ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT This work is a critical review of the current understanding of the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the eye. It deals with the classification of this radiation, environmental level, and the factors that determine it, along with penetration into the human eye, toxicity to ocular structures, associated morbidities, events that may increase the vulnerability of the eye, and artificial eye filters.
RESUMO Esta é uma revisão crítica do efeito da radiação ul travioleta no olho. Trata da classificação dessa radiação, nível no meio ambiente e os fatores que o determinam, penetração no olho humano, toxicidade às estruturas dos oculares, morbidades associadas, eventos passíveis de aumentar a vulnerabilidade do olho e filtros oculares artificiais. Discute, ainda, o risco real dessas radiações ao olho humano à luz do conhecimento atual.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Layered double hydroxides have received more attention from researchers due to their range of applications, ease of synthesis and low cost of production. With broader knowledge about solar radiation effects on the body, the use of sunscreens has become even more important. The ability of some nanostructures, such as layered double hydroxides, to act as matrices has made it possible to obtain improvements in photoprotective formulations, with solutions to problems caused by radiation and sunscreens. This review article brings together the most recent advances of these clays, the layered double hydroxides, applied to photoprotection.
RESUMO Os hidróxidos duplos lamelares vêm ganhando maior atenção de pesquisadores, em decorrência da gama de aplicações, da facilidade de síntese e do baixo custo de produção. Com o crescente conhecimento sobre diversos efeitos da radiação solar sobre o organismo, a utilização de fotoprotetores tem se tornado indispensável. A capacidade de nanoestruturas, como os hidróxidos duplos lamelares, atuarem como matrizes possibilitou melhorias nas formulações fotoprotetoras, tendo em vista os problemas provocados pela radiação, bem como por alguns filtros solares. Este artigo de revisão reúne os avanços mais recentes destas argilas, os hidróxidos duplos lamelares, aplicados à fotoproteção.
Subject(s)
Humans , Radiation Protection/methods , Sunburn/prevention & control , Sunscreening Agents/chemistry , Ultraviolet Rays , Nanostructures/chemistry , Hydroxides/chemistryABSTRACT
Self-assembled gold nanoparticles ( AuNPs) coating was fabricated using an etched stainless steel wire as a support on which AuNPs were first deposited, then after modified with mercaptan, another layer of AuNPs was self-assembled. The AuNPs modified stainless steel wire was used in solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of ultraviolet ( UV) filters in environmental water. The best extraction efficiencies were achieved within 30 min at 55℃ and at pH 7 with stirring rate of 800 r/min. Under the optimized conditions, the established AuNPs-SPME-HPLC method for the determination of UV filters benzophnone-3 ( BP-3 ) , 2-ethylhexyl-4-( N, N-dimethylamino ) benzoate ( OD-PABA) , 2-ethylhexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate ( EHMC) and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate ( EHS) was linear in the range of 0. 004-200 μg/L. The limits of detection of the method were 0. 43-570 ng/L ( S/N=3 ) . The relative standard deviation ( RSD ) of AuNPs-SPME-HPLC was 1 . 9%-4 . 2% ( n=5 ) for spiked water samples of 20 μg/L each UV filter. In the case of real water samples analyses, the recoveries of spiked UV filters were 77 . 9%-108% with RSDs of 3 . 1%-8 . 0% ( n=5 ) .
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Skin exposure to acute or repetitive ultraviolet light induces risks which are now well identified. An efficient photoprotection is thus required for both UVB and UVA radiation. In particular, increasing evidence of the detrimental effects of UVA on skin has led to the development of a new generation of sunscreens that provide effective protection throughout the whole UV radiation spectrum. Many new UV filters have been introduced in the last decade, particularly UVA filters, with improved efficacy and safety. Sunscreen filters must be carefully combined to achieve esthetically pleasing products offering photostable and well-balanced photoprotection.
ABSTRACT
A radiação ultravioleta pode provocar danos ao DNA, imunossupressão, alterações químicas e histológicas na epiderme, envelhecimento precoce, cataratas e carcinogênese, dentre outras deteriorações. A fotoproteção previne estes e outros efeitos danosos da radiação ultravioleta. Protetores solares, vestimentas, acessórios adequados e exposição segura ao sol são ferramentas essenciais da fotoproteção. Neste artigo, são apresentadas e discutidas as principais formas de fotoproteção, incluindo os protetores solares com filtros inorgânicos e orgânicos, a avaliação da eficácia dos mesmos e atualizações envolvendo o tema.
Ultraviolet radiation can damage the DNA, cause immunosuppression, chemical and histological alterations in the epidermis, early photoaging, cataracts and carcinogenesis, among others. Photoprotection prevents these and other harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Sunscreens, protective clothing, proper accessories and safe sun exposure are essential photoprotection tools. The main forms of photoprotection are presented and discussed in this article, including sunscreens containing organic and inorganic filters, the assessment of their efficacy and current developments on the topic.
Subject(s)
Humans , Protective Clothing , Radiation Protection/methods , Sunburn/prevention & control , Sunscreening Agents/administration & dosage , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Introdução: Nas últimas décadas, a incidência de câncer de pele aumentou significativamente, correspondendo a um problema de saúde pública em diversos países. A pele é o órgão mais atingido pelos efeitos deletérios da radiação ultravioleta, e é bem documentada a associação entre fotoexposição e neoplasias cutâneas. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão abrangente sobre as principais medidas de fotoproteção. Método: Realizaram-se buscas na base de dados MEDLINE, no período de 22 de junho a 18 de agosto. Estudos descritivos, de revisão e comparativos foram analisados em conjunto. Resultados: Foram selecionados 11 artigos que continham revisão sobre fotoproteção, os efeitos da radiação ultravioleta sobre a pele e a prevalência do uso de filtros solares e medidas comportamentais entre adultos e adolescentes. Conclusões: O uso de fotoprotetores de largo espectro, além de medidas comportamentais simples, parecem causar grande impacto na prevenção do câncer de pele.
Introduction: Incidence of skin cancer has increased signifi cantly in recent decades, corresponding to a public health problem in many countries. Skin is the organ most affected by the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation and the association between sun exposure and skin cancer is well-documented. Objective: To conduct a comprehensive review of the main photoprotection measures. Method: We conducted searches on MEDLINE from June 22 through August 18. Descriptive studies, review, and comparative studies were analyzed together. Results: Eleven articles about a review of photoprotection, effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin, prevalence of the use of sunscreens, and behavioral measures among adults and adolescents were reported were selected. Conclusions: The use of broad-spectrum sunscreens, besides simple behavioral measures, appears to have a major impact on prevention of skin cancer.