ABSTRACT
Charles Bonnet syndrome(CBS)refers to hallucinations resulting from visual pathway damage in individuals without neuropsychiatric disorders. CBS patients typically have insight into the unreality of their hallucinations, and the disorder may be episodic, periodic, or chronic. The condition's prevalence varies from 0.4% to 30% due to the absence of agreed diagnostic criteria for CBS and some patients' reluctance to acknowledge hallucinations. Massive studies have demonstrated an association between CBS and ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Additionally, there have been reports of CBS occurring after ophthalmic surgery or medication. Therefore, clinicians should be vigilant in diagnosing CBS promptly and reassuring patients. There is a lack of literature on CBS in ophthalmology, and further research is needed to explore its pathogenesis and diagnostic and therapeutic options. This article reviews some of the studies related to CBS in recent years.
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The 2023 American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers Symposium unveiled numerous research advances which provide meaningful insights into the selection of treatment regimens of prostate cancer. Precision multi-treatment based on patients’ characteristics has become the predominant approach, including the use of a three-drug combination therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, and poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitor therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nuclear medicine therapy and radiotherapy are also receiving significant attention. Integrated nuclear medicine diagnosis and therapy show immense potential for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Additionally, for localized prostate cancer, stereotactic body radiotherapy is a preferred alternative to surgery. This article sheds light on several key studies presented at the conference, focuses on prostate cancer treatment at different stages, and intends to enhance the therapeutic outcome for prostate cancer patients.
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Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main ways of transmission and the main cause of chronic hepatitis B after infection. Therefore, preventing mother-to-child transmission of HBV is particularly important in reducing the incidence of chronic hepatitis B. Currently, nucleoside ( acid) analoids ( Nas ) used for mother-to-child blocking of HBV include lamivudine (LAM) , tibivudine (LdT) and tenofovir fumarate ( TDF). Propofol tenofovir fumarate (TAF) has also been used in pregnant chronic hepatitis B pa- tients. This paper summarizes the efficacy, safety and antiviral treatment indications and termination time of the above-mentioned drugs in mother-to-child preventing to provide suggestions for the selection and rational application of mother-to-child preventing Nas.
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Acute suppurative cholecystitis is a complex acute abdomen in general surgery, which usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly people. With the improvement of living standards and the aging of the population, the incidence of the disease is increasing year by year. Elderly patients have certain clinical particularities, and they are often combined with other underlying diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, specific programs should be implemented for different situations during patient treatment, and a more complete risk assessment should be carried out. The preferred treatment for acute suppurative cholecystitis is surgery, but for patients with poor general conditions or intolerable surgery, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage may be a good alternative. This article reviews the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of acute suppurative cholecystitis in the elderly.
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Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disease. Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension, the global practice guidelines for hypertension of the International Hypertension Society (ISH) and the guidelines for the treatment of adult hypertension drugs of the World Health Organization have been issued successively, which play an important role in guiding the clinical medication of hypertension. Calcium channel blockers (CCB), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), thiazide diuretics and β-receptor blockers are commonly used in clinical antihypertensive drugs. The goal of hypertension drug control, the application timing of hypertension drugs, the selection of combined medication scheme, the drug selection of hypertension complicated with other diseases, and the medication of gestational hypertension are all problems that clinicians need to master.
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@#Retinitis pigmentosa(RP)was known as pigmentation retinitis even. RP is a group of hereditary eye diseases that cause irreversible visual impairment due to progressive loss of function of retinal pigment epithelial cells and progressive apoptosis of photoreceptors. Because of its heterogeneity in phenotype and heredity and complex pathogenesis, there is currently no single effective treatment. This article mainly elaborates on the progress in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa in recent years.
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Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can block the repair of DNA single-strand breaks, and BRCA mutation can cause the loss of repair function of DNA double-strand damage in breast cancer cells. Therefore, PARP inhibitors are used to treat BRCA-mutant breast cancer by simultaneously blocking the repair of DNA single-strand breaks and DNA double-strand damage, which leads to the failure of DNA repair, resulting in the death of cancer cells. At present, a variety of PARP inhibitors have been developed that primarily inhibit PARP1 and PARP2 subtypes with high sensitivity and specificity. This review summarizes the mechanism of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer with BRCA mutation, and states the progress of several reported PARP inhibitors used alone or in combination with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of advanced breast cancer.
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Clinical treatment of large segmental bone defect has always been a major challenge for the medical community,which is due to the complex and diverse pathogenic factors of large segmental bone defect.In recent years,the clinical treatment of large segmental bone defect has made great progress,and the main treatment options include vascularized or non-vascularized autologous bone grafts,allograft bone transplantation,masquelet technology,llizarov technology and bone tissue engineering.Therefore,understanding the advantages and disadvantages of various treatment options is very important for the clinical treatment of large bone defects in long bones,laying the foundation for clinical treatment.
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@#Myopia, a deteriorated and still unsolved eye problem in China, shows the character of early onset, rapid progress and increased proportion of high myopia. Because of the serious complication caused by high myopia, such as retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataract and macular disorders, it can even lead to the irreversible loss of vision. The prevention and effective control of myopia turn to be an urgent social problem. In this review, causes and the progress of treatment in myopia are described.
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Primary Sj(o)gren' s Syndrome (pSS)is a chronic autoimmune disease with complex and diverse clinical manifestations.It is characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands such as the salivary gland and lacrimal gland leading to insufficient secretion of the gland,manifested as dry mouth and dry eyes.The disease in addition to exocrine glands cause damage,but also involving organs outside the gland,resulting in systemic systemic injury.The pathogenesis of pSS is not clear yet.Currently,symptomatic treatment is the mainstay of pSS,and the exact treatment is lacking.However,there are some new treatments in recent years.
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Facial aging is caused by several aspects involving skin, its deep soft tissue (fat, muscles, fascia ligaments, etc), and bones. The skin presents deepen wrinkles, darker, drying, and roughness. Volume loss and sag caused by gravity can be seen in deep soft tissue. And selective absorption can be seen in bones. At present, to combat facial aging caused by different causes, we have adopted comprehensive treatment methods such as facial rhytidectomy, embedded wire ascension, autogenous fat graft, hyaluronic acid or botulinum toxin injection, and optoelectronic techniques, etc.
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The incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is increasing year by year, and the prognosis of the patients is poor, resulting in seriously deteriorating the health and quality of life. The pathophysiological mechanism of TSCI is complex, and its clinical treatment is not very effective. Although the surgical decompression is an effective treatment for most TSCI patients, the occurrence of relevant complications during the therapeutic period may hinder their treatment and recovery course, thus an individualized treatment plan is necessary to be formulated. Fully understanding the occurrence of various complications in intensive care period of patients with TSCI is beneficial to their treatment. To explore new drugs and therapies may provide references to the TSCI intensive care treatment and its further basic and clinical research.
ABSTRACT
The incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is increasing year by year, and the prognosis of the patients is poor, resulting in seriously deteriorating the health and quality of life. The pathophysiological mechanism of TSCI is complex, and its clinical treatment is not very effective. Although the surgical decompression is an effective treatment for most TSCI patients, the occurrence of relevant complications during the therapeutic period may hinder their treatment and recovery course, thus an individualized treatment plan is necessary to be formulated. Fully understanding the occurrence of various complications in intensive care period of patients with TSCI is beneficial to their treatment. To explore new drugs and therapies may provide references to the TSCI intensive care treatment and its further basic and clinical research.
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After major operation,a series of complicated pathological and physiological changes will occur during the trauma and stress state.The protein synthesis is affected,which results in negative nitrogen balance.In addition,the release of inflammatory factors can damage the capillary endothelial cells and increase the permeability of micrangium,induce vascular colloidal albumin leakage to the extravascular tissue,decrease plasma albumin,make wound edema,eventually lead to postoperative hypoproteinemia.Except for albumin supplement,it should be aimed at the mechanism to control the stress response and reduce the leakage caused by the release of inflammatory factors to solve this problem radically in clinical work.The reports about the causes and treatment of hypoproteinemia after major surgery were reviewed to provide evidence for clinical treatment.
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Paraquat (PQ) as a kind of sterile and herbicides, has effects of contact-kill and systemic action, which can be absorbed quickly by green plants and make them wither and die. Therefore, it is widely used in the agricultural production and occupies a large part in our country's pesticide market. PQ poisoning has become one of the most common pesticide poisoning in our country. PQ can be passivated when combining with soil, but it has great toxicity for human. There are still no specific antidotes for PQ poisoning at home and abroad, and the death rate of PQ oral poisoning is up to 95%. Clinically comprehensive treatment is adopted, including gastric lavage, intentional diarrhea, diuresis and blood perfusion. However, the therapeutic effect is not good and the case fatality rate keeps high. It has become one of the hot issues for emergency medicine study to search PQ's special efficiency measures. This paper briefly reviews PQ's poisoning mechanism and its clinical treatment progress to provide new exploration direction and treatment ideas for basic research and clinical treatment of PQ.
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-PTLD) is a rare and deadly complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The clinical manifestations often show the unexplained fever, swollen lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and central nervous system symptoms, with rapid disease progression and high fatality rate. As allo-HSCT for treatment of complex and refractory hemopathy has made a great progress, the prevention of graft versus host disease (GVHD) requires more application of immune inhibitors, resulting in an increasing incidence rate of PTLD. In addition to conventional treatments, such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immune suppression , local surgery and traditional chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies and adoptive immunotherapy with T-cells for treatment of PTLD have brought a profound influence. This paper reviews the latest progress of treatment of EBV-PTLD.
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Lenalidomide is an oral immunomodulator with multiple functions including immune regulation, anti-tumor, and regulation of tumor microenvironment. Since the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lenalidomide for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma, recent studies have indicated that lenalidomide monotherapy or lenalidomide combinations in other types of lymphoma also has broad prospects. The treatment progress of lenalidomide in lymphoma will be summarized in this paper based on the new reports in the 57th American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meeting.
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Mechanical ventilation as an important treatment is widely used in clinical practice,the high inci-dence of ventilation lung injury in the course of operating it has been increasingly concerned.The basic mechanism, mechaical stress and high tidal volume machine stimulate lung cells,makes the inflammation in the cells changes,that is,it is from mechanical lung damage to biological injury.With the international and domestic in -depth researches on VILI,the application of control measures,like some medication treatment,ECMO,liquid ventilation have reduced the incidence of VILI to a certain extent,the occurrence mechanism and progress of treatment of VILI are reviewed briefly.
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Post-stroke depression (PSD) referred to the onset of depression after being diagnosed with post-stroke. It was a secondary disease, mainly including depression, little words, sleep disorders, anorexia, absence of interest, undynamic, passiveness, misfitting rehabilitation and so on. It was not only a psychological and physiological disease, but also delay the function recovery of damaged nerves, influence the patient’s quality of life, and increase the rate of disability and mortality. It was essential to research and develop effective and safe treatment medication. This paper reviewed the current situation and developing prospects of western medicine, Chinese medicinal, treatment of integrated traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in PSD treatment.
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Thyroid cancer is uncommon in children and adolescents. This article analyzed the current data and stated the treatment progress of the thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. Even though in the advanced stage at diagnosis, the prognosis is good for pediatric patients. Surgery is the treatment for pediatric thyroid cancer. Although there is no optimal surgery recommendation, most surgeons preferred total and (or) subtotal thyroidectomy. Hemi-thyroidectomy could also be considered in the low-risk patients with small unifocal tumors. We recommend routine central compartment clearance in pediatric thyroid cancers to reduce the local recurrence. Radioactive iodine therapy is also recommended in particular pediatric patients. Recurrences after treatment in childhood thyroid cancer may take place over a long period of time. Therefore, a life-long follow-up is mandatory.