Theory of mind complex task: validity based on relationships with external variables / Tarefa complexa de teoria da mente: validade baseada nas relações com variáveis externas / Tarea compleja de la teoría de la mente: validez basada en relaciones con variables externas

Most research on Theory of Mind (ToM) focuses on preschool years, with few studies targeting later years, especially in the national context. This study aimed to investigate evidence of the validity of a Theory of Mind Complex Task from the relationship with the external variables: age, type of school, and vocabulary. Ninety-eight children, aged between 6 and 9, from private and public schools participated. Results showed age and school effect, with better performance of children from private schools. There was a positive, significant, and moderate magnitude correlation with vocabulary. This study provides the first sources of evidence of task validity, indicating that age and type of school were relevant variables for ToM performance, and therefore should be considered in the elaboration of future norms.

A maior parte das pesquisas sobre a teoria da mente (ToM) concentra-se nos anos pré-escolares, sendo poucos os estudos direcionados aos anos posteriores, principalmente em contexto nacional. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar evidências de validade de uma tarefa complexa de ToM a partir da relação com variáveis externas: idade, tipo de escola e vocabulário. Participaram 98 crianças, entre 6 e 9 anos de idade, de escolas privadas e públicas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram efeito de idade e de escola, com melhor desempenho das crianças de escolas privadas. Houve correlação positiva, significativa e de magnitude moderada com vocabulário. Este estudo disponibiliza as primeiras fontes de evidências de validade da tarefa, indicando que idade e tipo de escola se mostraram variáveis relevantes para o desempenho em ToM, as quais, por isso, devem ser consideradas na elaboração de normas futuras.

Las investigaciones sobre la teoría de la mente (ToM) se centra en los años preescolares, especialmente en el contexto nacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la evidencia de la validez de una tarea compleja de la ToM a partir de la relación con variables externas: edad, tipo de escuela y vocabulario. Participaron 98 niños, de edades comprendidas entre 6 y 9 años, de escuelas privadas y públicas. Los resultados mostraron efecto de la edad y escolar, con un mejor desempeño de los niños de escuelas privadas. Hubo una correlación de magnitud moderada, positiva y significativa con el vocabulario. Este estudio proporciona las primeras fuentes de evidencia de la validez de la tarea, indicando que la edad y el tipo de escuela son variables relevantes para el desempeño de la ToM y, por lo tanto, deberían considerarse en la elaboración de normas futuras.

Environmental Awareness Ability Study of Higher Secondary School Students of Ahmedabad with Context to type of School and Area of School.

Environment is the creator of human but human has demolished the presence of natural environment, altered it for its better and luxurious living. It is an utmost necessity to make an environmental awareness within the citizens for a better sustaining environment for our future generation. Environment education is known to play an important role for this activity. Also it plays a vital role in the process of sustainable development also. Education directly interacts with our future generations for preserving and maintaining the environment. The present study is based on environmental awareness ability of higher secondary school students of Ahmedabad district, Gujarat state considering variables type of school – granted and non granted and area of school – urban and rural. The researcher prepared questionnaire and collected the data from students using the standardized tool ―Environmental Awareness Ability Measure‖. Results showed that there was significant difference between the mean score on environmental awareness ability of higher secondary students school students considering Urban and Rural area, Granted and Non granted schools, Granted and Non granted Schools of Urban area and Granted and Non granted schools of rural area.

Variabilidad del peso, la estatura y el índice de masa corporal según desarrollo puberal y tipo de colegio en adolescentes de Medellín, Colombia / Weight, height and body mass index variability according to both puberal development and to the type of school in adolescents of Medellín, Colombia

Introducción: La ciudad de Medellín carece de investigaciones sobre variaciones del crecimiento según grado de desarrollo puberal y condiciones socioeconómicas en adolescentes. Objetivo: analizar la variabilidad de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) según grado de desarrollo puberal y tipo de colegio en adolescentes de Medellín. Sujetos y métodos: de la investigación "Factores de riesgo cardiovascular de Medellín en 1998-1999", se seleccionaron adolescentes de ambos sexos en estadios II al V de desarrollo puberal según Tanner (genitales externos en hombres y desarrollo mamario en mujeres). Se analizaron los datos de peso, estatura e IMC (kg/m2), según desarrollo puberal y tipo de colegio público o privado. Resultados: los varones de los colegios privados tuvieron un peso (p=0,000), estatura (p=0,001) e IMC (p=0,002) superiores a los de los públicos, sin interacción del desarrollo puberal y tipo de colegio (p>0,05). En las mujeres, el peso y la estatura fueron superiores en las de colegios privados (p=0,000) con interacción entre desarrollo puberal y el tipo de colegio para ambos (p=0,013 y 0,040 respectivamente); el tipo de colegio no influyó sobre el IMC (p=0,347), pero si hubo interacción con el desarrollo puberal (p=0,013), al inicio el IMC fue mayor en las de colegios privados y la situación se invirtió en las de estadio V de desarrollo mamario. Conclusión: el grado de desarrollo puberal influye en el crecimiento de varones y mujeres; sin embargo la magnitud de la diferencia en IMC y los estadios en que ocurren podrían estar relacionados con factores culturales en las mujeres.

Introduction: Studies ofgrowth variation in adolescents according to puberal development and socio-economic conditions is lacking for Medellin city. Aim: to analyze weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variability according to puberal development and type of school in adolescents from Medellin. Subjects and methods: Adolescents ofboth sexes at stages II to V of Tanner puberal development previously involved in the study "Cardiovascular risk factors in Medellin 1998-1999" were selected. Weight, height and BMI (Kg/m2) data were analyzed according to puberal development and type of school (public or private). Results: Males from private schools had weight (p=0.000), height (p=0.001) and BMI (p=0.002) greater than those from public schools, without interaction ofpuberal development and type of school (p>0.05). In females, weight and height were greater in adolescents from private schools (p=0.000) showing an interaction between puberal development and type of school (weight p=0.013; height p=0.040); school type did not influence BMI (p=0.347), although there was interaction with puberal development (p=0.013). In the beginning BMI was greater for private schools women and then the situation became inverted at the end ofpuberal development (Tanner V). Conclusion: puberal development influences both males and females growth. However, the different magnitude on BMI and stages at which they occur could be related to cultural factors in women.

The differences of oral health-related behaviors by type of school among high school students in Gangneung city / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The principle purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of oral health-related behaviors by a type of school among high school students in Gangneung city. The secondary purpose was to assess the influences of other factors (father's education status, mother's education status, subjective economic status, FAS, experienced part-time job, pocket money and perceived stress) on these differences. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 1,282 high school students was conducted in Gangneung city. The response rate was 93.4%; general high school students were 773 and vocational high school students were 509. The data were collected by self-administered structured questionnaires. The differences of oral health-related behaviors of high school students by school type were assessed by a chisquare test. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the influences of other factors on these differences. RESULTS: Oral health-related behaviors were markedly better in students attending general high school, rather than vocational high school (P<0.001). The differences of oral health-related behaviors by school type were persisted after adjusting for gender (Model 1), socio-economic factors (Model 2), part-time job and pocket money (Model 3), psychological variables (Model 4) and all variables (Model 5), except for visiting a dental clinic. CONCLUSIONS: We found a marked influence of school type in oral health-related behaviors. This finding suggests that school type is a risk factor of oral health-related behaviors in high school students. Therefore, one of the best ways to enhance oral health for high school students is to develop oral health promotion programs for vocational high school students.