ABSTRACT
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric condition classically characterized by obsessions (recurrent, intrusive and unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (excessive, repetitive and ritualistic behaviors or mental acts). OCD is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation and not all patients respond to first-line treatments. Several neurocircuit models of OCD have been proposed with the aim of providing a better understanding of the neural and cognitive mechanisms involved in the disorder. These models use advances in neuroscience and findings from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies to suggest links between clinical profiles that reflect the symptoms and experiences of patients and dysfunctions in specific neurocircuits. Several models propose that treatments for OCD could be improved if directed to specific neurocircuit dysfunctions, thereby restoring efficient neurocognitive function and ameliorating the symptomatology of each associated clinical profile. Yet, there are several important limitations to neurocircuit models of OCD. The purpose of the current review is to highlight some of these limitations, including issues related to the complexity of brain and cognitive function, the clinical presentation and course of OCD, etiological factors, and treatment methods proposed by the models. We also provide suggestions for future research to advance neurocircuit models of OCD and facilitate translation to clinical application.
ABSTRACT
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a chronic suppressive treatment that provides lifelong treatment effectively for patients with HIV,improving the quality of life for patients.Although the overall trend of new infections is declining,the number of new HIV infections per year and the number of deaths related AIDS is still very large,remaining one of the world's biggest public health challenges.In the field of epidemiology,HIV/AIDS distributed in poor areas with limited medical means such as Africa,and men who have sex with men (MSM),sex workers and people who inject drugs (PWID) become the main susceptible population;In the field of prevention,prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services,treatment as prevention (TasP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) have achieved initial success,but the coverage is still limited;In the field of treatment,the extent of HIV resistance in multiple countries increases to more than 10％,and the cure of HIV/AIDS research and vaccine development are currently in animal or cellular experiments.Over the past decade,China has established several measures to prevent the HIV epidemic further,and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS patients.At the same time,China is also facing the following challenges:the targeted prevention program,susceptible groups increased (such as MSM,PWID and youth),long-term care of patients with HIV/AIDS,the coverage of PMTCT services,eliminate discrimination process,etc.Therefore,the purpose of this article is to review the epidemic status and control strategies of HIV/AIDS in China and the whole world in recent years.