral nerve, heart, red blood cells and skeletal muscle. Addition of Trigonella to vanadium significantly removed the toxicity of vanadium when used to reduce blood glucose levels. Administration of the various combinations of the antidiabetic compounds to diabetic animals was found to reverse most of the diabetic effects studied at physiological, biochemical, histochemical and molecular levels. Results of the key enzymes of metabolic pathways have been summarized together with glucose transporter, Glut-4 and insulin levels. Our findings illustrate and elucidate the antidiabetic/insulin mimetic effects of Trigonella, manganese and vanadium.
ABSTRACT
Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn were determined in liver and muscle of Leporinus obtusidens. During 2003, the fishes (N = 54) were sampled from three sites along Guaíba Lake (north, central and south zones). The hypotheses tested assumed that there were differences in the location and date as to levels of contamination, association between the trace metal content in the fishes and size, and that the sex influenced metal accumulation. Possible risks of contaminated fish consumption to human health were also evaluated. The level of mean concentration (µg/g) of metals in tissues was higher in liver than muscle: [Cd] = 2.32♂; [Cr] = 0.08♀; [Cu] = 30.82♀ and [Zn] = 97.77♀. The results showed differences between the local and date sampling for all metals except Cr. Metal content was higher in the warmer than colder seasons and in the central zone than at other points. Significant sexual differences were detected for Cd and Zn and there were positive associations between the size and metal concentrations for Cu and Zn. The concentration levels of metals in muscle tissue showed that the fish samples did not offer risks to human health.
As concentrações dos metais Cd, Cr, Cu e Zn foram determinadas para os tecidos muscular e hepático de Leporinus obtusidens no sul do Brasil. Durante o ano de 2003, 54 indivíduos foram capturados em três locais ao longo do Lago Guaíba (norte, centro e sul). Neste estudo verificamos se havia diferenças entre os locais de amostragem e as épocas do ano nas concentrações de metais nos tecidos analisados, bem como relação entre a concentração do metal e tamanho e sexo dos indivíduos. O risco para o consumo humano também foi avaliado. A concentração média (µg/g) dos metais foi maior no fígado do que no músculo para todos os metais: [Cd] = 2,32♂; [Cr] = 0,08♀; [Cu] = 30,82♀ e [Zn] = 97,77♀. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os locais (região central do lago com as maiores concentrações) e épocas do ano (meses de primavera e verão) para todos os metais, exceto Cr. Diferenças entre os sexos também foram detectadas, para Cd e Zn, e relações com o tamanho dos indivíduos para Cu e Zn. Os níveis encontrados no tecido muscular não oferecem riscos ao consumo da espécie.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as concentrações totais e em frações geoquímicas de Fe, Mn, Co, Cu e Zn em sedimentos, coletados nos períodos de seca (2005) e cheia (2006) do Lago do Parú. Nas partículas de sedimento seco ao ar (SSA) < 45 µm foi feita uma extração seqüencial pelo método de Tessier et al. (1979) que separa os elementos nas frações geoquímicas trocável, carbonácea, oxídica, orgânica e residual. As amostras de extrato diluídas foram lidas em cada fração, por espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama, sendo que o Fe apresentou a maior concentração total e uma forte associação com óxidos. O Mn alcançou a maior fração trocável dentre os elementos, em ambas as estações analisadas. O Zn obteve uma fração trocável constante entre os dois períodos analisados. O Cu se caracterizou por apresentar forte ligação pela fração orgânica, não variando de uma estação para outra nesta fração. O Co apresentou comportamento similar ao do Cu, exceto pela fração orgânica que apresentou diferença de concentração entre os períodos, sendo maior na cheia. As análises multivariadas confirmaram que os metais foram movimentados entre as frações geoquímicas do período seco para o de cheia.
The aim of this work was to determine whole and geochemical fractions of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu and Zn concentrations from sediments collected at low (2005) and high (2006) water seasons in Lago do Parú. From < 45 µm air dried sediment particles was made a Tessier et al. (1979) method to sequential extraction, which separates elements in exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to iron and manganese oxides, bound to organic matter and residual geochemical fractions. Diluted samples were read in each fraction, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, where Fe showed the highest whole concentration and strong association with oxides. Mn reached the biggest exchangeable fraction among elements in both analyzed periods. Cu showed strong association by organic fraction and don't presented difference of concentration between periods. Co presented similar behavior of Cu, except for organic fraction, in which showed difference between periods, where was bigger in high water level period. Multivariate statistical analyses confirmed that metals were displaced in sediments geochemical fractions at low and high water seasons.