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ABSTRACT Background: Blood transfusion-transmitted infections in individuals suffering from beta-thalassemia have been reported in Pakistan, but the information on their sociodemographic and clinical determinants is lacking. This study aims to describe the prevalence, as well as the factors, contributing in blood transfusion-transmitted infections. Method: Between December 2011 and December 2013, in a non-probable sampling, 350 thalassemia patients were recruited in Lahore, Multan, Karachi and Peshawar, Pakistan. Subjects were screened for transfusion-transmitted infections. Results: A seropositive rate of 36.5% was observed; males (94, 73.4%) and females (34, 26.6%). Among several risk factors associated with transfusion-transmitted infections, province (p = 0.001), gender (p = 0.003), age (p < 0.03), education (p < 0.00), degree of consanguinity (p = 0.05), age at fetal blood test (p = 0.005), fetal hemoglobin levels (p = 0.005), death due to thalassemia (p = 0.001) and iron-related complications (p = 0.04) showed significant correlation. Participants with an age >10 years were significantly more prone to seropositivity than those aged ≤10 years. Moreover, the ferritin level was also significantly higher in those aged >10 years than in those ≤10 years. It was observed that males had a higher seroprevalence rate (94, 73.4%) than females (34, 26.6%). The most prevalent transfusion-transmitted infections was the hepatitis C virus, with 115 cases (89.8%). Conclusion: A high prevalence rate of HCV in subjects with transfusion-dependent thalassemia is linked with insufficient facilities, poor management and compromised socioeconomic status. Therefore, more multicenter studies covering cities from different regions of the country are needed in order to develop preventive measurements at the regional and national level.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Pakistan , Thalassemia , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Risk Factors , Hepacivirus , Transfusion Reaction/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background: Viral hepatitis is a global health problem with 170 million Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) carriers worldwide, and 12-13 million HCV carriers in India. Unscreened blood and components play a significant role in transmission of HCV apart from reuse of injection needles, unsterilized surgical equipments and vertical transmission from mother to child. Unsafe blood transfusion not only poses risk to patients, causing significant morbidity and mortality, but also adds to the economical burden on healthcare system. Aims and Objectives: Aim of this study is to estimate the seroprevalence of HCV infection among the voluntary and relative donors over a period of 7 years at blood banks of Madhya Pradesh with collaboration of Madhya Pradesh State AIDS control Society (MPSACS) Bhopal, India from 2011 to 2017. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of blood donation at blood banks, of Madhya Pradesh, India. Blood units were screened for TTIs from January 2011 To December 2017. HIV, HCV and HBV tests were done by ELISA. Data of HCV was collected and compared statistically by frequency distribution and percentage proportion. Chi Square (? 2) test was used to determine the significant difference statistically. Results: The mean age of donors was 32.4 2 ± 8.63 years. Major contribution was from male donors (93.8%). Majority of donation was done voluntarily (87.3 %). Out of the total 1,876,219 donors tested for TTIs over 7 years, 1980 (0.11%) were positive to anti HCV (p=.000001). Conclusion: The prevalence of HCV infection was 0.11% among blood donors of Madhya Pradesh, with geographic variation among districts. Aiming to provide safe blood to the patients, prevention of transmission of HCV by proper donor counseling and screening of the unit is required.
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There has been continuous effort to prevent transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI). Strategies to prevent TTI can be divided into two components: first, determining donor eligibility, and second, managing bacterial contamination of blood products. To determine donor eligibility, medical history taking and screening tests for infectious diseases should be performed. To prevent bacterial contamination, blood collection process should be aseptic, tests for bacterial detection should be performed, and an application of pathogen reduction technology should also be considered. In this review, screening test items and methods, including nucleic acid amplification tests for determining donor eligibility, and precautions for blood collection, bacterial detection methods, and pathogen reduction technology for the prevention of bacterial contamination of blood products were discussed in detail.
Subject(s)
Humans , Communicable Diseases , Donor Selection , Mass Screening , Medical History Taking , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques , Tissue DonorsABSTRACT
Background: The first instances of HIV-antibody detection in donated blood in Pakistan were reported in 1988. Since then, documentation of HIV in blood donors and of rates of transmission via transfusion has been limited. Previously assumed to have a low prevalence, HIV is an increasing health concern in Pakistan. Since there is no national, centralized blood-banking system, there are no reliable data on which to base estimated risks of transfusion-associated HIV infection. This study was therefore conducted to estimate the prevalence of HIV in blood donors and recipients in Pakistan between 1988 and 2012. Methods: Meta-analyses were undertaken of reported prevalences of HIV in blood donors and recipients published during 1988–2012. Papers were identified by searching PubMed, Google, CINAHL and PakMediNet and the websites of the World Health Organization, the national HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project and the National AIDS Control Programme of Pakistan. In addition, the 1998–2012 records of the Aga Khan University blood bank were analysed. Results: The 254 abstracts identified at the preliminary search were reviewed and, after removal of duplications, case-reports, editorials and reviews, 32 papers were selected that met the inclusion criteria. All studies that reported on HIV antibodies in blood donors/recipients were included, irrespective of the methodology used. Since seroconversion had only been confirmed through supplemental testing in a few papers, the results were analysed separately for reports based on screening only and confirmed cases. A total of 142 of 2 023 379 blood donors and 4 of 3632 blood recipients were HIV positive, giving an overall pooled seroprevalence of 0.00111% in blood donors and 0.00325% in blood recipients. The annual prevalences of HIV in donors at the Aga Khan University blood banks were similar, ranging from 0.013% to 0.116%. Conclusion: Very few reports on HIV in blood donors in Pakistan could be retrieved, and the overall pooled prevalence is low. However, the limited data and confounding factors mean that that these results may significantly underestimate the true situation. It is recommended that a complete survey of blood banks should be conducted throughout the country, in order to provide a more reliable estimate of the risk of transfusion-associated HIV infection in Pakistan.
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Aims: In South East Asia, there is no regional or local HHV-8 seroprevalence data on blood donors. Thus this study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HHV-8 among blood donors in National Blood Centre, Kuala Lumpur (NBCKL) and to test its association with donor socio demographic and transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) seropositivity. Study Design: A cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: National Blood Centre, Kuala Lumpur (NBCKL). Duration of the study from January 2008 to June 2009. Methodology: A total of 761 serum samples were collected of which 670 from blood donors who were non-reactive for TTIs while 91 were from blood donors who were reactive for TTIs were tested for HHV 8 using BIOTRIN HHV-8IgG EIA kit and BIOTRIN HHV-8IgG Immuno fluorescent assay (IFA). Results: The HHV-8 seroprevalence among blood donors in NBCKL was 1.3% (10/761) of which 0.9% (6/670) among healthy blood donors and 4.4% (4/91) among TTI seropositive donors. TTI seropositivity (p=0.023) and gender (p=0.018) shows a significant risk factors contributed to HHV-8 seropositivity. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C were associated with an increased risk of HHV-8 seropositivity (OR 6.8; 95% CI, 0 to 0.2 and OR 10.0; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.4 respectively). Conclusion: HHV-8 has a low seroprevalance among blood donors in the NBCKL with a male predominance. A donor with seropositivity for TTI, is associated with a higher risk HHV-8 seropositivity.
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The aim of this study is to present the status of transfusion –transmitted infections among the apparently healthy donors so as to increase the awareness of complications of blood transfusion and make the clinicians more vigilant with regard to judicious use of blood. A total of 5008 units of donor’s blood was screened from January 2006 to December 2008 at blood bank of People’s Hospital, Bhopal. The result of screening showed total seropositive samples for hepatitis B (2.9%), hepatitis C (0.57%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; 0.51% ) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test (VDRL; 0.23%) by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA ) methods, and rapid plasma regain (RPR) method for syphilis.