ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Millones de llantas se producen anualmente para satisfacer la demanda mundial, asociada al incremento en la generación de llantas usadas. Su manejo es un desafío, considerando que la disposición en rellenos sanitarios ya no está permitida en algunos países, incluyendo Colombia, entre otras razones, por su alta resistencia biológica y química a la degradación, por lo cual, su inadecuado manejo y la falta de mecanismos de gestión, genera impactos negativos en la salud y el ambiente. Se realizó un estudio sobre la gestión de llantas usadas en Tunja, Boyacá (Colombia), con el fin de indagar aspectos relacionados con su disposición y manejo, al igual que sobre el conocimiento de programas posconsumo, aprovechamiento y cumplimiento de la normatividad ambiental vigente. Para la recolección de información primaria, se aplicaron encuestas estructuradas, a empresas registradas ante la Cámara de Comercio del municipio, que efectuaran actividades relacionadas con la generación de llantas usadas, tales como servitecas, talleres de mecánica o montallantas. El estudio mostró que los mayores generadores de este residuo son los montallantas, con una media entre 20 y 40 unidades mensuales, en mayor porcentaje de Rines 13 y 14, esto indicaría una proyección de 360 llantas anualmente por establecimiento, sin considerar los sitios no legalmente registrados. De manera general, para el avance en la gestión de llantas usadas en Tunja, se recomienda el desarrollo de alternativas, de manera articulada, entre los diferentes actores directamente involucrados, tales como productores, gestores, distribuidores y comercializadores, consumidores y autoridades ambientales regionales y municipales.
ABSTRACT Millions of tires are produced annually to satisfy the world demand, which is associated with an increase in the generation of used tire. Their management is a challenge considering that disposal in sanitary landfills is not allowed in some countries, including Colombia, due to their high biological and chemical resistance to degradation; therefore, their inadequate handling and the lack of management mechanisms generate negative impacts on health and the environment. A study was conducted on the management of used tires in Tunja, Boyacá (Colombia), to inquire aspects related to their disposal and management in the city, as well as on the knowledge of post-consumer programs, use, and compliance with current environmental regulations. For the collection of primary information, structured surveys were applied to companies registered with the Chamber of Commerce of the municipality that carry out activities related to the generation of used tires, such as service shops, mechanic shops or tire repair shops. The study showed that the largest generators of this waste are tire assemblers, with an average of between 20 and 40 units per month, with a higher percentage of rims 13 and 14, which would indicate a projection of 360 tires annually per establishment, without considering the sites that are not legally registered. In general, for the progress in the management of used tires in Tunja, the development of alternatives is recommended in an articulated manner between the different actors directly involved, such as producers, managers, distributors and marketers, consumers, and regional and municipal environmental authorities.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp30)plus metformin in type 2 diabetes subjects switching from basal insulin plus oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD)Methods During 16 weeks, multiple-center, open-label, and single-arm study including 2 weeks of screening period,4 weeks of run-in period,and 16 weeks of treatment period were carried out. Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on basal insulin therapy with or without oral antidiabetic drugs were switched to twice-daily BIAsp30 plus metformin with dose titration to achieve fasting plasma glucose target. Results Of the 293 Chinese subjects exposed to trial drugs [age: ( 54.0±9.6 ) years, diabetes duration: ( 8.54±5.49 ) years, body mass index: (24.89±3.28)kg/m2, baseline HbA1c: 8.16% ±0.89%], 122 were previously treated with basal insulin analogues and 169 with human basal insulin. At end of the trial ,the mean reduction of HbA1 c was 1.30% ±0.96% (P＜0. 01 ). The proportion of patients achieved HbA1c＜7.0% and HbA1c ≤6.5% was 60.4% and 38.9% respectively. 8-point plasma glucose measurements showed significant improvements at all the time points examined ( all P＜0. 01 ) ,and the average value of all 8 points measured decreased from ( 10.53±2.58 ) mmol/L atbaseline to (7.79± 1.58 ) mmol/L at the end of treatment ( P＜0. 01 ), reduced by 2.76 mmol/L. Postprandial glucose increments were significantly reduced after breakfast ( -1.73 mmol/L,P＜0.01 )and dinner ( -1.28 mmol/L,P＜0.01 ), while no significant reduction was observed after lunch ( -0.09 mmol/L, P = 0. 734 5 ). No severe adverse effect and no major hypoglycemia were reported. The overall hypoglycaemia rate was 2.68 events/subject year. The average weight gain was (0. 76 ±0. 14 )kg (P＜0. 0l ). Conclusion Twice-daily BIAsp30 plus metformin is effective and safe to type 2 diabetic subjects inadequately controlled on basal insulin treatment.BIAsp30 treatment should be considered for type 2 diabetic subjects who have unsatisfactory response to previous basal insulin treatment.
ABSTRACT
Objective To discuss the correlation between tyre bursting and traffic accidents on highways. Methods A retrospective statistical analysis was carried out on traffic accidents resulted from tyre bursting on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen highway from 1998 to 2000. Results During three years, there occurred 2 484 cases of traffic accidents on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen highway, of which 848 cases resulted from tyre bursting, accounting for 34.14% (848/2 484). During a day, incidence from 10:00 to 16:00 was 55.54% (471/848), which was higher than that in any other time, and the highest incidence was at 14:00, accounting for 9.67% (82/848). During a year, incidence from April to September was 56.84% (482/848), higher than that in any other months. Considering the tyre factor, accidents resulted from burst of single right posterior tyre were 398 cases, occupying 46.93% (398/848) of the total, which was more than those resulted from burst of any other tyres. The second dangerous burst position was on the left posterior tyre, from which accidents reached 295 cases occupying 34.79% ((295/848)) of the total. Of all, 848 cases of tyre bursting accidents resulted in 12 deaths and 200 injuries, which accounted for 22.55% of the total death and wound (212/940). There were 58 cases of craniocerebral trauma, 32 chest trauma, seven abdominal injuries, 25 spinal cord injuries, four pelvic injuries, 52 branches injuries, 127 soft tissue injuries all through the body and 106 combined injuries. Conclusions Tyre bursting is a vital factor for traffic accidents on highways of South China. In order to effectively reduce traffic accidents on the highways, we must prevent overspeed driving, strengthen the regular check of the tyres and normalize corresponding management.